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左支座零件制造工藝分析及夾具設(shè)計(jì)
1 課題研究的目的和意義
左支座零件加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)是本人在基本完成大學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)后完成的一次由理論轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)際生產(chǎn)的一個(gè)過程,將我在大學(xué)期間學(xué)習(xí)到的東西全部整合到一起運(yùn)用到實(shí)踐當(dāng)中去,使本人對(duì)自己所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí),專業(yè)技能,和專業(yè)所從事的方向有了更深層次的學(xué)習(xí)與了解,為我以后的工作打下基礎(chǔ)。機(jī)械加工工藝主要是實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì),保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,節(jié)約能源,降低成本的重要手段,是企業(yè)進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備,計(jì)劃調(diào)度,加工操作,生產(chǎn)安全,技術(shù)檢測和健全勞動(dòng)組織的重要依據(jù)。然而夾具在制造系統(tǒng)中也是一個(gè)非常重要的組成部分,好的夾具可以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,保證和提高加工精度,降低生產(chǎn)成本,還可以擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的使用范圍,而這個(gè)左支座零件的精度,材料的好壞,加工的工藝將直接影響到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的使用效率和壽命,所以本次設(shè)計(jì)要實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì),保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量還要在保證產(chǎn)品加工精度的同時(shí)提高生產(chǎn)率,節(jié)約成本。
2 國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀
2.1國外研究現(xiàn)狀
工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是人類社會(huì)發(fā)展和科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的產(chǎn)物,從英國莫里斯的“工藝美術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)”,到德國的包豪斯設(shè)計(jì)革命以及美國的廣泛傳播與推廣,工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)過了醞釀,探索,形成,發(fā)展百余年的歷史滄桑。時(shí)至今日,工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)已成為一門獨(dú)立的專業(yè)學(xué)科,并且有一套完整的研究體系。
1980 年國際工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)協(xié)會(huì)理事會(huì)(ICSID)給工業(yè)作了明確定義:“就批量生產(chǎn)的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品而言,憑借訓(xùn)練,技術(shù)知識(shí),經(jīng)驗(yàn)及視覺感受,而預(yù)示材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu) 造、形態(tài)、色彩、表面加工,裝飾以新的品質(zhì)和規(guī)格,叫做工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的具體情況,工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)在上述工業(yè)產(chǎn)品全部側(cè)面或其中幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行工作,而且 需要工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師對(duì)包裝、宣傳、展示,市場開發(fā)等問題的解決付出自己的技術(shù)知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及視覺評(píng)價(jià)能力時(shí),這也屬于工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的范疇”。
材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、 工藝是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ),一方面,技術(shù)制約著設(shè)計(jì);另一方面,技術(shù)也推動(dòng)著設(shè)計(jì)。從設(shè)計(jì)美學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)看,技術(shù)不僅僅是物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)還具有其本身的“功能” 作用,只要善于應(yīng)用材料的特性,予以相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和適當(dāng)?shù)募庸すに?,就能夠?chuàng)造出實(shí)用,美觀,經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)品,即在產(chǎn)品中發(fā)揮技術(shù)潛在的“功能”。
任 何設(shè)計(jì)都是時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物,它的不同的面貌,不同的特征反映著不同歷史時(shí)期的科學(xué)技術(shù)水平。技術(shù)是產(chǎn)品形態(tài)發(fā)展的先導(dǎo),新材料,新工藝的出現(xiàn),必然給產(chǎn)品帶來 新的結(jié)構(gòu),新的形態(tài)和新的造型風(fēng)格。材料,加工工藝,結(jié)構(gòu),產(chǎn)品形象有機(jī)地聯(lián)系在一起的,某個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的變革,便會(huì)引起整個(gè)機(jī)體的變化。
2.2 國內(nèi)研究現(xiàn)狀
改革開放以來,隨著中國與世界的接軌,中國不斷的引進(jìn)了西方先進(jìn)的加工技術(shù),而且隨著世界科技的飛速發(fā)展,數(shù)控機(jī)床,加工中心,柔性制造單元,柔性制造系統(tǒng)等一系列高端設(shè)備得以廣泛的運(yùn)用,使得我國的加工精度和加工方法也發(fā)生了革命性的改變。產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的加快,產(chǎn)品需求的多樣化,是制造業(yè)面臨巨大挑戰(zhàn),特別像左支座零件這種不規(guī)則零件就出現(xiàn)了重大問題,現(xiàn)階段左支座零件零件加工還打不到自動(dòng)化加工,它的工藝好需要人工畫線的方法來保證,而零件的裝夾也是通過人工來完成的,所以現(xiàn)階段我國對(duì)左支座零件這種不規(guī)則零件的加工的效率還是比較低的階段。夾具方面人們也從過去傳統(tǒng)的夾具的裝夾,定位,刀具的引導(dǎo)定位為夾具的裝夾和定位,隨著數(shù)字化加工設(shè)備的擴(kuò)大化,已經(jīng)將夾具的引導(dǎo)刀具功能完全替代,給今后的夾具的快速裝夾與定位提出了更高的要求。
近年來,機(jī)械制造工藝有著飛速的發(fā)展。比如,應(yīng)用人工智能選擇零件的工藝規(guī)程。因?yàn)樘胤N加工的微觀物理過程非常復(fù)雜,往往涉及電磁場、熱力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)、電化學(xué)等諸多領(lǐng)域,其加工機(jī)理的理論研究極其困難,通常很難用簡單的解析式來表達(dá)。近年來,雖然各國學(xué)者采用各種理論對(duì)不同的特種加工技術(shù)進(jìn)行了深入的研究,并取得了卓越的理論成就,但離定量的實(shí)際應(yīng)用尚有一定的距離。然而采用每一種特種加工方法所獲得的加工精度和表面 質(zhì)量與加工條件參數(shù)間都有其規(guī)律。因此,目前常采用研究傳統(tǒng)切削加工機(jī)理的實(shí)驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)方 法來了解特種加工的工藝規(guī)律,以便實(shí)際應(yīng)用,但還缺乏系統(tǒng)性。受其限制,目前特種加工 的工藝參數(shù)只能憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)選取,還難以實(shí)現(xiàn)最優(yōu)化和自動(dòng)化,例如,電火花成形電極的沉入式 加工工藝,它在占電火花成形機(jī)床總數(shù)95%以上的非數(shù)控電火花成形加工機(jī)床和較大尺寸的模具型腔加工中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。雖然已有學(xué)者對(duì)其CAD、CAPP和CAM原理開展了一些研究,并取得了一些成果,但由于工藝數(shù)據(jù)的缺乏,仍未有成熟的商品化的CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)問世。通常 只能采用手工的方法或部分借助于CAD造型、部分生成復(fù)雜電極的三維型面數(shù)據(jù)。隨著模糊 數(shù)學(xué)、神經(jīng)元網(wǎng)絡(luò)及專家系統(tǒng)等多種人工智能技術(shù)的成熟發(fā)展,人們開始嘗試?yán)眠@一技術(shù) 來建立加工效果和加工條件之間的定量化的精度、效率、經(jīng)濟(jì)性等實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P?,并得到了初?的成果。因此,通過實(shí)驗(yàn)建模,將典型加工實(shí)例和加工經(jīng)驗(yàn)作為知識(shí)存儲(chǔ)起來,建立描述特 種加工工藝規(guī)律的可擴(kuò)展性開放系統(tǒng)的條件已經(jīng)成熟。并為進(jìn)一步開展特種加工加工工藝過程的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬,應(yīng)用人工智能選擇零件的工藝規(guī)程和虛擬加工奠定基礎(chǔ)。
同時(shí),在機(jī)械加工過程中,夾具占有非常重要的地位,它可靠地保證了工件的加工精度,提高了加工效率,減輕了勞動(dòng)的強(qiáng)度,夾具的設(shè)計(jì)過程中,應(yīng)深入生產(chǎn)實(shí)際,(對(duì)工件的圖紙,工藝文件,生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)等分析),精心調(diào)查研究,吸取國內(nèi)外的先進(jìn)技術(shù),制訂出合理的設(shè)計(jì)方案。
我們都知道減少停工檢修期是提高生產(chǎn)力、使生產(chǎn)能力利用系數(shù)最大化的一項(xiàng)重要因素。然而零件加工過程中的精確定位和裝夾的重復(fù)精度也是改進(jìn)效率和質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵。譬如柔性加工中心的產(chǎn)生就是為了減少產(chǎn)品循環(huán)周期。
目前中國制造業(yè)發(fā)展迅猛,以前的我國制造業(yè)普遍使用剛性專機(jī)加工各種各樣的零部件,導(dǎo)致改型和生產(chǎn)個(gè)零部件周期較長。隨著我國制造業(yè)發(fā)展和各種各種零件的需求與日俱增,加工設(shè)備和工藝也向著柔性化的方向轉(zhuǎn)變。加工裝備的柔性概念和需求主要體現(xiàn)在對(duì)設(shè)備快速性和適應(yīng)性的需求上,因此制造商不得不尋求柔性和產(chǎn)量之間的最佳組合。當(dāng)然,在滿足了柔性的條件下、也有著不同的解決方案,如:模塊化、可變換化、可重新配置化、在線兼容性等。不論采用哪種方案,使用高性能的液壓夾具都顯得尤為重要,現(xiàn)在,柔性專機(jī)、可重新配置的機(jī)床及專用加工中心的組合應(yīng)用,使得發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)零件的加工變得越來越柔性化,具體情況取決于每個(gè)加工項(xiàng)目的產(chǎn)量配額
使用液壓夾具的主要優(yōu)勢是能節(jié)省夾緊和松卸工件時(shí)所花的大量的時(shí)間。有關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)資料表明液壓夾緊相比機(jī)械夾緊節(jié)省90%~95%的時(shí)間,縮小了生產(chǎn)循環(huán)周期,從而增加了產(chǎn)量也就意味著降低了成本。
當(dāng)加工一長型鋁合金零件時(shí),刀具通過時(shí)旋轉(zhuǎn)油缸可快速讓開,刀具通過后可快速復(fù)位。液壓夾具系統(tǒng)的第二項(xiàng)重要特點(diǎn)是可實(shí)現(xiàn)非常高的定位精度。關(guān)鍵在于夾緊力在定位和夾緊過程中保持恒定不變。從而確保了同一道工序下的加工質(zhì)量一致性。由于變形造成的廢品率將會(huì)微乎其微。
夾具是機(jī)械加工不可缺少的部件,在機(jī)床技術(shù)向高速、高效、精密、復(fù)合、智能、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展的帶動(dòng)下,夾具技術(shù)正朝著高精、高效、模塊、組合、通用、經(jīng)濟(jì)的方向發(fā)展
3 設(shè)計(jì)思路
通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)、期刊、教材、廠家資料及國內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)查閱。根據(jù)要求完成對(duì)左支座零件加工工藝和夾具設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。完成設(shè)計(jì)圖紙的繪制并進(jìn)行相關(guān)校核工作,完成設(shè)計(jì)說明書的編寫。
、左支座零件加工工藝
1、 制訂左支座零件加工工藝規(guī)程,關(guān)鍵是工序的劃分和定位基準(zhǔn)的選擇。在設(shè)計(jì)開始的過程中,我們必須要認(rèn)真分析零件圖,了解其左支座零件零件的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和相關(guān)的技術(shù)要求,對(duì)左支座零件零件的每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),都應(yīng)仔細(xì)的分析,如左支座零件加工表面的平行度、粗糙度、垂直度,特別是要注意左支座零件零件各孔系自身精度(同左支座零件度、圓度、粗糙度等)和它們的相互位置精度(左支座零件線之間的平行度、垂直度以及左支座零件線與平面之間的平行度、垂直度等要求),左支座零件零件的尺寸是整個(gè)零件加工的關(guān)鍵,必須弄清左支座零件零件的每一個(gè)尺寸。繪制零件圖是一個(gè)重點(diǎn),同時(shí)因?yàn)樽笾ё慵慵容^復(fù)雜,所以也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。我們采用autoCAD軟件繪制零件圖,一方面增加我們對(duì)零件的了解認(rèn)識(shí),另一方面增加我們對(duì)autoCAD軟件的熟悉。
工序的劃分
確定加工順序和工序內(nèi)容,安排工序的集中和分散程度,劃分工序階段,這項(xiàng)工作與生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)有密切關(guān)系,具體可以根據(jù)生產(chǎn)類型、零件的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、技術(shù)要求和機(jī)床設(shè)備等。生產(chǎn)條件確定工藝過程的工序次數(shù);如批量小時(shí)可采用在通用機(jī)床上工序集中原則,批量大時(shí)即可按工序分散原則,組織流水線生產(chǎn),也可利用高生產(chǎn)率的通用設(shè)備,按工序集中原則組織生產(chǎn)。
2、夾具設(shè)計(jì)可能遇到的問題:
工件定位是否正確,定位精度是否滿足要求,工件夾緊牢固是否可靠等等。
工件在夾具中的定位精度,主要與定位基準(zhǔn)是否與工序基準(zhǔn)重合、定位基準(zhǔn)與定位元件的配合狀況等因素有關(guān),可提高夾具的制造精度,減少配合間隙,就能提高夾具在機(jī)床上的定位精度,夾具中出現(xiàn)過定位時(shí),可通過撤消多余定位元件,使多余定位元件失去限制重復(fù)自由度的能力,增加過定位元件與定位基準(zhǔn)的配合間隙等辦法來解決。
夾緊必須可靠,但夾緊力不可過大,以免工件或夾具產(chǎn)生過大變形??刹捎枚帱c(diǎn)夾緊或在工件鋼性薄弱部位安放適當(dāng)?shù)妮o助支撐。夾具的設(shè)計(jì)必須要保證夾具的定位準(zhǔn)確和機(jī)構(gòu)合理,考慮夾具的定位誤差和安裝誤差。我們將通過對(duì)工件與夾具的認(rèn)真分析,結(jié)合一些夾具的具體設(shè)計(jì)事例,查閱相關(guān)的夾具設(shè)計(jì)資料,聯(lián)系在工廠看到的一些左支座零件零件加工的夾具來解決這些問題.
上述即為遇到困難的解決措施
3、 本課題擬采用的研究手段(途徑)和可行性分析
根據(jù)不同的研究對(duì)象擬采用不同的研究手段(途徑),本課題包括兩方面內(nèi)容:
左支座零件加工工藝的設(shè)計(jì)和夾具設(shè)計(jì)
制定工藝規(guī)程的研究途徑和可行性分析
毛坯的選擇:
根據(jù)生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)和零件結(jié)構(gòu)選擇毛坯,毛坯的類型一般在零件圖上已有規(guī)定。對(duì)于鑄件和鍛件應(yīng)了解其分模面、澆口、冒口位置和拔模率,以便在選擇定位基準(zhǔn)和計(jì)算加工余量時(shí)有所考慮。如果毛坯是棒料或型材,則按其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定尺寸規(guī)格,并決定每批加工件數(shù)。
毛坯的種類和其質(zhì)量對(duì)機(jī)械加工的質(zhì)量有密切的關(guān)系。同時(shí)對(duì)提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、節(jié)約材料、降低成本有很大的影響。擬訂工藝路線:
表示零件的加工順序及加工方法,分出工序,安裝或工位及工步等。并選擇各工序所使用的機(jī)床型號(hào)、刀具、夾具及量具等。擬訂工藝路線從實(shí)際出發(fā),理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際和工人結(jié)合起來。常常需要提出幾個(gè)方案,進(jìn)行分析比較后再確定。
計(jì)算切削用量、加工余量及工時(shí)定額:
查閱《切削用量手冊》等資料并進(jìn)行計(jì)算確定。目前,對(duì)單件小批量生產(chǎn)不規(guī)定切削用量,而是由操作工人根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)自行選定,但對(duì)于自動(dòng)線和流水線,為保證生產(chǎn)的節(jié)拍,必須規(guī)定切削用量,并不能隨意改變。計(jì)算加工余量、工序尺寸及公差是要控制各工序的加工質(zhì)量以保證最終加工質(zhì)量。工時(shí)定額一般按各工廠的實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累起來的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料來估算。隨著生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展,工藝的改進(jìn),新工藝,新技術(shù)的不斷出現(xiàn),工時(shí)定額應(yīng)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的修改。
對(duì)機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程基本要求可歸結(jié)為質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)率和經(jīng)濟(jì)性。雖然有時(shí)互相矛盾,但只要把它們處理好,就會(huì)成為一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。在三個(gè)要求中,質(zhì)量是首要的。質(zhì)量表現(xiàn)在機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的各項(xiàng)技術(shù)性能指標(biāo),質(zhì)量不能保證,根本談不上數(shù)量;質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)率之間是密切聯(lián)系的,在保證質(zhì)量的前提下,應(yīng)該不斷地最大限度地提高生產(chǎn)率,滿足生產(chǎn)量的要求。如果兩者矛盾,則生產(chǎn)率要服從于質(zhì)量,應(yīng)在保證質(zhì)量的前提下解決生產(chǎn)率問題。在保證質(zhì)量的前提下,應(yīng)盡可能的節(jié)約耗費(fèi),減少投資,降低制造成本,這就是經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
因此,左支座零件的工藝規(guī)程研究途徑應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)率和經(jīng)濟(jì)性的統(tǒng)一,達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)合理及可行的最優(yōu)方案。
夾具設(shè)計(jì)的研究途徑和可行性分析
左支座零件、銑、鉆等工序使用的專用夾具,此類夾具的特點(diǎn)是針對(duì)性強(qiáng)、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、操作簡便、生產(chǎn)率高。
夾具設(shè)計(jì)最關(guān)鍵是要求對(duì)工件定位正確,且滿足定位精度要求。為了解決此問題,首先得了解影響定位精度的因素。然后采取措施解決具體的問題。如定位基準(zhǔn)與定位元件的配合狀況和影響定位精度,那么可以提高夾具的制造精度,減小配合間隙就能提高夾具在機(jī)床上的定位精度。
除此之外,選擇夾具的類型與結(jié)構(gòu)型式必須與零件生產(chǎn)批量大小相適應(yīng),夾具結(jié)構(gòu)與零部件應(yīng)具有足夠的剛度和強(qiáng)度,從而保證夾具操作方便、夾緊可靠、使用安全、并有合理的裝卸空間。
課題研究的主要方法:
(1) 搜集資料,了解并掌握左支座零件加工工藝結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理。
(2) 確定設(shè)計(jì)大體思路,撰寫開題報(bào)告,要求完成具體的設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容及計(jì)算。
(3) 根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書的要求,熟悉相關(guān)軟件AutoCAD,確定設(shè)計(jì)方法及設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)。按要求完成完整的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)劃及預(yù)期達(dá)到的結(jié)果,進(jìn)行相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)及計(jì)算。
(4) 對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)夾具設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)校核,準(zhǔn)備相關(guān)資料。
(5) 對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)說明書初稿進(jìn)行相關(guān)格式修改,對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)圖紙并進(jìn)行修改。
研究過程中的主要問題和解決的方法:
4 工作進(jìn)度與安排
2.15—3.15 理解和消化課題內(nèi)容,完成課題的調(diào)研、開題報(bào)告、翻譯、文獻(xiàn)綜的撰寫等;
3.16—4.01 完成左支座零件制造工藝分析及夾具設(shè)計(jì)方案;
4.02—4.15 完成左支座零件制造工藝分析及夾具設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)計(jì)算;
4.16—4.20 完成左支座零件制造工藝分析及夾具設(shè)計(jì)各元件設(shè)計(jì);
4.21—5.15 左支座零件的工藝工裝裝配圖和主要零件圖設(shè)計(jì);
5.16—5.31 完成論文的撰寫和答辯準(zhǔn)備工作。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 于勇. 我國機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展方向[J]. 山西焦煤科技 ,2010,(S1) :75-76
[2] 應(yīng)雷. 淺談我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)的困境和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略對(duì)策[J]. 科技資訊, 2010,(27) :112
[3] 侯志楠. 淺析機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展歷程、現(xiàn)狀及趨勢[J]. 2010/20
[4] 濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M] .高等教育出版社,2006
[5] 黎震,朱江峰. 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)[M] . 北京理工大學(xué)出版,2009
[6] 鄭修本. 機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)[M] . 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007
[7] 徐鴻本. 機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊[M].遼寧:遼寧科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2004
[8] 聞邦椿. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(第5版)第1卷 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2010
[9] 張捷. 機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M] . 西南交通大學(xué)出版社 ,2006
[10]盧秉桓. 機(jī)械制造基礎(chǔ)[M] .北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2008
[11] 王先逵. 機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)[M] .北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004
[12] Handbook of Machine Tools Manfred weck[J] ,2005
[13]Boyes W E. Jigs and Fixture .America,SME[J],2006
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文獻(xiàn)綜述
論文題目 左支座零件制造工藝分析及夾具設(shè)計(jì)
(英 文)Design of process analysis and fixture manufacturing left bearing parts
學(xué) 院
專 業(yè)
姓 名 xxxxxxxx
學(xué) 號(hào) xxxxxxxxxxxxx
指導(dǎo)教師
2014年3月20日
文獻(xiàn)綜述
1、 前言
機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程是規(guī)定產(chǎn)品或零部件機(jī)械加工工藝過程和操作方法等的工藝文件,是一切有關(guān)工生產(chǎn)人員都應(yīng)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行、認(rèn)真貫徹的紀(jì)律性文件。生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的大小、工藝水平的高低以及解決各種工藝問題的方法和手段都要通過機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程來體現(xiàn)。而機(jī)床夾具是在機(jī)床上用以裝夾工件的一種裝置,其作用是使工件相對(duì)于機(jī)床或刀具有個(gè)正確的位置,并在加工過程中保持這個(gè)位置不變。它們的研究對(duì)機(jī)械工業(yè)有著很重要的意義。
機(jī)械的加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)是在完成了大學(xué)的全部課程之后,進(jìn)行的一次理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的綜合運(yùn)用,使我對(duì)專業(yè)知識(shí)、技能有了進(jìn)一步的提高,為以后從事專業(yè)技術(shù)的工作打下基礎(chǔ)。機(jī)械加工工藝是實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì),保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、節(jié)約能源、降低成本的重要手段,是企業(yè)進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備,計(jì)劃調(diào)度、加工操作、生產(chǎn)安全、技術(shù)檢測和健全勞動(dòng)組織的重要依據(jù),也是企業(yè)上品種、上質(zhì)量、上水平,加速產(chǎn)品更新,提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的技術(shù)保證。然而夾具又是制造系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,不論是傳統(tǒng)制造,還是現(xiàn)代制造系統(tǒng),夾具都是十分重要的。因此,好的夾具設(shè)計(jì)可以提高產(chǎn)品勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,保證和提高加工精度,降低生產(chǎn)成本等,還可以擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的使用范圍,從而使產(chǎn)品在保證精度的前提下提高效率、降低成本。當(dāng)今激烈的市場競爭和企業(yè)信息化的要求,企業(yè)對(duì)夾具的設(shè)計(jì)及制造提出了更高的要求。
2、 發(fā)展歷史
從1949年以來,我國機(jī)械工業(yè)有了很大的發(fā)展,已經(jīng)成為工業(yè)中產(chǎn)品門類比較齊全、具有相當(dāng)規(guī)模和一定技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)的產(chǎn)業(yè)部門之一,其機(jī)械加工和夾具也有很大的發(fā)展,但是與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比,我們這方面的水平還存在著階段性的差距,主要表現(xiàn)在機(jī)械產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和水平不夠高,加工工藝過程不合理,夾具應(yīng)用也比較少,使其加工工人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大,加工出來的產(chǎn)品也不理想。
夾具從產(chǎn)生到現(xiàn)在,大約可以分為三個(gè)階段:第一個(gè)階段主要表現(xiàn)在夾具與人的結(jié)合上,這是夾具主要是作為人的單純的輔助工具,是加工過程加速和趨于完善;第二階段,夾具成為人與機(jī)床之間的橋梁,夾具的機(jī)能發(fā)生變化,它主要用于工件的定位和夾,夾具與操作人員改進(jìn)工作及機(jī)床性能的提高有著密切的關(guān)系,所以對(duì)夾具引起了重視;第三階段表現(xiàn)為夾具與機(jī)床的結(jié)合,夾具作為機(jī)床的一部分,成為機(jī)械加工緊。人們越來越認(rèn)識(shí)到中不可缺少的工藝裝備。
3、 發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
長期以來,加工工藝編制是由工藝人員憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行的。如果由幾位工藝員各自編制同一個(gè)零件的工藝規(guī)程,其方案一般各不相同,而且很可能都不是最佳方案。這是因?yàn)楣に囋O(shè)計(jì)涉及的因素多,因果關(guān)系錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜。CAPP將是機(jī)械加工工藝的發(fā)展趨勢,它不僅提高了工藝設(shè)計(jì)的質(zhì)量,而且使工藝人員從繁瑣重復(fù)的工作中擺脫出來,集中精力去考慮提高工藝水平和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量問題。
制造業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ),隨著以計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)為主導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,以“時(shí)間驅(qū)動(dòng)”為特征的市場競爭、產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的加快、商品需求的多樣化、用戶素質(zhì)的提高等使制造業(yè)面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn),特別像后鋼板彈簧吊耳類不規(guī)則零件的加工就出現(xiàn)了一些問題,在現(xiàn)階段像后鋼板彈簧吊耳類的加工還沒達(dá)到現(xiàn)代自動(dòng)化的水平。在現(xiàn)代的中小批量生產(chǎn)中,它的加工工藝還需人工畫線的方法來保證其精度,而對(duì)工件的裝夾也是通過人工的方法進(jìn)行的。因此我國對(duì)后鋼板彈簧吊耳類不規(guī)則零件的加工還處于效率低、成本高的階段。
機(jī)床夾具最早出現(xiàn)在18世紀(jì)后期。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步,夾具已從一種輔助工具發(fā)展成為門類齊全的工藝裝備。
國際生產(chǎn)研究協(xié)會(huì)的統(tǒng)計(jì)表明,目前中、小批多品種生產(chǎn)的工件品種已占工件種類總數(shù)的85%左右。現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)要求企業(yè)所制造的產(chǎn)品品種經(jīng)常更新?lián)Q代,以適應(yīng)市場的需求與競爭。然而,一般企業(yè)都仍習(xí)慣于大量采用傳統(tǒng)的專用夾具,一般在具有中等生產(chǎn)能力的工廠里,約擁有數(shù)千甚至近萬套專用夾具;另一方面,在多品種生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)中,每隔3~4年就要更新50~80%左右專用夾具,而夾具的實(shí)際磨損量僅為10~20%左右。特別是近年來,數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心、成組技術(shù)、柔性制造系統(tǒng)(FMS)等新加工技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,對(duì)機(jī)床夾具提出了如下新的要求:
1)能迅速而方便地裝備新產(chǎn)品的投產(chǎn),以縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期,降低生產(chǎn)成本;
2)能裝夾一組具有相似性特征的工件;
3)能適用于精密加工的高精度機(jī)床夾具;
4)能適用于各種現(xiàn)代化制造技術(shù)的新型機(jī)床夾具;
5)采用以液壓站等為動(dòng)力源的高效夾緊裝置,以進(jìn)一步減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率;
6)提高機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度。
4、發(fā)展趨勢
隨著機(jī)械工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,對(duì)產(chǎn)品的品種和生產(chǎn)率提出了愈來愈高的要求,使多品種,中小批生產(chǎn)作為機(jī)械生產(chǎn)的主流,為了適應(yīng)機(jī)械生產(chǎn)的這種發(fā)展趨勢,必然對(duì)機(jī)床夾具提出更高的要求。特別像后鋼板彈簧吊耳類不規(guī)則零件的加工還處于落后階段。在今后的發(fā)展過程中,應(yīng)大力推廣使用組合夾具、半組合夾具、可調(diào)夾具,尤其是成組夾具。在機(jī)床技術(shù)向高速、高效、精密、復(fù)合、智能、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展的帶動(dòng)下,夾具技術(shù)正朝著高精高效模塊組合通用經(jīng)濟(jì)方向發(fā)展。
(1)特種加工 它是指一些物理的、化學(xué)的加工方法,如電火花加工、電解加工、超聲波加工、激光加工、離子束加工等。特種加工方法的主要對(duì)象是難加工材料的加工,如金剛石、陶瓷等超硬材料的加工,其加工精度可達(dá)分子級(jí)加工單位或原子級(jí)加工單位,所以它又常常是精密加工和超精密加工的重要手段。特種加工與傳統(tǒng)加工相結(jié)合的復(fù)合加工有較大的發(fā)展前途。
(2)快速成形 利用離散、堆積成形概念,可將一個(gè)三維實(shí)體分解為若干二維實(shí)體制造出來,再經(jīng)堆積而構(gòu)成三維實(shí)體。
(3)精密工程 它包括精密加工的超精密加工技術(shù)、微細(xì)加工和超微細(xì)加工技術(shù)、微型機(jī)械和納米技術(shù)等方面。當(dāng)前,以納米技術(shù)為代表的超精密加工技術(shù)和以微細(xì)加工為手段的微型機(jī)械技術(shù)有重要意義,它們代表了這一時(shí)期精密工程的方向。
(4)傳統(tǒng)加工工藝的改造和革新 這一方面的技術(shù)潛力很大,如高速切削、超高速切削、強(qiáng)力磨削、超硬材料磨具的出現(xiàn)都對(duì)加工理論的發(fā)展、加工質(zhì)量和效率的提高有重要意義。另一方面,舊設(shè)備的改造和挖潛,如普通機(jī)床改造成數(shù)控機(jī)床等,對(duì)機(jī)械工業(yè)的發(fā)展和提高是不容忽視的。
5、設(shè)計(jì)面臨的問題
在設(shè)計(jì)中,需要對(duì)零件加工工藝方案和夾具進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),在確定加工工藝方案時(shí),可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)工藝路線的不合理,甚至出現(xiàn)不能保證加工所要求達(dá)到的精度。在進(jìn)行夾具設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),可能因定位基準(zhǔn)選擇不合理,出現(xiàn)過定位或欠定位造成加工的零件的精度得不到保證。在選擇夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)時(shí)由于機(jī)構(gòu)的大小,尺寸等不合理,而達(dá)不到夾緊的目的,也可能因夾緊力作用點(diǎn)或作用面的位置不合理而使工件產(chǎn)生翻轉(zhuǎn)。所以在設(shè)計(jì)過程中應(yīng)制訂多套方案,以供比較選擇最優(yōu),同時(shí)還要多請(qǐng)教指導(dǎo)老師和同學(xué),并多查閱相關(guān)的書籍來盡可能好的完成設(shè)計(jì)。
6、總結(jié)
在機(jī)械制造中,為完成需要的加工工序、裝配工序及檢驗(yàn)工序等,使用著大量的夾具。利用夾具,可以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,提高加工精度,減少廢品,可以擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的工藝范圍,改善操作的勞動(dòng)條件。因此,夾具是機(jī)械制造中的一項(xiàng)重要的工藝裝備。夾具設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)理論一個(gè)好的機(jī)床夾具,首先要保證能加工出合格的產(chǎn)品。為此,所設(shè)計(jì)的夾具首先應(yīng)滿足以下兩項(xiàng)要求:第一,在未受外力作用時(shí),加工件對(duì)刀具和機(jī)床應(yīng)保持正確的位置,即加工件應(yīng)有正確的定位。第二,在加工過程中,作用于加工件上的各種外力,不應(yīng)當(dāng)破壞加工件原有的正確定位,即對(duì)加工件應(yīng)有正確的夾緊。
綜上,機(jī)械加工藝及夾具隨著科技的發(fā)展都使計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、數(shù)控技術(shù)、控制論及系統(tǒng)工程與制造技術(shù)的結(jié)合為制造系統(tǒng),形成現(xiàn)代制造工程學(xué)。而物料流、能量流、信息流是組成制造系統(tǒng)的三個(gè)基本要素?,F(xiàn)代加工都為集成化的系統(tǒng)加工,這雖減輕了工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,但同時(shí)對(duì)工人的知識(shí)水平要求較高。這需要我們?nèi)轿坏恼J(rèn)知現(xiàn)代科技知識(shí)。因此,在以后的學(xué)習(xí)中需要我們?nèi)轿坏膶W(xué)習(xí)其各個(gè)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的知識(shí),不能只注重一點(diǎn),為將來的人才戰(zhàn)略提出了新的要求。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[2] 東北重型機(jī)械學(xué)院等,機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊,上海:上海科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1979。
[3]?劉守勇等,機(jī)械制造工藝與機(jī)床夾具.?北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1994.7
[4]?王啟平,機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)[M].哈爾濱:哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,1988.
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[6]?徐發(fā)仁,機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)[M].重慶:重慶大學(xué)出版社,1996.7
[7]?王昆等,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)[M].武漢:?高等教育出版社,1995
[8]?邱宣懷,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M].第四版.北京:高等教育出版社,1997
[9]?柯明揚(yáng),機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)[M].?北京:北京航天航空大學(xué)出版社,1995
[10] 孟少龍,機(jī)械加工工藝手冊第1卷,北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1991。
[11]《金屬機(jī)械加工工藝人員手冊》修訂組,金屬機(jī)械加工工藝人員手冊,上海:上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1979。
[12] Haffman E G. Jig and Fixture Design.America, VNR Co.,1980.
[13] Boyes W E. Jigs and Fixture .America,SME,1982.
外文資料翻譯
Electromechanical integration technology and its application
An electromechanical integration technology development
Mechatronics is the machinery, micro-, control, aircraft, information processing, and other cross-disciplinary integration, and its development and progress depends on the progress of technology and development, the main direction of development of a digital, intelligent, modular, and human nature , miniaturization, integration, with source and green.
1.1 Digital
Microcontroller and the development of a number of mechanical and electrical products of the base, such as the continuous development of CNC machine tools and robots, and the rapid rise of the computer network for the digital design and manufacturing paved the way for, such as virtual design and computer integrated manufacturing. Digital request electromechanical integration software products with high reliability, easy operability, maintainability, self-diagnostic capabilities, and friendly man-machine interface. Digital will facilitate the realization of long-distance operation, diagnosis and repair.
Intelligent 1.2
Mechanical and electrical products that require a certain degree of intelligence, it is similar to the logical thinking, reasoning judgement, autonomous decision-making capabilities. For example, in the CNC machine increase interactive features, set up Intelligent I / O interface and intelligent database technology, will use, operation and maintenance of bring great convenience. With fuzzy control, neural network, gray, wavelet theory, chaos and bifurcation, such as artificial intelligence and technological progress and development and the development of mechanical and electrical integration technology has opened up a vast world.
Modular 1.3
As electromechanical integration products and manufacturers wide variety of research and development of a standard mechanical interface, dynamic interface, the environment interface modules electromechanical integration products is a complex and promising work. If the development is set to slow down. VVVF integrated motor drive unit with vision, image processing, identification and location of the motor functions, such as integrated control unit. Thus, in product development, design, we can use these standards modular unit quickly develop new products.
1.4 Network
As the popularity of the network, network-based remote control and monitoring of various technical ascendant. The remote control device itself is the integration of mechanical and electrical products, fieldbus technology to household appliances and LAN network possible, use a home network to connect various home appliances into a computer as the center of computer integrated appliances system, so that people in the home can be full enjoyment of the benefits of various high-tech, therefore, electromechanical integration products should be no doubt North Korea networks.
1.5 humanity
Electromechanical integration of the end-use product is targeted, how to give people electromechanical integration of intelligent products, emotion and humanity is becoming more and more important, electromechanical integration products in addition to improving performance, it also urged the color, shape and so on and environmental coordination, the use of these products, or for a person to enjoy, such as home robot is the highest state of human-machine integration.
1.6 miniaturization
Micro-fine processing technology is a necessity in the development, but also the need to improve efficiency. MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems, or MEMS) refers to quantities can be produced by the micro-collection agencies, micro-sensors, micro actuators and signal processing and control circuit until interface, communication and power is one of the micro-devices or systems . Since 1986 the United States at Stanford University developed the first medical microprobe, 1988 at the University of California, Berkeley developed the first micro-motor, both at home and abroad in MEMS technology, materials and micro-mechanism much progress has been made, the development of all sorts MEMS devices and systems, such as the various micro-sensors (pressure sensors, micro-accelerometer, micro-tactile sensor), various micro-component (micro-film, micro-beam, microprobes, micro-link, micro-gear, micro-bearings, micro-pump , microcoil and micro-robot, etc.).
1.7 Integration
Integration includes a mutual penetration of various technologies, and integration of various products of different structural optimization and composite, and included in the production process at the same time processing, assembly, testing, management, and other processes. In order to achieve more variety, small batch production of automation and high efficiency, the system should have a more extensive flexible. First system can be divided into several levels, allowing the system to function dispersed, and security and coordination with other parts of the operation, and then through software and hardware at various levels will be organically linked to its optimal performance, the most powerful.
1.8 with source of
Electromechanical integration refers to the product itself with energy, such as solar cells, fuel cells and large-capacity battery. As on many occasions not be able to use electricity, which campaigns for the mechanical and electrical integration products, has a unique power source comes with the benefits. Sources with the integration of mechanical and electrical product development direction of.
Green 1.9
The development of technology in people's lives brought great changes in the material at the same time has also brought rich resources, deterioration of the ecological environment consequences. Therefore, people calling for the protection of the environment, regression, and achieving sustainable development in the concept of green products such calls have emerged. Green products is low-power, low-wood consumption, clean, comfortable, coordination and utilization of renewable products. In its design, manufacture, use and destruction of human beings should be in line with environmental protection and health requirements, electromechanical integration of green products is mainly refers to the use of time is not pollute the ecological environment, at the end of product life, and regeneration of decomposition products.
2 electromechanical integration in the application of technology in the iron and steel
In the iron and steel enterprises, the integration of mechanical and electrical systems are at the core microprocessor, the computer, industrial computer, data communications, display devices, meters and the combination of technologies such as organic, assembled by the merger means for the realization of a large-scale integrated system create conditions for effective integration, enhanced system control precision, quality and reliability. Electromechanical integration technology in the iron and steel enterprises in the mainly used in the following areas:
2.1 Intelligent Control Technology (IC)
As a large-scale iron and steel, high-speed continuous and the characteristics of the traditional control technologies encountered insurmountable difficulties, it is necessary to adopt very intelligent control technology. Control technologies include intelligent expert system, neural and fuzzy control, intelligent control techniques in steel product design, manufacturing, control, product quality and diagnostic equipment, and other aspects, such as blast furnace control system, electric furnace and continuous casting plant, steel rolling system , steelmaking - Casting integrated scheduling system - rolling, cold rolling, etc..
2.2 Distributed Control System (DCS)
Distributed control system uses a central command for the control of a number of Taiwan-site monitoring and intelligent computer control unit. Distributed control systems can be two, three or more levels. Using computers to concentrate on the production process monitoring, operation, management and decentralized control. With monitoring and control technologies, and the functions of distributed control system more and more. Not only can be achieved control of the production process, but also can be achieved online optimization, the production process real-time scheduling, production planning statistical management functions, as a measurement, control, integration of the integrated system. DCS control functions with diverse features and easy operation, the system can be extended, easy maintenance and high reliability characteristics. DCS is decentralized and centralized control monitoring, fault-minor, and the system has the chain protection features, the use of manual control system failure operational measures, the system is highly reliable. Distributed control system and centralized control system compared to their more functional, with a higher level of security. Is the large-scale integration of mechanical and electrical systems main trend.
2.3 Open Control System (OCS)
Open Control System (Open Control System) is the development of computer technology led by the new structure concept. "Open" means a standard for the exchange of information in order consensus and support this standard design systems, different manufacturers products can be compatible and interoperable, and the sharing of resources. Industrial control systems through open communication network so that all control equipment, management, computer interconnections, to achieve control and management, administration, integrated decision-making, through fieldbus to the scene and control room instrumentation control equipment interconnected to achieve integrated measurement and control of.
2.4 Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS)
CIMS is the iron and steel enterprises will be and the production and operation, production management and process control connecting to achieve from raw materials into the plant, production and processing of shipments to the entire production process and the overall integration process control. Currently iron and steel enterprises have basically achieved process automation, but this kind of "automated island" of single automation lack of information resources and the sharing of the unified management of the production process, can hardly meet the requirements of the iron and steel production. Future competition iron and steel enterprises is the focus of many varieties, small batch production, cheap and of good quality, timely delivery of goods. In order to improve productivity, saving energy, reducing staff and the existing inventory, accelerate cash flow, production, operation and management of the overall optimization, the key is to strengthen the management, access to the benefits of raising the competitiveness of businesses. The United States, Japan and some other large-scale iron and steel enterprises in the 1980s has been widely realization of CIMS.
2.5 Fieldbus Technology (FBT)
Fieldbus Technology (Fied Bus Technology) is the connection settings in the field of instrumentation installed in the control room and control devices for digital, bi-directional, multi-station communication link. Fieldbus technology used to replace the existing signal transmission technology (such as 4 to 20 mA, DC DC transmission), it will enable more information in the field of Intelligent Instrumentation devices and higher-level control system in the joint between the communications media on the two-way transmission. Fieldbus connection can be through save 66% or more on-site signal connecting wires. Fieldbus lead to the introduction of the reform and the new generation of DCS around open fieldbus automation system of instruments, such as intelligent transmitter, intelligent, fieldbus detection instruments, fieldbus of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) local control stations and field development.
2.6 AC drive technology
Transmission technology in the iron and steel industry plays a crucial role. With power technology and the development of microelectronics technology, the development of AC variable speed very quickly. The AC drive to the advantages of electric drive technology in the near future from AC drive completely replace DC transmission, the development of digital technology, complex vector control technologies to achieve practical, AC variable speed system speed and performance has reached more than DC converter level. Now whether small or large-capacity electrical motor capacity synchronous motor can be used to achieve reversible induction motor or smoothing governor. AC drive system in the production of steel rolling emerged as a welcome users, applications continues to expand.
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