《（通用版）2019高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第三板塊 語法填空與短文改錯 NO.2 再研考點 第一層級 第四講 動詞講義》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《（通用版）2019高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第三板塊 語法填空與短文改錯 NO.2 再研考點 第一層級 第四講 動詞講義（12頁珍藏版）》請在裝配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、第四講動詞動詞是歷年高考的必考點，對動詞有關(guān)知識的掌握是考生在語法填空和短文改錯兩種題型中得高分的關(guān)鍵。動詞的形式變化比較多，有謂語形式的變化(如時態(tài)、語態(tài)和虛擬語氣)、非謂語形式的變化(如不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)及主謂一致。語法填空和短文改錯兩種題型對動詞的考查基本圍繞動詞的上述形式變化而設(shè)題。謂語動詞的形式變化主要有時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣和主謂一致。語法填空主要考查形式為給出提示詞動詞，主要考查時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致(語法一致、意義一致和就近一致)；短文改錯主要考查這三種形式的誤用。虛擬語氣雖然在語法填空與短文改錯中鮮有考查，但在寫作中屬于高級句式，它的合理運用能給作文增色添彩，因此在

2、二輪備考中，考生也應(yīng)加強對這一部分知識的學(xué)習(xí)。(一)考點練悟(用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)My best friend Kaiya is like me. She 1._ (remind) me of myself. In the past, I 2._ (be) never confident because of my appearance. People always laughed at my weight, my height, my hairstyle, etc. At that time, I was the shortest student in my class. I start

3、ed getting depressed. However, someone told me something that I will always remember.It was in March. Surrounded by a group of girls who 3._ (point) at me and laughed at me, I couldnt help crying. The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river. To my surprise, someone lifted my head up and wiped

4、 the tears from my eyes.I then knew it was our English teacher, Miss Li. She said, “You 4._ (be) perfect the way you are. You should never change or hate yourself. People 5._ (accept) you for who you 6._ (be). But if you cannot accept yourself, then how will other people accept you？” I 7._ (inspire)

5、 by her words. Over the past few months, I 8._ (learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws. Now I have wonderful friends who 9._ (love) me for who I am.Now, seeing Kaiya cry, I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 10._ (tell) me.答案：1.reminds2.was3.pointed4.are5.will accept6.are7.w

6、as inspired8.have learned9.love10.told(二)快捷技法思考趨向1填謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)變化提示詞是動詞，且空格位于主語之后，分析句子成分后發(fā)現(xiàn)句中找不到謂語，則所給動詞應(yīng)該作謂語，此時要結(jié)合語境考慮動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)變化。解題規(guī)則1如何確定謂語動詞的時態(tài)方法(1)通過“時態(tài)定義”解決時態(tài)問題準(zhǔn)確理解?？紩r態(tài)的定義是做題的根本。方法(2)通過“標(biāo)志性時間狀語”解決時態(tài)問題在題干中，yesterday, tomorrow, always, in the past few years, so far等都是判斷動詞時態(tài)常用的標(biāo)志性時間狀語，做題時可以通過尋找“標(biāo)志性時

7、間狀語”來判定時態(tài)。方法(3)通過“動作先后關(guān)系”解決時態(tài)問題當(dāng)句中有兩個或兩個以上的動詞時，它們的發(fā)生時間有一定的先后關(guān)系。我們可以根據(jù)這種先后關(guān)系來判定時態(tài)。方法(4)通過“語境暗示”解決時態(tài)問題有些題目在時間狀語和其他參照物都不明顯的情況下，通過正確理解語境即通過題干中的語境暗示，也是解決時態(tài)問題的一條行之有效的方法。方法(5)通過“常用句式”解決時態(tài)問題掌握常用句式也是解決時態(tài)問題的快速且行之有效的方式，因此平時要積累并熟記一些常用句式。2如何確定謂語動詞的語態(tài)確定謂語動詞的語態(tài)，需要在弄懂句子基本意思的前提下才能完成。分析語境，弄明白所給動詞與其對應(yīng)的主語之間的邏輯關(guān)系是確定謂語動詞

8、語態(tài)的關(guān)鍵。如果所給動詞的主語是這個動作的執(zhí)行者，該動詞就用主動語態(tài)；如所給動詞的主語是這個動詞的承受者，該動詞就用被動語態(tài)。注意：平時多積累、掌握一些動詞(短語)的特殊用法，例如belong to不用于進行時和被動語態(tài)；date back to/date from常用于一般現(xiàn)在時等。思考趨向2填謂語動詞的主謂一致變化除了要考慮謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化外，還要考慮主謂一致的變化。解題規(guī)則1可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)；可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)作主語時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。2在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。3非謂語動詞、名

9、詞性從句作主語，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。但what引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示復(fù)數(shù)概念時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。4就近原則：由either .or ., neither .nor ., not only .but (also) .等連接并列主語時，謂語動詞常與最近的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。5就遠原則：主語后跟有with, together with, as well as, but, except, along with, rather than等引起的短語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)要與前面的主語保持一致。6“every/each 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)and(every/each)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。7mor

10、e than one或“many a可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。思考趨向3填謂語動詞的虛擬語氣變化確定空格處作謂語動詞后，除了考慮時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致外，還要結(jié)合語境考慮動詞的虛擬語氣變化。解題規(guī)則1虛擬語氣在非真實條件從句中的用法情況從句謂語動詞主句謂語動詞與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞的過去式(be的過去式用were)should/would/could/might動詞原形與過去事實相反had doneshould/would/could/mighthave done與將來事實相反動詞的過去式、should動詞原形、were to動詞原形should/would/could/mi

11、ght動詞原形2.虛擬語氣在某些從句中的運用(1)在suggest, order, demand, command, request, require, insist, desire, urge, recommend等動詞后的賓語從句中，要用“(should)動詞原形”來表示愿望、建議、命令、要求等；由上述動詞派生或轉(zhuǎn)化的名詞的同位語從句或表語從句中也要用相應(yīng)的虛擬形式。(2)在“It is/was某些形容詞/過去分詞that從句”句型中，that從句常用虛擬語氣，即謂語動詞為“should動詞原形”。這些形容詞有important, vital, significant, necessary

12、, natural, strange, astonishing, surprising等。過去分詞有desired, suggested, required, requested, recommended, ordered等。(3)在“It is (about/high) timethat從句”中，謂語動詞常用過去式或“should動詞原形”表示虛擬語氣。這個句型中的should不可省略。(4)在as if/as though引導(dǎo)的從句及wish引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句謂語動詞用過去式；與過去事實相反，從句謂語動詞用“had過去分詞”；與將來事實相反，從句謂語動詞用“would/

13、could動詞原形”。(5)在would rather后面的賓語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵪喾矗瑥木溆靡话氵^去時；表示與過去事實相反，從句用過去完成時。(一)考點練悟下文中共有8處錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。請找出并改正。It was getting dark when I get home. It was cold and I was worn a coat. I walked up to the door and put my hand into my pocket to take out my key but I can not find it. I suddenly remembered

14、 that I left it on my desk in the office. It really didnt make any difference. I knew my wife is at home and the children must have come back from school by now, so I knock at the door.There was no answer, so I knocked again. I continued knocking at the door for some time. I was getting angry. Then

15、I remembered something the office boy told me at noon. He said that my wife had phoned saying that she will go shopping in the afternoon with the children.There was only one thing for me to do: I had to climb in through a window.答案：第一句：getgot第二句：wornwearing第三句：cancould第四句：left前加had第六句：iswas; knockkn

16、ocked第十句：told前加had第十一句：willwould(二)快捷技法思考趨向1檢查幾種容易錯用的時態(tài)是否存在錯用情況在分析句子成分確定了謂語動詞后，如果存在下面的幾種時態(tài)，要仔細分析比對其用法區(qū)別，看是否有時態(tài)錯用。解題規(guī)則1一般現(xiàn)在時與一般過去時的誤用若上下文敘述的是同一件事情，則時態(tài)應(yīng)具有一致性。2現(xiàn)在完成時與過去完成時的誤用(1)看到so far, up to now, until now, since then, recently, lately, in the last/past few months/years, for一段時間等常用現(xiàn)在完成時。(2)在It/This/T

17、hat be the first/second .time that從句中，如果be為is，從句常用現(xiàn)在完成時；如果be為was，從句常用過去完成時。(3)在hardly/scarcely .when ./no sooner .than .句型中，主句常用過去完成時。3一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的誤用一般過去時表示在過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作、存在的狀態(tài)或過去一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，不強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響，常與確定的過去時間狀語連用；而現(xiàn)在完成時表示發(fā)生在過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或表示從過去某一時間開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還將持續(xù)下去)的動作或狀態(tài)，不和確定的過去時間狀語連用。I tau

18、ght here two years ago. 兩年前我在這兒教書。I have taught here for fifteen years.我在這兒教書15年了。思考趨向2檢查是否存在謂語動詞語態(tài)的誤用情況如果考查的是謂語動詞，需要檢查的是需要使用主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。解題規(guī)則1做題時要先判斷謂語動詞和主語之間是主動關(guān)系還是被動關(guān)系，從而確定語態(tài)的使用是否正確。2系動詞和不及物動詞(短語)沒有被動語態(tài)，要避免把系動詞和不及物動詞(短語)當(dāng)作及物動詞(短語)而使用被動語態(tài)。3常用主動形式表示被動意義的動詞不能再使用被動語態(tài)。4被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成錯誤。其構(gòu)成形式應(yīng)為：be過去分詞。思考趨向3檢查謂語動

19、詞是否和主語在數(shù)上一致通過分析句子成分找到謂語動詞后，除了考慮時態(tài)、語態(tài)外，還要找一下謂語動詞所對應(yīng)的邏輯主語，核查主謂是否一致。思考趨向4檢查是否存在謂語動詞虛擬語氣的誤用情況如果考查的是謂語動詞，還需要檢查是否存在虛擬語氣形式的誤用。非謂語動詞是高中英語語法中的重要部分，是語法填空和短文改錯的必考項目。非謂語動詞包括動詞不定式、分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞)、動名詞，在句子中可以作除謂語以外的其他成分。非謂語動詞?？键c主要為：動詞不定式的功能，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法區(qū)別及非謂語動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、省略等。該項內(nèi)容考查考生在具體語言環(huán)境中理解句子結(jié)構(gòu)、分析句子成分的能力。(一)考點練悟(用所給詞

20、的適當(dāng)形式填空)A study 1._ (publish) in September suggests there is a 2._ (surprise) way to get people 3._ (avoid) unhealthy foods: change their memories. Scientist Elizabeth Loftus of the University of California at Irvine asked volunteers 4._ (answer) some questions on their personalities and food experi

21、ences. “One week later” Loftus says, “5._ (feed) the people, we told them to type their answers into our smart computer and it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences.” Some accounts included one key additional detail. 6._ (tell) that they had got sick after 7._ (eat) strawberry

22、 icecream, the researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured (人為促成的) memory through 8._ (lead) questions Who were you with? How did you feel? By the end of the study, up to 41% of those 9._ (give) a false memory believed strawberry icecream once made them sick, and many said theyd avoid 1

23、0._ (eat) it.答案：1.published2.surprising3.to avoid4.to answer5Having fed6.Having been told7.eating8.leading9given10.eating(二)快捷技法思考趨向1填非謂語動詞作主語、賓語和表語的相應(yīng)形式提示詞是動詞時，分析句子成分已有謂語動詞且沒有連詞，則考慮填非謂語動詞形式。再通過分析句子成分若是缺少主語或賓語，則考慮填動名詞或不定式；若缺少表語，則需要考慮填動名詞、不定式或分詞。解題規(guī)則1非謂語動詞作主語一般情況下，動名詞作主語表示一般的、抽象的或習(xí)慣性動作；而不定式作主語表示一次性的或

24、具體的動作。若不定式、動名詞作主語時，常用it作形式主語，而把作真正主語的不定式或動名詞后置。另外，不定式作主語時通常指將要發(fā)生的動作，動名詞作主語則表示已經(jīng)完成的動作。2非謂語動詞作表語動名詞作表語時，說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征。不定式作表語時，說明主語尚未發(fā)生的動作，或表示將來的動作。3非謂語動詞作賓語(1)不定式作賓語下列動詞只能用不定式作賓語，請牢記下面的口訣?？谠E決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。主動答應(yīng)選計劃，同意請求幫一幫。decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; off

25、er, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作賓語。(2)動名詞作賓語下列動詞(詞組)常接動名詞作賓語口訣考慮建議盼原諒，承認推遲沒得想。避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認完成就欣賞。禁止想象才冒險，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy(想象，設(shè)想); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, pract

26、ice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; cant help(禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape下列短語常接動名詞作賓語be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand (無法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for,

27、 be busy(in), have difficulty/trouble(in), have a good/wonderful/hard time(in), spend time(in)。(3)另外，有些動詞或動詞短語后面接不定式與接動名詞意義不同思考趨向2填非謂語動詞作定語的相應(yīng)形式提示詞為動詞，通過分析確定填非謂語動詞時，若所填非謂語動詞修飾某個名詞或代詞時，則需要考慮所填詞作定語。此時需要考慮動名詞、不定式和分詞。解題規(guī)則表示被動、完成用過去分詞(done)；表示主動、進行用現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)；表示被動、進行用being done；表示被動的動作尚未進行用to be done。點津

28、：表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞ing形式，意為“令人的”；動詞ed形式，意為“(人)感到的”，也可修飾體現(xiàn)內(nèi)心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名詞。思考趨向3填非謂語動詞作賓語補足語的相應(yīng)形式提示詞為動詞，通過分析確定填非謂語動詞時，若所填非謂語動詞對句子賓語起到補充說明的作用，則需要考慮所填詞作賓語補足語。此時需要考慮分詞和不定式。解題規(guī)則1不定式作賓語補足語常用不定式作賓語補足語的動詞：advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, decla

29、re, drive, enable, encourage, forbid, force, hire, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit等。2現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語常用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語的詞語：feel, find, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, listen to, look at, get, have, keep, leave, send, set等。特別提醒：使役動詞get, have既可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語，也可以用不定式作賓語補足語。get sb.to do sth./hav

30、e sb.do sth.表示“使/讓某人去做某事”；have sb./sth.doing表示“使/讓某人/物一直做某事”，側(cè)重動作的持續(xù)進行；get sb./sth.doing表示“使某人/物開始行動起來”，側(cè)重動作的開始。3過去分詞作賓語補足語常用過去分詞作賓語補足語的動詞：have, make, get, find, see, notice, watch, hear, feel, want, like等。思考趨向4填非謂語動詞作狀語的相應(yīng)形式提示詞為動詞，通過分析確定填非謂語動詞時，若所填非謂語動詞在句子中不作主語、賓語、表語或定語，則需要考慮所填詞作狀語。此時只需考慮分詞和不定式即可。解

31、題規(guī)則1分詞作狀語分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語是句子的主語，一般在句中作時間、原因、方式、條件、伴隨等狀語。(1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，分詞表示的動作是由句子主語執(zhí)行的，它們之間是主動關(guān)系。現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式即having done表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。(2)過去分詞作狀語時，分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間是被動關(guān)系。(3)某些動詞的過去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化，此時這些過去分詞表示一種狀態(tài)。這樣的詞(短語)有：lost(迷路的), seated(坐), lost/absorbed in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿著), tired of(感到厭煩), faced wi

32、th(面對)等。2不定式作狀語不定式作狀語主要用來表示目的，有時也可以表示結(jié)果、原因等。不定式作目的狀語時，常位于句首或句中，形式上可用in order to, so as to等來替換，但so as to不能置于句首。(一)考點練悟下文中共有9處錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。請找出并改正。Good afternoon, Ladies and gentlemen. It is a great honor for me introduce this English speech competition. As we all know, master a foreign language is very

33、 important for us. Take part in English speech is a helpful way to learn English. Everyone wants to showing their best. When we have been preparing for it, we can improve our listening and spoken ability, developing a good habit of learn English.In the process of the competition, you should pay atte

34、ntion to the rules making by us. First, you should make your voice hear clearly by everyone, so reading aloud is very necessary. Second, you should try your best to express yourself in English fluently. Finally, you should finish your speech in five minutes.I am sure the English speech competition w

35、ill be a great success and that the audience will feel satisfying with our performance. Thank you!答案：第二句：introduce前加to第三句：master前加to第四句：TakeTaking第五句：showingshow第六句：spokenspeaking; learnlearning第七句：makingmade第八句：hearheard第十一句：satisfyingsatisfied(二)快捷技法思考趨向解題規(guī)則1.檢查作主語或作介詞賓語，該用動名詞是否錯用了動詞原形；檢查作賓語的不定式是否

36、錯用了動名詞1.通過分析句子成分確定非謂語動詞作主語還是賓語。2.熟記充當(dāng)主語或賓語的非謂語動詞形式。2.檢查作定語、狀語或賓語補足語時，非謂語動詞形式是否用錯通過分析句子成分，確定非謂語動詞作定語、狀語或賓補時，要檢查與其邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系是主動還是被動，從而確定是用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞。通過“邏輯主語”這一線索檢查非謂語動詞是否誤用非謂語動詞作定語時，其邏輯主語是所修飾的名詞或代詞；非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語是句子的主語；非謂語動詞作賓補時，其邏輯主語是句子的賓語。3.檢查“情感類”分詞形容詞是否錯用檢查“情感類”分詞形容詞在作定語或表語時是否把過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞形式誤用。“情感類”分

37、詞形容詞在作定語或表語時的用法區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞常用來修飾事物，表示被修飾的詞本身具有的性質(zhì)，常譯為“令人的”；而過去分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞常用來修飾人，常譯為“(人)感到的”。課堂應(yīng)用體驗 .語法填空(2018日照五校聯(lián)考)Many people may think the Forbidden City, or the Palace Museum, is _1_ outstanding and oldfashioned museum. But, in recent years, the museum has been working hard _2_ (promote) Chinese cu

38、ltural heritage among young people.The museums online store now offers special cultural and _3_ (create) products. For example, in 2014, it started to make Tshirts that look like an emperors coat. It also _4_ (sell) earphones that look like the necklaces worn by ancient officials, which brought _5_

39、about 1 billion yuan in sales in 2016, reported China Youth Daily.Last year, a documentary (紀錄片) _6_ (title) Masters in Forbidden City became popular online. The documentary is about the people _7_ job is to repair the relics in the museum. Many of these workers are young, and some are even in their

40、 _8_ (twenty)Some other _9_ (museum) across the country, such as the National Museum of China, _10_ (inspire) by the Palace Museums efforts and are working on similar projects of their own.語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述了故宮博物院向年輕人宣傳中國文化遺產(chǎn)，其他一些博物館也紛紛效仿的故事。1an考查冠詞。根據(jù)文意可知，此處表示泛指，故用不定冠詞；又因為空后單詞“outstanding”的發(fā)音以元音音素開

41、頭，故用冠詞an。2to promote考查非謂語動詞。近年來，故宮博物院一直為了向年輕人宣傳中國文化遺產(chǎn)在努力。此處動詞不定式用作目的狀語。3creative考查形容詞。此處應(yīng)用形容詞修飾空后的名詞。4sold考查動詞時態(tài)。本句承接上文，講述2014年發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用一般過去時。5in考查介詞。bring in意為“賺得，掙”。故宮博物院也售賣看起來像古代官員佩戴的頸飾一樣的耳機，據(jù)中國青年報報道，這在2016年掙了大約十億元人民幣。6titled考查非謂語動詞。此處動詞的過去分詞形式用作名詞的后置定語，意為“名為的”。7whose考查定語從句?？仗幰龑?dǎo)定語從句，并在從句中作定語，修飾后面的

42、名詞job，表示所屬關(guān)系，故填whose。8twenties考查固定用法。in ones twenties為固定用法，意為“在某人二十多歲的時候”。9museums考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。由空前的“Some other”可知，此處應(yīng)用可數(shù)名詞museum的復(fù)數(shù)形式。下文的“are working on similar projects”也提示此處用名詞復(fù)數(shù)。10are inspired考查被動語態(tài)?？仗幾髦^語動詞，根據(jù)句意和空后的“by”可知，此處應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)；又因為空處與are working并列作謂語，故填are inspired。.短文改錯(2018福州四校聯(lián)考)When I was young,

43、 I lived in the countryside. At that time, the trees there were very green, that left a deep impression on me and the water there was so much clear that I even could see the fish swimming. When it gets dark, the air was cooler than it in the daytime. People liked to walk out their houses to chat tog

44、ether. I liked to play games with my friends but ran along the village happily. As the moon rose highly in the sky, the village was lighting. When I looked up, I could see the moon and a few star. They were so close to me. It seemed that I could touch them. The life in the countryside were so wonderful.答案：第二句：第二個thatwhich; 去掉much第三句：getsgot; 第二個itthat第四句：out后加of第五句：butand第六句：highlyhigh; lightinglighted/lit第七句：starstars第十句：werewas12