《2022高考英語 語法突破四大篇 第三部分 專題1 代詞講義》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《2022高考英語 語法突破四大篇 第三部分 專題1 代詞講義（13頁珍藏版）》請在裝配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、2022高考英語 語法突破四大篇 第三部分 專題1 代詞講義代詞、冠詞、介詞和數(shù)詞在語法填空中的考查1.代詞在語法填空中考查指示代詞、不定代詞以及it的用法時，無提示詞；而考查人稱代詞、物主代詞與反身代詞的詞形變換時，則常給出提示詞。應(yīng)對策略(1)當(dāng)句子缺主語或賓語時，填代詞。要根據(jù)語境，看該空格是指人還是指物，是指男性還是女性，是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。為了避免重復(fù)，it，one(s)，that，those都可以用來替代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞，要注意它們的不同用法。it可以用來代替不定式、動名詞短語或從句作形式主語或形式賓語。還要注意不定代詞one，both，neither，all，none，either，a

2、nother等的用法。(2)如果是物主代詞(表示某人的)，作主語、賓語或表語用名詞性物主代詞；在名詞前作定語只能用形容詞性物主代詞。反身代詞反指誰，它通常作主語和賓語的同位語，這時人稱上應(yīng)與主語或賓語保持一致；也可作某些動詞或介詞的賓語，這時人稱上需與主語保持一致。2.冠詞是位于名詞之前，說明名詞所表示的人或事物的一種虛詞，它不能離開名詞而單獨存在。語法填空中，重點考查冠詞的基本用法。另外冠詞活用及習(xí)慣搭配是考查難點。應(yīng)對策略在名詞或“形容詞名詞”前缺少限定詞時，要考慮冠詞。不定冠詞a/an表示泛指，可譯作“一個/件/本/座/”等；定冠詞the表示特指，相當(dāng)于“這，這些，那，那些”。另外要注意

3、：特指上文出現(xiàn)的或談話雙方都知道的人或事物用the；在序數(shù)詞前、最高級前、獨一無二的事物名詞之前，一般用the。3.介詞在語法填空中，?？急硎痉轿?、時間、地點、方式、原因、計量、材料等，以及習(xí)慣用語中的介詞。應(yīng)對策略如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞或代詞前一定是填介詞。其次，還要注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用。4.數(shù)詞在語法填空中主要考查基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成。應(yīng)對策略數(shù)詞與不定代詞很相似，其用法相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞。通過數(shù)詞的復(fù)習(xí)，需要掌握：(1)正確使用基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)以及表達倍數(shù)等；(2)日期、時刻、年代、年齡等的表達法；(3)表數(shù)目的名詞的相關(guān)用法。

4、代詞、冠詞、介詞和數(shù)詞在短文改錯中的考查1.高考短文改錯中，對于代詞的考查常會涉及人稱不一致、代詞混用或漏掉代詞等方面的錯誤。應(yīng)對策略對于代詞的考查，要注意以下幾點：(1)順藤摸瓜，理清短文中代詞的指代關(guān)系，注意聯(lián)系上下文，還要注意人稱一致、單復(fù)數(shù)一致以及性別的一致等；(2)注意人稱代詞格的誤用，以及物主代詞、反身代詞或疑問代詞等的錯用；(3)系統(tǒng)掌握it的各種用法；(4)準(zhǔn)確把握不定代詞在文中的正確使用。2.短文改錯中對于冠詞的考查常涉及漏掉冠詞、冠詞錯用與冠詞多余這三種情況。應(yīng)對策略判定冠詞的方法：(1)根據(jù)泛指和特指。若泛指“一個”，再根據(jù)單詞的第一個音素來判定用a還是an；若特指，用t

5、he；(2)根據(jù)固定搭配。注意固定搭配中不能多用或少用冠詞。3.短文改錯中對于介詞的考查常會涉及介詞誤用、漏掉介詞或介詞多余的情況。應(yīng)對策略(1)如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞或代詞前一定是缺少介詞；(2)注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用；(3)不該用介詞的短語中用了介詞，如 next year常寫成in next year；(4)某些及物動詞短語中介詞缺失，如look (at)，listen (to)，take care (of)等；(5)有些及物動詞多加了介詞，如 enter the room常寫成enter into the room，return my book常

6、寫成return back/to my book等；(6)注意分清連詞、副詞和介詞之間的區(qū)別和句法功能。4.數(shù)詞在短文改錯中主要考查基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞的混用以及結(jié)構(gòu)和搭配中的錯誤。應(yīng)對策略考查數(shù)詞主要從以下幾個角度入手：(1)表示不定數(shù)量的詞或者短語與名詞的搭配問題以及該結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時產(chǎn)生的主謂一致問題；(2)一些特殊的表數(shù)量的詞如hundreds/thousands/millions of，dozen，score等的用法；(3)倍數(shù)表達法。專題1代詞代詞的分類單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱人稱代詞主格Iyouhe，she，itweyouthey賓格meyouhim，her

7、，itusyouthem物主代詞形容詞性myyourhis，her，itsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshis，hers，itsoursyourstheirs反身代詞myselfyourselfhimself，herself，itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves指示代詞this，that，these，those，such，the same疑問代詞連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which關(guān)系代詞who，whom，whose，which，that不定代詞some，any，every，each，many，much，a few，a

8、little，all，none，both，either，neither，other，another相互代詞each other，one another代詞分為九類，大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的作用。代詞的核心考點1.人稱代詞(1)人稱代詞作主語用主格，作賓語、表語用賓格，但應(yīng)注意以下五種情況：作主語的人稱代詞如果孤立地使用于無謂語動詞的句子中，或在這種句子中與動詞不定式連用，常用賓格。Susan，go and join your sister cleaning the yard.Why me？John is sitting there doing nothing.句子中代詞作賓語或賓語補足語時

9、，與所替代的名詞在人稱、數(shù)、格以及意義上一般要保持前后一致。This is our new car.I bought it yesterday.(用it代替our new car)作表語的人稱代詞一般用賓格，但在強調(diào)句型中，被強調(diào)部分代詞的格不變。I met her in the hospital.It was her who I met in the hospital.在比較級的句子中than，as后用主格、賓格都可以。如：He is taller than me (I).但在下列句子中有區(qū)別：I like Jack as much as her.I like both Jack and h

10、er.I like Jack as much as she.I like Jack and she likes him，too.用來表示感嘆時，用代詞的賓格代替主格形式。Dear me!(2)兩個以上的人稱代詞并列，其次序排列原則：在并列主語中，“I”總是放在最后，排列順序為：二 三 一(人稱)。賓格me也一樣。You，she and I will be in charge of the case.Mr Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.2.物主代詞(1)注意名詞性和形容詞性物主代詞各自的語法功能。(2)ones own.of ones own的轉(zhuǎn)換。

11、(3)某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中常用定冠詞代替物主代詞。take sb.by the arm，be wounded in the leg3.反身代詞(1)反身代詞的語法功能：賓語、表語及主語或賓語的同位語。(2)反身代詞和某些動詞連用，構(gòu)成固定短語。devote oneself to致力于dress oneself自己穿衣enjoy oneself過得快樂feel oneself覺得身體正常(3)反身代詞還可和某些介詞連用。for oneself為自己；獨立地of oneself自然地；自動地by oneself獨自地in oneself本身4.相互代詞(each other，one another)相互

12、代詞無人稱、數(shù)和格的區(qū)別，在句中作賓語。其所有格分別為each others，one anothers，用作定語。一般來說，each other指兩者之間，one another指三者或三者以上之間，但現(xiàn)在區(qū)分已不明顯。5.指示代詞(this，that，these，those，such，the same)指示代詞具有形容詞和代詞兩種詞性，在句子中可以作主語、賓語、定語或表語等。(1)指示代詞this(these)和that(those)的區(qū)別。this(these)一般指時間或空間上較近的人或物；that(those)常指時間或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的人或物。This is my desk and tha

13、t is yours.In those days women could not go to school.this常指后面要講到的事物，有啟下的作用；that則指前面講到過的事物，有承上的作用。I want to tell you this：the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.He hurt his leg yesterday.Thats why he didnt e.為了避免重復(fù)，常用that或those代替前面已提過的名詞。The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Na

14、njing.The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.this在電話用語中用于作自我介紹；that用于詢問對方；this和that還可以當(dāng)副詞用，意思相當(dāng)于副詞so。Hello.This is Lily speaking.Whos that?Can hard work change a person that much?(2)such和same的用法。such指“這樣的”人或事，在句中作主語和定語。Such was the story.We have never seen such a tall building.the same指

15、“同樣的”人或事，在句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語。The same can be said of the other article.Whether he can do it or not，it is all the same to me.6.疑問代詞(who，whom，which，what，whose)疑問代詞在句中作主語、賓語、定語或表語。(1)who/what詢問姓名或關(guān)系。Who is he?He is my brother./He is Henry.詢問職業(yè)或地位。What is he?He is a lawyer/teacher.what/who 作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于說

16、話人的視點，可單數(shù)也可復(fù)數(shù)。What is/are on the table?Who is/are in the library?(2)which與who，whatwhich表示在一定范圍內(nèi)，而who，what則無此限制。I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?7.連接代詞和關(guān)系代詞連接代詞與疑問代詞的形式相同，主要有who，whom，whose，what，which以及它們與-ever合成的代詞whoever，whomever，whatever，whichever等。它們用來引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句，即連接復(fù)合句中的主句和從句，并在從

17、句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分，由連接代詞引起的名詞性從句前不能再加that。關(guān)系代詞是用來引導(dǎo)定語從句的代詞，它們包括who，whom，whose，which，that等。這兩類代詞的用法詳見“名詞性從句”和“定語從句”部分。8.不定代詞不定代詞主要有：all，each，every，both，either，neither，one，none，little，few，many，much，other，another，some，any，no等。還有由some，any，no和every構(gòu)成的合成代詞。不定代詞具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì)，并有可數(shù)和不可數(shù)之分，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、同位語、定語、狀語等(eve

18、ry，no只能作定語)。下面介紹幾組主要不定代詞的用法與區(qū)別：(1)some與any一般用法：some，any可與單、復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑問、否定或條件句。特殊用法：any用于肯定句表示“任何”。Any child can do that.(定語)You may take any of them.(賓語)some用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表示“某一”。Smith went to some place in England.(定語)在期待對方回答yes 時，some用在表示請求或邀請的問句中。Mum，could you give me some money

19、？(請求)Would you like some bananas？(邀請)some 用于否定句表示部分否定。I dont know some of the students.(賓語)some和any還有副詞的詞性，在句中可作狀語。some意為“大約”，相當(dāng)于about；而any則表示程度，意為“稍微，絲毫”。There are some 300 workers on strike.Do you feel any better today?(2)one，both，allone作定語、表語、主語或賓語，可以指人或物，表示“一個”，其復(fù)數(shù)為ones；指人時，其所有格是ones，反身代詞是onesel

20、f。One should try ones best to serve the people.(主語、定語)This is not the one I want.(表語)one，ones可以代替上文提到過的名詞，以免重復(fù)。one，ones前面分別可以用：this，that；these，those或the，which等詞修飾。Here are three pens.Which one is yours，this one or that one or the one in the pencil case?These books are more interesting than those one

21、s.both用作定語、賓語、主語和同位語，可以指人或指物，表示“兩者都”。注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定時，用neither。Both of us are not teachers.我們倆并不都是教師。Neither of us is a teacher.我們倆都不是教師。both不能放在the，these，those，my等之后，而應(yīng)放在它們的前面。如：Both my parents like this film.Both the boys are tall.all用作主語、表語、賓語、定語或同位語，指“全部的；整個的”，可與可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞連用；除少數(shù)情況外，一般不與

22、單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用；與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用時，表示“所有的，全部的”，指三個或三個以上的人或物。注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定用none。Not all the ants go out for food.(or：All the ants dont go out for food.)并不是所有的螞蟻都出去覓食。None of the money is mine.這錢沒有一分是我的。(3)many和muchmany和much都表示“許多”，但many修飾或代替復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，much修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語。much有時用作狀語。(4)few，little，a

23、 few，a littlefew和little表示“沒有多少”，含否定意義；而a few 和a little表示“有一些，有幾個”，含肯定意義。另外，few，a few 修飾可數(shù)名詞；little，a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。它們在句中常用作定語、主語和賓語。(5)no和nonenonot any，表示“沒有”，用來修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，通常作定語。none代替不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；代替可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。none還可以在句中作賓語。注意：none既可以指人又可以指物；no one只能指人。(6)each和everyeach(各個)，指兩

24、個或兩個以上的人或物，側(cè)重個體，在句中作主語、賓語、定語和同位語；every(每個)，指三個或三個以上的人或物，側(cè)重整體，在句中只能作定語。Each of them has been there.(主語)The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(賓語)We each got a ticket.(同位語)Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定語，強調(diào)各個個體)Every student in our class has a dictionary.(定語，強調(diào)班上“所有的人”)(7

25、)either和neithereither是“兩者中任何一個”的意思，可修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；neither是“兩者中沒有一個”的意思，可以修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，它們可在句中作主語、賓語或定語。Here are two pens.You may take either of them.(賓語)Neither boy knows French.(定語)注意：either用作副詞，意為“也”，用于否定句的句末。He doesnt like tea，and I dont either.(狀語)either與or連用構(gòu)成連詞，意為“不是就是”或“要么要么”。He is either Japanes

26、e or Chinese.neither用作副詞，意為“也不”，即“not.either”。He cant do it，neither can I.neither可與nor連用構(gòu)成連詞，意為“既不也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.(8)the other和another，the others 和othersthe other表示“兩者中的另一個”；“the other復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”及the others表示“其他的全部人或物”。others及“other復(fù)數(shù)名詞”泛指“其他的(別的)人或物”。這些詞語在句中可作主語、賓語和定語。He got two bo

27、oks；one is a textbook，and the other is a novel.Five of the pencils are red；the others (the other pens) are yellow.Some are singing；others are dancing.another修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，意為“(三者或三者以上的)另一個”，不能指兩者中的另一個，在句中可作賓語和定語。This coat is too dark.Please show me another.(賓語)Please give me another book.(定語)注意：another

28、修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，意為“再，又”。Please give me another ten minutes.Please give me ten more minutes.1.主格、賓格混亂(誤)You and us should join hands to do it.(正)You and we should join hands to do it.2.語序錯誤(誤)Iandmyfamily all like playing golf.(正)MyfamilyandI all like playing golf.3.稱謂指代混亂(誤)Everyone should take an umbrella

29、with yourself.(正)Everyone should take an umbrella with himselforherself.考向1人稱、物主與反身代詞.單句語法填空1.When the gorillas and I frightened each other，I was just glad to find them(they) alive.(2018全國)解析此處作find 的賓語，所以用賓格them。2.Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house.“She though

30、t I had hurt myself(I)，” says Pahlsson.(2017浙江)解析句意為：她原本以為我傷到了自己。根據(jù)句意可知用I的反身代詞myself。3.On my recent visit，I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by its(it) mother.(2016全國)解析根據(jù)空格后的名詞及前面的a lively three-month-old twin可知要用形容詞性物主代詞。4.Now it occurred to him(he) that his farm had much

31、potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.(2015廣東)解析It occurred to sb.that.某人突然想到，固定句型，此句型中sb.為賓語，應(yīng)用賓格形式，故填him。.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)1.I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watch them，my parents would not let me.They would say to that playing card games would he

32、lp my brain.(2018全國)解析句意為：他們會對我說玩紙牌有助于大腦。根據(jù)行文邏輯可知，此處是對“我”說，前面提到了I，而不是we。故把us改為me。2.I had done homework，but I was shy.(2018全國)解析句意為：我已經(jīng)完成了(我的)家庭作業(yè)。do ones/the homework為固定搭配，意為“做家庭作業(yè)”。反身代詞不能用來修飾名詞。3.If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.(2016全國)解析根據(jù)前

33、面的主語we可知，此處要用our，表示“我們能夠開闊我們的視野”。4.At first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by .(2016全國)解析考查反身代詞。根據(jù)句意，此處指“我自己”。5.When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in hand.(2016四川)解析由前面的When he came back可知，這束花是在“他的(his)”手里。6.We must find ways to protect environment.If we fail to do so

34、，well live to regret it.(2015全國)解析依據(jù)前后句的語境及邏輯關(guān)系可知，your與上下文相悖，結(jié)合句意應(yīng)當(dāng)改為our/the才能使句意通順。7.As I told you last time，I made three new friends here.but Im afraid Ill lose their friendship.What do you think I should do？If you were me，would you talk to ？(2015四川)解析根據(jù)上文可知，此處指作者交的三個新朋友，故用them。句意為：你會和他們談嗎？8.A wom

35、an saw him crying and told him to wait outside the shop.Five minutes later，Tony saw parents.(2015全國)解析根據(jù)句意及英語表達習(xí)慣，應(yīng)當(dāng)在parents前加上與主語Tony相一致的形容詞性物主代詞his?？枷?替代詞及不定代詞.單句語法填空1.Running is cheap.If you are time poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports，so perhaps we s

36、hould all give it/running a try.(2018全國)解析此處號召我們都應(yīng)該試試跑步。give sth.a try嘗試一下某事。此處可填running，也可用it指代。2.However，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25,000 people were using it every day.(2017全國)解析use是及物動詞，其后接賓語，此處很明顯缺少代詞。分析句意可知，此處用it指代上文提到的the railway。.單句改錯(每小

37、題僅有1處錯誤)1.The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and animals.(2018全國)解析句意為：我第一次去那里時，他們住在一個小房子里，院子里有狗、鴨子和其他動物。根據(jù)句意及詞法可知，此處表示“其他的”動物，故將another改成other。2.Mr and Mrs Zhang 或all work in our school.(2017全國)解析Mr and Mrs Zhang是兩個人，故用both。因both在此作同位語，也可以去掉。all指的是三者或三者以上。

38、3.Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around .(2015浙江)解析由句意可知，此處代替前面的單數(shù)名詞a beautiful park，故用it。4.I wanted to do special for him at his retirement party.(2015陜西)解析考查不定代詞。something一般用在肯定句中，表示“一些事”；anything一般用在疑問句和否定句中，表示“任何事”。5.Its been three Saturdays now and it really cost

39、s me .(2015四川)解析根據(jù)句意可知，此處指的是花費很多錢，代指不可數(shù)名詞，故用much而非many。.單句語法填空1.Its a tiring job.I have to work whenever there are dogs at home，and no time to enjoy myself(I).2.Jack and Tom are good friends and they are in the same class.3.When living overseas in a place where people speak a different language，it c

40、an be difficult to make yourself understood.4.The cost of renting a house in central Xian is higher than that in any other area of the city.5.Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him，but neither of them wants to，because they have work to do.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)1.Yesterday afternoon，I paid a v

41、isit to Mr Johnson.I was eager to see him，but outside room I stopped.2.Dad lost his job，and as Mom explained，“He was lucky to find one.”3.Mothers Day is ing.Im sorry that I am abroad and cant send flowers，so Im writing to you.4.It is such a great hotel that I would remend it to any friend of who is

42、going to Beijing.5.I knew that they would be worried about because I was so far away，and that my mother would not sleep if she knew.語法填空(代詞專練)I cant believe I made 1.it into San Francisco at last!This morning，I went to the airport by 2.myself(I) to catch my 10：00 a.m.flight.I got there early to go t

43、hrough security.Since I had an electronic ticket，3.which was more convenient，I then went straight to the boarding gate.When I got there，I couldnt believe 4.my earsit was announced that the flight was put off for two hours!I made a decision to look at the flight monitors to see 5.if/whether there was

44、 an earlier flight to San Francisco.I saw that there was 6.another flight that would leave in 40 minutes，so I ran to the boarding gate of 7.that flight.When I got there，I asked the gate agent if I could get on that flight instead.She said that I needed to stay in the gate area and wait for my name t

45、o be called if 8.they had a seat available.So，I waited，and waited，and waited.9.All the passengers were waiting impatiently.The gate agent began calling out names.Guess what？I found 10.nobody was behind me.The last name called was 11.mine.The last seat left on the plane was a middle seat and I usually prefer 12.one near a window，but I was just happy to get on board.I didnt want my vacation to get delayed because of a late flight.