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1、1學(xué)術(shù)英語學(xué)術(shù)英語 社科社科Academic English for Social Sciences23Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities Lead-in Text A Text B Listening Speaking WritingUnit Contents4 Lead-in Reading critically:questions for discussionUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities5Lead-inReading critica

2、lly:questions for discussionReading critically:Every text is written on a purpose,some are supposed to make you believe.It is important to learn to read critically to get the point.One way of training critical reading is to ask yourself the following questions:l Do you agree with the author?Unit 1 D

3、ecision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl What is the author assuming I will agree with?l What is the author trying to prove?6Lead-inReading critically:questions for discussionl Does the author adequately defend their argument?l What kind of proof do they use?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors

4、in Economic Activitiesl Is there something they leave out that you would put in?l Does putting it in hurt their argument?7Lead-inReading critically:questions for discussionDiscuss the following questions:l How do you make the decision that you take this course?l What do you consider when you make th

5、is decision?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities8 Text A Key terms Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary Collocations Formal and informal English Signpost languageUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic

6、Activities9Text AKey termsl rational people:理性人理性人 Those people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives,given the available opportunities.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl marginal change:邊際變化邊際變化 small incremental adjustments to a

7、plan of actionl marginal benefit:邊際效益邊際效益 the additional benefit from an increase in an activity10Text AKey termsUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl marginal cost:邊際成本邊際成本 the additional cost from an increase in an activityl marginal decision-making:邊際決策邊際決策 the additional cost

8、from an increase in an activityl incentive:激勵激勵 something that induces a person to act11How People Make DecisionsEconomists explanation about decision making:There are rules behind peoples decision-making behaviors.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activ

9、ities12l Rational people think at the margin.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesExample 1:standby ticketsWhat a rational airline can do?Situation:Flying a 200-seat plane across the U.S.costs the airline$100,000.Cost of each seat:$500(Thats to sa

10、y,never sell a ticket for less than$500.)Suppose:A plane is about to take off with 10 empty seats.A standby passenger will pay$300 for a seat.Question:should the airline sell the ticket?13Answer:Yes.Reason:If the plane has empty seat,the cost of adding one more passenger is tiny.Here the marginal co

11、st is merely the cost of something to eat,like peanuts,coco,etc.Conclusion:As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost,selling the ticket is profitable.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities14Example 2:water vs.diamondWhy is w

12、ater so cheap,while diamonds are so expensive?waterdiamondNecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra cup is small because water is plentiful.Unnecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra diamond is large because diamonds are rare.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Ac

13、tivitiesText ACritical reading and thinking15Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesConclusion:Rational people think at the margin.(They make decisions by comparing costs and benefits.)Are you a rational person?16Example 1:the price of an appleHow p

14、eople respond to incentives?When the price rises:It provides an incentive for buyers to consume less;It provides an incentive for sellers to produce more.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Rational people respond to incentives.17 Example 2:a t

15、ax on gasoline How people respond to incentives?Encourage people to drive small,more fuel-efficient cars;carpool take public transportation;live closer to where they work;drive hybrid cars;drive electric cars.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities1

16、8 Example 3:a seat belt law American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.How a seat belt law alters a drivers cost-benefit calculation(Peltzmans analysis):Seat belts reduce the likelihood of injury or death make accidents less costly drive faster and less carefully a large numb

17、er of accidentsText ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities19Result:These laws produce both fewer deaths per accident and more accidents.Conclusion 1:The net result is little change in the number of driver deaths and an increase in the number of pedestri

18、an deaths.Conclusion 2:When analyzing any policy,consider both the direct effects and less obvious indirect effects.If the policy changes incentives,it will cause people to alter their behavior.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities20 Rational peop

19、le know that when they make a decision,it is often not a yes-or-no choice,but requires deliberate consideration of the pros and cons.Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Rational people know that decisions in life are rarely black and white but usually in

20、volve shades of gray.(Para.2)21 The most important theory in economic study concerns itself with incentives.Other theories are not as important.“The rest is commentary”is a phrase used in American English to mean“the rest is trivial or less important”.Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making

21、Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl“People respond to incentives.The rest is commentary.”(Para.6)22 At first,this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like random talk not supported by evidence.Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl At first,thi

22、s discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like idle speculation.(Para.12)23Specialized vocabularyl rational peoplel marginal decision-makingl marginal changel marginal benefitl marginal costl net resultText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic

23、 Activities24CollocationsText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl achieve the high level of satisfactionl maximize profitsl achieve objectivesl be black and whitel roll roundl blow offl fly standbyl puzzling economic phenomenal take an actio

24、nl allocate scarce resourcesl end up with l unintended consequencesl idle speculation25Formal and informal Englishl See Page 9,and do Task 3.Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities26Signpost languagel Show connections between sentences and p

25、aragraphs.See Page 9,and do Task 2 Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities27Signpost languageText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Signal important parts of academic writing,such

26、as structure,writers position,arguments,conclusionReporting someones view:Some people/researcher(s)maintain(s)/argue(s)/assert(s)/claim(s)/point(s)out28Signpost languageDisagreeing with someones view:I disagree with that The view is open to doubt/not necessarily true/highly debatable One of the main

27、 argument against is thatText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities29Signpost languagePointing out a gap in research:However little information These studies have emphasized,as opposed to Although considerable research has focused on,less atten

28、tion has been given toText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities30Signpost languageAgreeing with someones view:I agree with when he writes that X is certainly correct in saying that Another point in favour of is A further argument supporting is

29、NB:In the following units of study,more examples will be given.Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities31Task 1 The tree diagram below illustrates the main points of the text.Fill in the blanks according to the text.Text ASuggested answersUni

30、t 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesDecision-making behaviors in economic activitiesThinking at the margincomparing marginal _ and marginal _ Responding to _Example 1standby tickets Critical reading and thinkingExample 2_ vs._Example 1the price of an appleExample 2a tax on _Example 3

31、_costbenefitswaterdiamondsincentivesgasolineseat belts law32Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T)or false(F).Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingF_ 1 When rational people make decisions in life,they are very

32、 certain of the choice._ 2 At the time of examination,students have to decide how to use all their time studying._ 3 Marginal changes are small gradual changes of the present plan of action._ 4 The example of the standby fly is told to show how cost can be ignored._ 5 Diamonds are more expensive tha

33、n water because people are more attracted to them.FFFT33Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T)or false(F).Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingT_ 6 The quotation of one economist“People respond to incentives.T

34、he rest is commentary.”is given to show the importance of incentives._ 7 The example of the apple shows how food prices vary according to market needs._ 8 The gasoline tax has an effect on peoples choice of cars._ 9 When the seat belt is made compulsory,people drive more carefully._ 10 Policymakers

35、need to take into consideration the less obvious indirect effects of a policy.FFFT34Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you h

36、ave got into Chinese.Column A Column B1 marginala resource2 scarceb result3 maximizec change4 netd satisfaction5 level ofe people6 rationalf profit35Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Match the words in Col

37、umn A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _marginal change邊際變化邊際變化scarce resources稀缺資源稀缺資源maximize profits最大化利潤最大化利潤net result凈結(jié)果凈結(jié)果level of satisfaction滿意度滿意度rational people理性人理性人36Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit

38、1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Translate the following sentences into English,using some of the phrases above.1 我們明年的目標(biāo)是獲得利潤最大化。我們明年的目標(biāo)是獲得利潤最大化。_2 時(shí)間是一種稀缺資源，因此如果工人失業(yè)，他們的時(shí)間就浪時(shí)間是一種稀缺資源，因此如果工人失業(yè)，他們的時(shí)間就浪 費(fèi)了。費(fèi)了。_ _We aim to maximize profits over the next year.Time

39、 is a scarce resource,so if workers are unemployed their time is wasted.37Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Translate the following sentences into English,using some of the phrases above.3 理性人有非理性的想法嗎？理性人有

40、非理性的想法嗎？_4 滿意度調(diào)查結(jié)果表明游客對某些服務(wù)不滿意。滿意度調(diào)查結(jié)果表明游客對某些服務(wù)不滿意。_ _Do rational people have irrational thoughts?Research into satisfaction level has found that tourists are not satisfied with some of the services.38Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activit

41、iesLanguage building-up1 Match the signpost language from Text A with the purpose each of them serves.Signpost languagePurposes 1 as we will seea explanation2 at the same timeb time sequence3 by contrastc giving examples4 for exampled comparison and contrast5 in other wordse coherence6 in this case1

42、 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ 5 _ 6 _ebdcae39Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.1 He is not well-known for his respect for factual accuracy,_,he was lyi

43、ng.2 Offices can easily become more environmentally-friendly by,_,using recycled paper.3 We dont like the situation.But _,we have to deal with this problem.in other wordsfor exampleat the same time40Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitie

44、sLanguage building-up2 Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.4 Their economy has expanded enormously,while ours,_,has declined.5 _,in this chapter there is no general formula for the solution to this question.6 The whole team dont want to lose him._,he needs to re

45、alize that company regulations must be obeyed.by contrastAs we will seeIn this case41Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.

46、1 As you study economics,you will come across firms that decide how many workers to hire and how much of their product to manufacture and sell to maximize profits.Key:_2 The reason is that a persons willingness to pay for any good is based on the marginal benefit that an extra unit of the good would

47、 produce.Key:_encounteryield42Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.3 An incentive is something that persuades a person to

48、act,such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward.Key:_4 Many policies change the costs or benefits that people face and,therefore,change their behavior.Key:_5 For example,consider public policy about auto safety.Key:_inducesalterregarding43Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decis

49、ion-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.6 The decline in safe driving has a clear,bad impact on pedestrians.Key:_7 At first,this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem l

50、ike an idle guess.Key:_8 When a person wears a seat belt,the likelihood of surviving an auto accident rises.Key:_adversespeculationprobability44Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Complete the sentences with some of

51、 the answers you have got in the above exercise.1 Stress can have a(n)_ effect on peoples health.2 This doesnt _ the fact that what you did was wrong.3 He warned us that we might _ a lot of opposition at the very beginning.4 Some believe that surgery could _ a heart attack.5 He has very little to sa

52、y _ the new EU regulations.6 Knowing about the past doesnt necessarily _ solutions to current problems.adversealterencounterinduceregardingyield45 Text B Critical reading Difficult sentences English language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities46New Airport Lan

53、ding Fees Delayedl See Page 14,and do Task 1 and Task 2 Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities A new federal policy:allowing airports to charge higher landing fees during peak periods Reason for formulating this policy:encourage airlines to arrange flights more

54、 evenly throughout the day,thus reducing flight delays47Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCostsBenefitsAirportsAirlines48Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesYour reflections on this policy:It will work:It wont work:4

55、9l,which last month called the proposal “congestion pricing disguised as an airport fee”.(Para.13)Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities ,which claimed that the proposal was actually charging fee for congestion rather than for the airport.50l“Because the cen

56、tral policy issue at stake here influencing airline market decisions through airport pricing is inherently complex and historically has been controversial,we believe that it merits additional time to fully develop comments reflecting the views of industry stakeholders,”(Para.14)Text BDifficult sente

57、ncesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities “The central policy issue which is how to influence airline market decisions through airport pricing has always been complex and controversial.Hence it is necessary to allow more time for the parties involved in the industry to phrase their

58、 opinions that most clearly express their views.”51Collocations l reduce/address congestionl charge higher landing feesl peak periodsl reduce delaysl take effectl implement measuresText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities52Collocations l traf

59、fic volumel on-time arrival ratel be supportive ofl accommodate requestsl clear up ambiguityl go into effectText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities53 Listening Prediction strategies Listening tasksUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic

60、 Activities54Prediction strategiesl Prediction Instead of relying on the actual words or sounds,you use background information and common world knowledge to develop expectations about what you will hear and then confirm or reject them as you listen.ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Econom

61、ic Activities55l Prediction strategiesListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesPrediction strategies Use visual information including titles on the board,on slides,or in a PowerPoint presentation.Think about what you already know about the topic.Ask yourself questions that you

62、 think the speaker might answer.Listen for specific phrases.56Task 1 Before listening,look at the first sentence of the lecture you are going to hear and predict what will follow.Write down your expectation.ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesBusinesses are structured in

63、different ways to meet different needs.The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship.The proprietor owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.Listening tasks57Task 2 Listen to the lecture again and complete the following table according

64、 to what you have heard.ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesListening tasksForms of businessOwnership Responsibility for debtsLength of existence_Proprietorship_owner fully responsible_Partnership_an unlimited lifetimeIndividual/soleCorporation sole owner l i m i t e d l

65、i a b i l i t y partnerships h a r e s o f ownership by stock holdersp a r t l y responsibleshare holders not responsibleexist only for as long as the owners remain aliveexist only for as long as the p a r t n e r s remain alive58Task 3 Listen to the lecture a third time and choose the correct answe

66、r to each of the following questions.ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities1 Which of the following descriptions fits an individual proprietorship?A The owner has to pay any debts alone.B The company goes bankrupt when the owner dies.C The owner keeps all the profits with his family.D The owner cannot borrow money.Key:_Listening tasksA59Task 3 Listen to the lecture a third time and choose the correct answer to each of the following questions.ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Mak