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1、 第Ⅱ題　閱讀理解 專題一　事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)類題目 [命題特點(diǎn)] 針對(duì)原文具體敘述本身設(shè)問(wèn)，可以直接或間接的從文中找到答案，常以who，which，what，where等設(shè)問(wèn)。 [考查重點(diǎn)] (1)直接理解題(信息可在原文中直接找到答案)。 (2)語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)化題(需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)意上的轉(zhuǎn)換)。 [方法技巧] 1．查讀法 (1)速讀全文，明確段落中心句，掌握大意。 (2)按文章體裁、作者組材方式尋找關(guān)鍵信息詞。 (3)找到細(xì)節(jié)，認(rèn)真推敲甚至計(jì)算等。 2．按組材模式閱讀(常見(jiàn)模式) (1)列舉型：抓住作者所舉事例。 (2)時(shí)間、空間型：掌握具體的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)。

2、 (3)分類、例證型：掌握例證的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，以便得到答案。 (4)程序型：理清說(shuō)明事物的順序，從而得出答案。 (5)因果分析型：理清因果關(guān)系，從而推出答案。 (6)比較、對(duì)比型：通過(guò)比較，對(duì)比事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，找到答案。 (7)留意不含阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，但代表時(shí)間或數(shù)量的單詞。 如：at dawn(黎明時(shí))，score(20)，fortnight(14 days)，century(100 years)，quarter (/15 minutes)，decade(10years)，a season(3 months)，week(7days)，couple (2個(gè))，double/doubled(翻倍)

3、，multiplied(乘)，be divided(除以)，average(平均)，sum(求和)，in all(總共)。 Passage 1 Last night's meteor(流星)shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers.According to Gabe Rothschild, Emerald Valley's mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes,

4、expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky.What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the city's lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead. “My family was so frustrated，” admitted town resident Duane Cosby.“We wanted to make this an unfor

5、gettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.” Astronomers—scientists who study stars and planets—have been complaining about this problem for decades.They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past.The

6、y call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it. There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats, frogs，snakes，etc.For example, outdoor lighting severely affects m

7、igrating (遷徙的)birds.According to the International Dark－Sky Association，“100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.” Countless more animal casualties(傷亡) result from the use of artificial lighting.Clearly，people enjoy the benefits of lighting

8、 their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans，too.They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a person's chances of getting cancer. Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution.For years, Flagstaff

9、, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory.Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是一

10、篇科普文，主要介紹了城市的光污染對(duì)日常生活、天文學(xué)家的工作以及動(dòng)物的生活都產(chǎn)生了消極的影響。在Flagstaff，Arizona已經(jīng)采取了燈光管理措施。 1．It happened last night that ________． A. the city's lights affected the meteor watching B．the meteors flew past before being noticed C．the city light show attracted many people D．the meteor watching ended up a social

11、 outing 解析：根據(jù)第一段最后一句“...so brightened by the city's lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.”可知，昨天晚上由于城市的燈光太亮，影響了人們觀看流星。故選A。 答案：A 2．What do the astronomers complain about? A．Meteor showers occur less often than before. B．Their observation equipment is in poor repair.

12、 C．Light pollution has remained unsolved for years. D．Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting. 解析：根據(jù)第三段“...have been complaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from...”可知，天文學(xué)家多年來(lái)一直在抱怨光污染問(wèn)題未解決。故選C。 答案：C 3．What is the author concerned about

13、 according to Paragraph 4? A．Birds may take other migration paths. B．Animals' living habits may change suddenly. C．Varieties of animals will become sharply reduced. D．Animals' survival is threatened by outdoor lighting. 解析：根據(jù)第四段第一、二句“...that suffers even more from light pollution. This populati

14、on consists of birds, bats, frogs, snakes, etc.”以及本段最后一句“...‘100 million birds a year throughout...die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.’”可知，作者第四段主要敘述的是動(dòng)物也受到了光污染的影響，甚至它們的生存也受到了影響。故選D。 答案：D 4．Lighting regulations in Flagstaff, Arizona are put into effect to________． A．lessen the chance

15、 of getting cancer B．create an ideal observation condition C．ensure citizens a good sleep at night D．enable all creatures to live in harmony 解析：根據(jù)第六段第二句“...has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at...”可知，這條規(guī)定是為了給天文學(xué)家的工作創(chuàng)造理想的觀察條件。故選B。 答案：B 5．What message do

16、es the author most want to give us? A．Saving wildlife is saving ourselves. B．Great efforts should be made to save energy. C．Human activities should be environmentally friendly. D．New equipment should be introduced for space study. 解析：根據(jù)整篇文章的敘述，作者主要描述了城市的光污染對(duì)人們生活、工作以及動(dòng)物的生存造成的影響，因此作者在文中呼吁我們?nèi)祟惖幕顒?dòng)

17、應(yīng)該對(duì)環(huán)境有利。故選C。 答案：C Passage 2 Studying volcanoes is a demanding profession. Hazel Rymer frequently has to struggle through rainforests, climb to the top of mountains, then climb 200 metres into the crater of active volcanoes. But the 38－year－old volcanologist does her best to make it sound less ala

18、rming than it is. “Driving to work is more risky，” she insists. “And the deepest I go into the crater of a volcano is about 300 metres，” she adds, trying to make it all sound as ordinary as taking the dog for a walk. Hazel has been studying volcanoes for a long time, so it's not surprising she is

19、used to the danger. Her interest in volcanoes began at school. A teacher gave her a book about Pompeii. “I remember reading about the eruption of Vesuvius and the destruction of the city，” she explains. “The thought of all those people just frozen in time had quite an effect on me and I am still exc

20、ited by their dangerous beauty today.” Nowadays, volcanoes are getting more and more unpredictable. There have been many changes in sea level caused by global warming and melting ice caps. These have resulted in some dormant volcanoes erupting, so studying them is more dangerous than ever before.

21、Hazel says that although she doesn't take any unnecessary risk, she has had some frightening moments. Her worst experience was on the slopes of Mount Etna in Sicily, when she was slowly surrounded by lava. “I had a choice of walking ten hours to get around the lava flow or just walking across it，” s

22、he explains. She chose to pick a path across the cooler rocks in the lava stream. “I guess it was five metres. The flow was 1，000°C, so if you hesitated, your boots would begin to melt. It was scary, but it really was a practical decision—there wasn't time to do anything else.” And what about the f

23、uture? “I haven't been to the volcanoes in Indonesia yet. And I would love to spend some time working in the Antarctic，” she says. “I would also like to know why quiet lava flows erupt from some volcanoes and why other volcanoes go bang.” In other words, Hazel Rymer won't be exchanging her volcanoes

24、 for the relative safety of driving to work just yet. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　 本文主要介紹了火山學(xué)家Hazel Rymer的一些關(guān)于火山的研究活動(dòng)。盡管研究火山充滿不可預(yù)測(cè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但是Hazel也不會(huì)改變自己的選擇。 1．Hazel's claim that “driving to work is more risky” than exploring volcanoes shows that ________． A．people have exaggerated the dangers of volcanoes in the past B．

25、Hazel does not really understand the dangerous situations she puts herself in C．there are many bad drivers in the place where Hazel lives D．Hazel is being modest and understating the dangers she faces 解析：由此句話的前一句“But the 38－year－old volcanologist does her best to make it sound less alarming than

26、 it is.”以及此句話可知，Hazel Rymer說(shuō)開(kāi)車上班比對(duì)火山進(jìn)行研究更危險(xiǎn)可推斷出，她是以一種謙虛的說(shuō)法淡化其面臨的危險(xiǎn)。 答案：D 2．When did Hazel first become interested in volcanoes? A．When she was visiting Italy. B．When she was at school. C．When she was twenty. D．When she saw Vesuvius. 解析：由第二段第二句“Her interest in volcanoes began at school.”可知她在讀

27、書時(shí)就對(duì)火山感興趣。 答案：B 3．The underlined word “These” (in Paragraph 3) refers to “________”． A．melting ice caps　　　B．volcanic eruptions C．changes in sea level D．higher temperatures 解析：由畫線詞的前一句話“There have been many changes in sea level caused by global warming and melting ice caps.”可知畫線詞應(yīng)該指的是海平線的變化。

28、答案：C 4．When Hazel was on Mount Etna, she had to ______． A．take a dangerous route B．take an unnecessary risk C．leave her boots behind D．walk for ten hours around the mountain 解析：由第三段最后幾句“‘I had a choice of walking ten hours to get around the lava flow or just walking across it，‘she explains.She

29、 chose to pick a path across the cooler rocks in the lava stream.‘I guess it was five metres.The flow was 1，000 ℃， so if you hesitated, your boots would begin to melt.It was scary, but it really was a practical decision —there wasn't time to do anything else.’”可知她選擇了從熔巖流中走過(guò)，而這是一條危險(xiǎn)的路。 答案：A 5．In th

30、e future, Hazel wants to ________． A．revisit volcanoes she knows B．go on holiday to the Antarctic C．find a less dangerous job D．discover new things about volcanoes 解析：由最后一段內(nèi)容“...I would also like to know why quiet lava flows erupt from some volcanoes and why other volcanoes go bang...”可知，Hazel將

31、繼續(xù)對(duì)火山進(jìn)行研究，并發(fā)現(xiàn)一些新的東西。 答案：D Passage 3 Online clothes shoppers will be told exactly what size is best, for them using new software which combines with their webcam or smart phone to form a “3D tape measure”. Scientists from Surrey University and design experts from the London College of Fashion ar

32、e developing a programme which can take precise waist, hip, chest and other measurements from camera images. Using the person's height as a starting point, the software will be able to build up and estimate their size at various different points on the body, based on their overall proportions. Th

33、e result will be a more accurate sizing guide than previous systems based on the waist size or a “small/medium/large” scale, which rely on limited measurements and the buyer's perception of their own body size. Shoppers and retailers(零售商) who choose to sign up for the project could save millions o

34、f pounds a year in postage costs by removing the need to order multiple sizes of the same garment(服裝) and send back ill－fitting clothes, researchers claimed. The project, sponsored by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC), is expected to be brought to market within two year

35、s. After choosing an item, the shopper will activate the software, enter their height, stand in front of their webcam or smart phone in their underwear and take a photograph. The software will not store or transmit the image to the Internet, but will use it to judge the person's dimensions at vari

36、ous points on their body. Philip Delamore of the London College of Fashion said, “The potential benefits for the fashion industry and for shoppers are huge. Currently, it's common for online shoppers to order two or three different sizes of the same item of clothing at the same time, as they're uns

37、ure which one will fit best.” 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　 英國(guó)薩里大學(xué)科學(xué)家和倫敦時(shí)裝學(xué)院設(shè)計(jì)專家共同開(kāi)發(fā)的一款3D軟件可以根據(jù)用戶上傳的照片精確測(cè)量出用戶的腰圍、臀圍、胸圍等關(guān)鍵尺寸，以幫助用戶選定最適合的服裝。 1．What is the essential part of a “3D tape measure”？ A．A software.　　　 B．A webcam. C．A microphone. D．A smart phone. 解析：通讀全文以及第一段“...for them using new software which combines wi

38、th their webcam or smart phone to form a ‘3D tape measure’．”可知文章主要介紹了一款能實(shí)現(xiàn)3D量體的軟件，因此選A項(xiàng)。 答案：A 2．What can we learn about the “3D tape measure”？ A．It will store or transmit the image to the Internet. B．It is based on the buyer's perception of their size. C．It will be a co－working production. D．I

39、t uses a person's weight as a starting point. 解析：根據(jù)第二段“Scientists from Surrey University and design experts from the London College of Fashion are developing a programme...”可知，這款軟件是科學(xué)家和設(shè)計(jì)專家共同研發(fā)的，因此選C項(xiàng)。 答案：C 3．Compared with the traditional sizing system, a “3D tape measure” is________． A．quicker

40、 B．more precise C．more beautiful D．more vivid 解析：根據(jù)第四段“The result will be a more accurate sizing guide than previous systems based on the waist size or a ‘small/medium /large' scale...”可知，此3D測(cè)量軟件比傳統(tǒng)軟件更精確，因此選B項(xiàng)。 答案：B 4．How can the “3D tape measure” benefit online shoppers? A．Online shoppers w

41、ill get their ordered garment in time. B．Online shoppers will get their ordered garment more quickly. C．Online shoppers will get an ordered garment of high quality. D．Online shoppers will get an ordered garment to their measure. 解析：通讀全文可知，網(wǎng)購(gòu)者使用文章中介紹的a “3D tape measure”來(lái)測(cè)量衣服的尺寸，能夠買到更符合自己型號(hào)的衣服，因此選

42、D項(xiàng)。 答案：D 5．What is the right order for a shopper to form a “3D tape measure”？ ①to take a photo with a webcam ②to activate the software ③to enter his/her height ④to judge his or her size by analysing his or her image A．①②③④ B．②①③④ C．②③①④ D．②③④① 解析：根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“After choosing an item, the shop

43、per will activate the software, enter their height, stand in front of their webcam or smart phone in their underwear and take a photograph.”以及倒數(shù)第二段“The software will not store or transmit the image to the Internet, but will use it to judge the person's dimensions at various points on their body.”可知這

44、個(gè)項(xiàng)目首先激活軟件，然后測(cè)量其身高，再用網(wǎng)絡(luò)攝像機(jī)攝像，最后通過(guò)分析其影像來(lái)判斷其身材，故答案為C項(xiàng)。 答案：C Passage 4 The Pacific island nation of Nauru used to be a beautiful place.Now it is an ecological disaster area.Nauru's heartbreaking story could have one good consequence—other countries might learn from its mistakes. For thousands of yea

45、rs，Polynesian people lived in the remote island of Nauru，far from Western civilization.The first European to arrive was John Fearn in 1798.He was the British captain of the Hunter, a whaling ship.He called the island Pleasant Island. However, because it was very remote, Nauru had little communicati

46、on with Europeans at first.The whaling ships and other traders began to visit it，bringing guns and alcohol.These elements destroyed the social balance of the twelve family groups on the island.A ten－year civil war started，which reduced the population from 1，400 to 900. Nauru's real troubles began i

47、n 1899 when a British mining company discovered phosphate(磷酸鹽)on the island.In fact，it found that the island of Nauru was nearly all phosphate，which was a very important fertilizer for farming.The company began mining the phosphate. A phosphate mine is not a hole in the ground；it is a strip mine.Wh

48、en a company discovers strip mining，it removes the top layer of soil.Then it takes away the material it wants.Strip mining totally destroys the land.Gradually, the lovely island of Nauru started to look like the moon. In 1968，Nauru became one of the richest countries in the world.Every year the gov

49、ernment received millions and millions of dollars for its phosphate. Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars.In addition，they used millions more dollars for personal expenses.Soon people realized that they had a terrible problem—their phosphate was runnin

50、g out.Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing.By 2000，Nauru was financially ruined.Experts say that it would take approximately$433，600，000 and more than 20 years to repair the island.This will probably never happen. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　 文章主要講述了太平洋島國(guó)瑙魯如何從一個(gè)環(huán)境優(yōu)美的天堂島變成一個(gè)生態(tài)失衡、滿目瘡痍的小島的故事。

51、 1．What might be the author's purpose in writing the text? A．To seek help for Nauru's problems. B．To give a warning to other countries. C．To show the importance of money. D．To tell a heartbreaking story of a war. 解析：由文章第一段的“Now it is an ecological disaster area.Nauru's heartbreaking story coul

52、d have one good consequence—other countries might learn from its mistakes.”可以看出，作者的目的是給當(dāng)前很多只注重發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)而忽略環(huán)境保護(hù)的國(guó)家一個(gè)警告。故選B項(xiàng)。 答案：B 2．What was Nauru like before the Europeans came? A．Rich and powerful. B．Modern and open. C．Peaceful and attractive. D．Greedy and aggressive. 解析：從第一段提到的“太平洋上的國(guó)家瑙魯島曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)美

53、麗的地方”看出，瑙魯島很吸引人；由第二段第一句以及第三段第一句可知，上千年來(lái)，瑙魯島的人們生活在偏遠(yuǎn)的小島上，過(guò)著平靜的生活。故選C項(xiàng)。 答案：C 3．The ecological disaster in Nauru resulted from ________. A．soil pollution　　　 B．phosphate overmining C．farming activity D．whale hunting 解析：最后一段的“Soon people realized that they had a terrible problem－their phosphate wa

54、s running out.Ninety percent of their island was destroyed and they had nothing.”即“磷酸鹽逐漸減少，開(kāi)采殆盡”。由此可以看出，“磷酸鹽的過(guò)量開(kāi)采”導(dǎo)致了瑙魯島的生態(tài)災(zāi)難。故選B項(xiàng)。 答案：B 4．Which of the following was a cause of Nauru's financial problem? A．Its leaders misused the money. B．It spent too much repairing the island. C．Its phosphate

55、mining cost much money. D．It lost millions of dollars in the civil war. 解析：由最后一段的“Unfortunately, the leaders invested the money unwisely and lost millions of dollars.In addition, they used millions more dollars for personal expenses.”看出，是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人不正確地使用資金導(dǎo)致了財(cái)政問(wèn)題。故選A項(xiàng)。 答案：A 5．What can we learn about N

56、auru from the last paragraph? A．The ecological damage is difficult to repair. B．The leaders will take the experts' words seriously. C．The island was abandoned by the Nauruans. D．The phosphate mines were destroyed. 解析：文章最后告訴我們：Experts say that it would take approximately $433，600，000 and more t

57、han 20 years to repair the island.也就是說(shuō)，瑙魯島上的生態(tài)損失彌補(bǔ)起來(lái)需要大量的資金和時(shí)間，即選項(xiàng)所說(shuō)的“修復(fù)起來(lái)很難”。故選A項(xiàng)。 答案：A Passage 5 An “apple polisher” is one who gives gifts to win friendship or special treatment. It is not exactly a bribe(賄賂), but is close to it. All sorts of people are “apple polishers”， including politician

58、s and people in high offices—just about everybody.Oliver Cromwell, the great English leader, offered many gifts to win the support of George Fox and his party, but failed. There are other phrases meaning the same thing as “apple－polishing”—“soft－soaping” or “buttering－up”．A gift is just one way to

59、“soft－soap” somebody, or to “butter him up”. Another that is just as effective is flattery, giving someone high praise—telling him how good he looks, or how well he speaks, or how talented and wise he is. Endless are the ways of flattery. Who does not love to hear it? Only an unusual man can resist

60、 the thrill of being told how wonderful he is. In truth, flattery is good medicine for most of us, who get so little of it. We need it to be more sure of ourselves. It cannot hurt unless we get carried away by it. But if we just lap it up for its good value and nourishment, as a cat laps up milk, t

61、hen we can still remain true to ourselves. Sometimes, however, flattery will get you nothing from one who has had too much of it. A good example is the famous 12th century legend of King Canute of Denmark and England. The king got tired of listening to endless sickening flattery of his courtiers(朝臣

62、). They overpraised him to the skies, as a man of limitless power. He decided to teach them a lesson. He took them to the seashore and sat down. Then he ordered the waves to stop coming in. The tide was too busy to listen to him. The king was satisfied. This might show his followers how weak his po

63、wer was and how empty their flattery was. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　 本文論述了現(xiàn)代社會(huì)存在的一種普遍現(xiàn)象：人們往往為了自己的一點(diǎn)兒利益去送禮或者說(shuō)一些阿諛?lè)畛械脑?，而且有時(shí)即使這樣做了也未必就能實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的愿望。 1．Which of the following activities has nothing to do with “apple－polishing”？ A．A boy tells his girlfriend how pretty she looks. B．An employee tells her boss how good he is a

64、t management. C．A knight is said to be of limitless power by his followers. D．A teacher praises her students for their talent and wisdom. 解析：根據(jù)“An ‘a(chǎn)pple polisher' is one who gives gifts to win friendship or special treatment.”可知選D項(xiàng)。 答案：D 2．What does the writer want to prove with Cromwell's exa

65、mple? A．Everybody can be an “apple－polisher”． B．Cromwell was not a good “apple－polisher”． C．George Fox and his party were not “apple－polishers”． D．There are people who don't like being “apple－polished”． 解析：根據(jù)第二段“All sorts of people are ‘a(chǎn)pple polishers’， including politicians and people in high

66、 offices—just about everybody.Oliver Cromwell, the great English leader, offered many gifts to win the support of George Fox and his party, but failed.”可知高層的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者都可能是拍馬屁的人，可以想象每個(gè)人都可能是這種人。故選A項(xiàng)。 答案：A 3．Which of the following statements about flattery is TRUE according to the author? A．Too much flattery can carry us away. B．Flattery is too empty to do people any good. C．Flattery can get you nothing but excessive(過(guò)度的) pride. D．Flattery is one of the ways to apple－polish people. 解析：根據(jù)第一段“An ‘a(chǎn)pp