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1、第14講 省略、插入語與反義疑問句省略在英語中，有時為了避免結(jié)構(gòu)上或內(nèi)容上的重復，并使上下文緊密連接；有時因為語法的客觀要求，句子中的一個或幾個成分不需要表達出來，這種現(xiàn)象稱為省略。省略有詞法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，還有一種替代省略。省略部分的成分和含義可從上下文或具體語言環(huán)境中找到而且是有章可循的。【省略的類型】一、簡單句中的省略【翻譯句子】(1)好久不見了！Havent seen you for ages! (省略主語)(2)你要什么東西嗎？(Is there) Anything you want? (省略謂語)(3)我不知道他是誰。I dont know (who he is)(省略

2、賓語)(4)你有墨水嗎？(Have you) Got any ink? (省略主語和謂語或謂語的一部分，只剩下表語、賓語、狀語或其他成分)【結(jié)論1】有些簡單句中可以省略主語、謂語、賓語或主語和謂語。二、 并列句中的省略【翻譯句子】(5)他教英語，他弟弟教數(shù)學。He teaches English and his brother maths.【結(jié)論】在并列句中，如果后面的分句與前面的分句有相同的部分，這一部分則常被省略掉，以免重復。三、復合句中的省略1. 在含有狀語從句的復合句中【翻譯句子】(6)當被問到她是誰的時候，她一句話也沒說。When (she was) asked, she didnt

3、 answer a word.【結(jié)論1】在含有狀語從句的復合句中，若從句的主句是it或與主句的主語相同，且在謂語中含有be時，常省略從句的主語和be?！疽呻y1】Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit till next week.要是明天下雨的話，我們將不得不將訪問推遲到下個禮拜?！疽呻y剖析1】虛擬條件句中，含had, were, should時，若將它們提到句首，則需省略if?！疽呻y2】This car doesnt run as fast as that one.這輛車沒有那一輛開得快。I know you c

4、an do better than Peter.我知道你比彼得做得好?！疽呻y剖析2】在as (so)as， than引導的比較狀語從句中省略謂語?！疽呻y3】Child as he is, he knows a lot.盡管是個孩子，他卻懂得很多。【疑難剖析3】在as引導的讓步狀語從句中，當作表語的名詞提前時，冠詞要省略。2在限定性定語從句中【翻譯句子】(7)他曾想做的就是去購物。All he ever wants to do is going shopping.(8)令我吃驚的不是他所說的內(nèi)容，而是他說話的方式。What surprised me was not what he said bu

5、t the way he said it.【結(jié)論2】定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞that，which, whom可以省略；在以the same as和such as引導的定語從句中，可以省略與主句相同的部分；the way后面的定語從句中，可以省略that，in which。3. 名詞性從句中的省略【翻譯句子】(9) He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.他說他兩天前就到了，而且已經(jīng)在一家旅館住下了?！窘Y(jié)論3】引導賓語從句的連詞that在口語中常常省略，或并列的賓語從句中的第一個連

6、詞that也能省略?！痉g句子】(10) Someone has used my bike, but I dont know who.有人用過我的自行車了，但我不知道是誰?！窘Y(jié)論4】作賓語的wh從句中的謂語動詞與主句的相同，則what從句可以省略謂語，甚至主語。【完成例句】(11)我們和老人說話要有禮貌，這很重要。Its important that we speak to the old politely.【結(jié)論5】在某些表虛擬語氣的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中，從句謂語動詞中的助動詞should可以省略。這些句子一般包含如下動詞及其派生詞：一個堅持(insist)，二個命令(

7、order, command)，三個建議(suggest, propose, advise )，四個要求(demand, require, request, ask)?！就瓿衫洹?12)這個問題應該馬上解決，這是必要的。It is necessary that the problem be solved at once.【結(jié)論6】 It is necessary (important, impossible, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that主語從句中，should可以省略。四、動詞不定式中的省略【完成例句】(13)我認為他很傻。I cons

8、ider him (to be) stupid.【結(jié)論1】有些動詞，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作賓補的結(jié)構(gòu)to be n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略?！纠溆^察】They made the workers work more than 16 hours a day. (主動)The workers were made to work more than 16 hours a day. (被動)他們要求工人每天工作16個多小時?！窘Y(jié)論2】在see, watch, hear, feel, observ

9、e, notice, look at, listen to等感官動詞及使役動詞let, make, have 后的“賓語動詞不定式作賓語補足語”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式符號to須省略，但這類結(jié)構(gòu)變成被動語態(tài)時，其后的不定式要還原加上to?！纠溆^察】你買到票了嗎？ Did you get a ticket?沒有。我想買的，可是賣完了。 No, I meant to (get one), but there werent any left.【結(jié)論3】動詞不定式在like, love, care, want, hope, wish, expect, prefer, refuse, decide, mean

10、, intend, try, promise等動詞后作賓語時，為了避免重復，常承前省略不定式后的內(nèi)容，但要保留不定式符號to。特別注意：want, like用在 when, if, what，as 引導的從句中，其后的to也?？墒÷?，如：Ive decided to do what I like.【翻譯句子】(14)除了等待，我們什么也做不了。We do nothing now but wait. We have nothing to do but wait.(15) I can not but admire his courage.我不得不敬佩他的勇氣。(16)他別無選擇，只好接受事實。He

11、 has no choice but to accept the fact.【結(jié)論4】在can not but, can not choose but, do nothing but， cant help but， prefer to do rather than do ， would do rather than 之后的動詞不定式一般不帶to；but之前有實義動詞do的某個形式do, does, did, done 而且其賓語是something，nothing，anything和everything等不定代詞時，也不帶to, 否則要帶to?！纠溆^察】Im really puzzled w

12、hat to think or say.我真不知該想什么，該說什么。【結(jié)論5】在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中為了避免重復，后一個to省略。但兩個不定式有對照或?qū)Ρ鹊囊饬x時，則后一個to不能省略。如：I can not to scold but to praise you.【例句觀察】Why talk so much about it?關于此事你為什么說了那么多？Why not try it again?為什么不再試試？【結(jié)論6】在why, why not 引導的特殊問句中后跟省略to的動詞不定式。【例句觀察】I dont want to wait for him, but I have to.我并不想等他的，可

13、我又不得不這樣。He doesnt like fish, but he used to.他不喜歡吃魚，但他以前很喜歡。 Why didnt you come to our party?你為什么不來參加舞會？ I was going to，but I had a report to write.我本想來的，但我有個報告要寫，來不了?！窘Y(jié)論7】動詞不定式與 be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等構(gòu)成復合謂語時，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)?？墒÷?，但要保留不定式符號to?！就瓿删渥印?17) You may go if you wish to.你想去

14、就去吧。(18) Dont go till I tell you to.我沒叫你走就別走?！窘Y(jié)論8】動詞不定式中動詞原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出現(xiàn)過同樣的動詞。如果句子前面出現(xiàn)過同樣的動詞，為了避免重復，句子后面的不定式常省略動詞原形，而保留不定式符號to。【例句觀察】The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to (enter the lab)學生們都想進實驗室，但班長建議他們別進去?！窘Y(jié)論9】動詞不定式在 ask, warn, tell, advise, force, wish, e

15、xpect, allow, permit, invite, persuade, order, would like, forbid等動詞后作賓語補足語或主語補足語時，常可省略?！纠溆^察】陪我去購物好嗎？ Could you go shopping with me?我很樂意。 Im glad to (go shopping with you)【結(jié)論10】系動詞(be)形容詞，即be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing等后面接不定式時有時為了避免重復，常省略與上文表達相同意思的不定式符號to之后的內(nèi)容，只保留不定式符號。特別注意：承前省略的動詞不定式如

16、果有助動詞have或be，則要保留be或have，如： Are you a doctor? No, but I used to be五、某些詞法上的省略1. 名詞所有格后修飾的名詞在以下情況可以省略1)這些是約翰的書，那些是瑪麗的。These are Johns books and those are Marys.【結(jié)論1】如果名詞所有格修飾的名詞在前文已出現(xiàn)，則可以省略。2)懷特先生現(xiàn)在在診所。Mr. White is now at the doctors.【結(jié)論2】名詞所有格所修飾的名詞，若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時，常?？梢允÷?。如：at Mr. Greens

17、，to my uncles，at the barbers。2. 冠詞的省略1)第二天我們來到農(nóng)場幫助農(nóng)場主收獲莊稼。We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day.【結(jié)論1】在the next day (morning, week, year)等短語中，有時為了使語氣緊湊，定冠詞the 常可以省略。2)她在班上歌唱得最好。She sings best in the class.【結(jié)論2】在副詞的最高級前面的定冠詞?？梢允÷?。3)我們老師手里拿著書走了進來。Our teacher came in, a

18、 book in hand.Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.【結(jié)論3】在某些獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，冠詞?？梢允÷?。3. 介詞的省略1) Both (of)the films were interesting.這兩部電影都很有趣。She invited both of us to her birthday party.她邀請了我們倆參加她的生日聚會。【結(jié)論1】 both 后常跟of短語，其后可以接名詞復數(shù)形式，也可以接代詞賓格復數(shù)形式。接復數(shù)名詞時，介詞of可以省略，但接代詞賓格時，of不能省略。2)These shoes are worn o

19、ut. They have lasted (for) a long time.這些鞋子很舊了。它們已經(jīng)穿了好長時間了。 【結(jié)論2】在現(xiàn)在完成時表持續(xù)和重復的句型中，一段時間前的介詞for可以省略。3)The letter was posted yesterday.這封信是昨天寄的?！窘Y(jié)論3】被動結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果沒有必要強調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者，則可以省略介詞by短語。4)Can you stop him (from)going swimming in the river?你能否阻止他去河里游泳？【結(jié)論4】和一些動詞搭配構(gòu)成的短語中的介詞，如：consider (as)， prevent / stop (f

20、rom) doing， have trouble / difficulty (in) doing，spend (in / on) doing 中的介詞可以省略。六、替代性省略1) Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting?你認為他會去參加會議嗎？I suppose not.我想不會。【結(jié)論1】在一些交際用語中的某些動詞，如：think, suppose, expect, believe，guess等后常常和so, not等連用，以替代上文出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容。2) I dont think I can walk any further.我想我是再也

21、走不動了。 Neither can I. Lets stop here for a rest.我也是。我們停下休息一會兒吧?！窘Y(jié)論2】“So / Nor (Neither)謂語主語”這種句型是用來替代前面提到的情況，表明它也適用于后者?！咎貏e提醒】省略在語言中，尤其在對話中，是一種十分普遍的現(xiàn)象；省略的考查已成為高考中的熱點。插入語插入語通常與句中其他成分沒有語法上的關系，插入語多半用逗號與句子隔開，用來表示說話者對句子所表達的意思的態(tài)度，對句子表達起修飾、強調(diào)、緩和語氣等作用。插入語可能是一個詞、一個短語或一個句子。掌握插入語不僅有助于正確理解句意，靈活運用插入語于書面表達中還能提高作文的得

22、分。一、常用作插入語的副詞【例句觀察】Surely, she wont go to China Telecom with you.Strangely, he has not been to China Unicom. Still more strangely, he has not called me.Fortunately, I found the book that I had lost.【結(jié)論1】indeed 的確 surely 無疑however 然而 obviously 顯然frankly 坦率地 naturally 自然而然的fortunately 幸運地 strangely 奇怪

23、honestly 真誠地 briefly 簡單地說 luckily 幸運的是二、常見的作插入語的形容詞或其短語【例句觀察】Strange to say, he should have done such a thing.Most important of all, you each over fulfilled your own task.【結(jié)論2】strange to say 說來也怪needless to say 不用說most important of all 最為重要的是worse still 更糟糕的是三、常用作插入語的介詞短語【例句觀察】Of course, he did not

24、succeed for the lack of experience.She knows much more about computer science than the other students do, for instance.in a few words (或in sum, in short) 簡而言之【結(jié)論】in his opinion (judgment) 按照他的意見(判斷)in other words 換句話說in a sense 在某種意義上in general 一般說來in my view 在我看來in conclusion 總之in summary 概括地說in fa

25、ct 事實上in addition 此外of course 當然as a matter of fact 事實上to our knowledge 據(jù)我們所知for instance (或example) 例如to my joy (delight, satisfaction)使我欣慰(高興、滿意)的是to their surprise (astonishment, amazement)使他們驚奇的是to her regret (disappointment)使她遺憾(失望)的是四、常用作插入語的分詞短語【例句觀察】Judging from his letter, a campaign agains

26、t “white pollution” has been under taken in his hometown.Generally speaking, boys like football much more than girls.【結(jié)論】strictly speaking 嚴格地說generally speaking 一般地說judging from根據(jù)判斷given鑒于 considering考慮到【注意】不要把以上插入語理解為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，因為它們與主語之間沒有主謂關系也無動賓關系，如上兩句中speaking和judging的動作都不是句中主語發(fā)出的。五、常用作插入語的不定式短語

27、【例句觀察】To be sure, community service can aid reemployment.【結(jié)論】to be sure 無疑地 to sum up 概括地說to tell the truth 老實說 to start with 首先六、插入句【例句觀察】It will result in success, I suppose.One day, it is said, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree.What is more important, information superhighways can carry great

28、amounts of information around the country quickly and cheaply.【結(jié)論】I am sure 我可以肯定地說I believe 我相信I wonder 我想知道 you know 你知道you see 你明白 that is 也就是說it seems 看來是 as I see it 照我看來Im afraid 恐怕 it is said 據(jù)說what is important (serious) 重要(嚴重)的是反意疑問句【例句觀察】Somebody phoned while I was out, didnt they?Everyone

29、 enjoyed the party, didnt they?Nobody wants to go there, does he?Theres no help for it, is there?Theres something wrong, isnt there?【結(jié)論1】當陳述部分的主語是everybody, everyone, someone, nobody, no one, somebody等合成代詞時，附加疑問部分的主語通常用they。但亦可用he, 尤其是nobody, no one等作主語，具有否定概念時?！窘Y(jié)論2】當陳述句為there be結(jié)構(gòu)時，附加疑問部分的主語也用there

30、?！纠溆^察】Bob rarely got drunk, did he?Few people know him, do they?She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?【結(jié)論3】陳述部分帶有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定詞或半否定詞時，附加疑問部分的動詞用肯定形式?！纠溆^察】He was unsuccessful, wasnt he?Tom dislikes the book, doesnt he?【結(jié)論4】如果陳述部分的否定詞帶有否定前綴，那么，該陳述部

31、分作肯定處理，附加疑問部分一般仍用否定形式?！纠溆^察】She says that I did it, doesnt she?I told them not everybody could do it, didnt I?.【結(jié)論5】當陳述部分為主從復合句時，附加疑問部分一般應與主句的主語和謂語動詞保持對應關系。【注意】但當陳述部分的主語是I, 謂語是think, believe, suppose, expect這類動詞時，附加疑問部分則往往與從句中的主語和謂語動詞保持對應關系，但要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移。I suppose that hes serious, isnt he?I dont think s

32、he cares, does he?【例句觀察】Xiao Lin has been writing letters all afternoon but he should finish them now, shouldnt he?【結(jié)論6】當陳述部分為主從復合句時，附加疑問部分一般應與主句的主語和謂語動詞保持對應關系?！纠溆^察】Dont open the door, will you?Give me some cigarettes, can you?Take a rest, why dont you?【結(jié)論7】在由“祈使句附加疑問”構(gòu)成的附加疑問句中，附加疑問部分一般用will you, w

33、ont you, would you, 有時也可用can you, cant you, why dont you, could you等。【注意】但是，以lets開頭的祈使句，附加疑問部分用shall we；以let us開頭的祈使句，附加疑問部分用will you。Lets have a basketball match this afternoon, shall we?Let us go out for a rest, will you?【例句觀察】The old man used to smoke, didnt/ usednt he?Tom used to live here, used

34、nt /didnt he?【結(jié)論8】當陳述部分含有情態(tài)動詞used to時，疑問部分可用usednt或didnt?！纠溆^察】Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesnt it?Between six and seven will suit you, wont it?Where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has it?【結(jié)論9】陳述句子中的主語為動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或其他短語時，疑問部分的主語通常用it?！纠溆^察】I wish to have a chance to learn English, may_I?【結(jié)論10】陳述句中的謂語動詞是wish, 表示愿望時用may, 且用肯定形式。