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1、Units 3/4/5 Subject-verb Concord,1. The Gist of the Chapter:,This lecture deals with problems of subject-verb concord with a coordinate construction, a quantitative expression, or a nominal clause as subject. We should still show the students some examples of using correct verbs according to general

2、ly accepted rules. Lets sum up what we have learnt before.,2. Learning Points,1and / both and Two girls and three boys are from Beijing. Both my mother and father are in good health. 特殊情況： 無(wú)論定冠詞還是不定冠詞之后接兩個(gè)名詞時(shí)，謂 語(yǔ)須用單數(shù)： The secretary and treasurer is absent. Bread and butter is a good breakfast.,2. Le

3、arning Points,由and 連接的each, every, many a 等限定詞，謂語(yǔ)須用單數(shù)： Every boy and every girl in the room is entitled to high praise. 受到高度贊揚(yáng) 當(dāng)what 連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)須用復(fù)數(shù)： What I say and think are no business of yours. 我所說(shuō)的和想的與你無(wú)關(guān),3. Learning points,2按“就近原則”處理的并列結(jié)構(gòu)有： or / nor： You or he is needed for this job. eitheror:

4、 Either you or he finishes reading the book. Either he or you finish reading the book. neithernor: Neither the doctors nor the nurse is here. Neither the nurse nor the doctors are here. Not only the teacher but also the students have come.,2. Learning Points,Not only the students but also the teache

5、r has come. 3. 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)的情況有: 將數(shù)量概念視為整體： Six months is too short a time, he warned. Five hours is needed to complete the outline. “one in / one out of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”： One in ten students has failed the exam. One out of ten was lost.,Learning points,“a kind / sort / type of +單復(fù)數(shù)名詞”： This kind of man annoys me.

6、That type of men is dangerous. 注意： 如用those kinds of / these types of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞， 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。These kinds of men are good. 如表示血的類型只能用type of。 “a portion of / a series of / a pile of / a panel of +復(fù) 數(shù)名詞”： A series of accidents has been reported. A pile of logs was put beside the house.,Learning points,“many a /

7、 more than one + 名詞”： Many a boy has done his duty. More than one boy has done his duty. 由“what, who, why, whether, how, when, where” 等引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句： What he said is right. Whether she will come or not is not certain. 注意：如用and 連接兩個(gè)以上的從句做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ) 用復(fù)數(shù)： Why he did it and when he started to do it remain a compl

8、ete mystery.,Learning points,由“the one / the only one + 限定詞和強(qiáng)調(diào)詞”： He is the one who plays football quite well. Im the only one of those teachers who wants to take care of the pupils. John is the only one of the players who has learnt all the rules. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)： Seeing is believing. To do morning exer

9、cises is good for students.,Learning points,兩數(shù)相減相除: Ten minus five is / leaves / equals five. 10-5=5 Thirty divided by five is six. 305=6 4.謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)皆可： 兩數(shù)相加相乘： Seven plus seven is / are fourteen. Two times two is / are four. “an average of / a majority of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”：,Learning points,5.謂語(yǔ)按照 of 后名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定的

10、結(jié)構(gòu)有： “分?jǐn)?shù) / 百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + 詞組”， Two thirds of the swampland has been reclaimed for farming. “all of / some of / none of / half of / most of + n.”： All of the crew were saved. Half of players are girls. Some of the money has been stolen.,Learning points,“l(fā)ots of / loads of / plenty of + n.”: Lots of peopl

11、e are waiting outside. Lots of water is going to waste. 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須和主語(yǔ)一致， 一般情況下，主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語(yǔ)的單 復(fù)數(shù)。但在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中，常常碰到一些 特殊的情況：,Learning points,1在正式語(yǔ)體中，“one of those + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后的 定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： He is one of those students who want to go. 他是想去的學(xué)生之一。 當(dāng) one 前面有 the only 修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如： He is the only one

12、 of those students who wants to go. 他是唯一想去的學(xué)生。,Learning points,2由 both 連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)： Both Mary and Ann are ready. 當(dāng)并列主語(yǔ)作為整體考慮，或在意義上指同一個(gè)人、同一事物、同一概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)：,Learning points,Ice cream and cake is my favorite dessert. 冰淇淋蛋糕是我最喜歡的甜點(diǎn)。 當(dāng)兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞前都有冠詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)： The editor and the publisher of this maga

13、zine are very able man. （指兩個(gè)人） 這個(gè)雜志的編輯和出版商都是大能人。 當(dāng)兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞前有一個(gè)冠詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)： The editor and publisher of this magazine is a very able man. （指同一個(gè)人） 這個(gè)雜志的編輯兼出版商是個(gè)大能人。,Learning points,4當(dāng)“more than one + 單數(shù)名詞”做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。例如： More than one person has voted against him. 不止一人投票反對(duì)他。 當(dāng)“more + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + than one”做

14、主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂 語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： More persons than one have been shot. 不止一人被槍殺了。,Learning points,當(dāng)“more than + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞” 做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： More than two hundred people have attended the meeting. 兩百多人出席了會(huì)議。 5作為整體看待的表示時(shí)間、金錢、距離、體積 等名詞詞組做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)： Eight hours sleep is enough. 每天有八小時(shí)的睡眠就足夠了。 如主語(yǔ)表示具體、個(gè)別的單位，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)： Their

15、 last four years have been full of surprise.,Learning points,過(guò)去的四年中，他們的生活充滿了驚奇。 有些以 ics 結(jié)尾的名詞，如 ethics（民族學(xué)）, politics（政治學(xué)）, statistics（統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)）, 等用來(lái)表示“學(xué)科領(lǐng)域”時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；用來(lái)表示“具體行為”、“觀點(diǎn)”、“數(shù)字”時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)： Statistics seems to be difficult to him. 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)在他看來(lái)似乎很難。 The statistics in that report are not accurate. 那份報(bào)告中的統(tǒng)

16、計(jì)數(shù)字不精確。,Unit 4Nouns and Noun Phrases,Teaching points,I. Irregular plural II. Number forms of proper nouns; III. Number forms of abstract and material nouns; IV. Number forms of compound nouns; V. Partitives/unit nouns（self-studying),I. Irregular plural,Medium media mediums basis bases criterion crit

17、eria curriculum curricula curriculums Penny pennies pence A deer two deer One fish several fish An aircraft a hundred aircraft,II. Number forms of proper nouns,1The United States; The New York Times; 2. When a proper noun takes a plural ending, it takes on some characteristics of a common noun. e.g1

18、: May our country have hundreds of Qian Xueshengs! e.g2: The Browns have flied for Paris. e.g3: There are two Toms in our class.,III. Number forms of material nouns,Material nouns are generally uncountable and have no plural forms. However, when some material nouns do take plural forms, they have di

19、fferent meanings! e.g: water waters(大面積的水域）Territorial waters; rain rains 雨水 雨季 ash ashes 灰 骨灰,III. Number forms of material nouns,food foods 食物 多種食品 egg eggs 蛋漬雞蛋 lamb lambs 羊肉 羊羔,III. Number forms of material nouns,air-airs 空氣神氣 iron-irons 鐵鐐銬 arm-arms 手臂武器； compass指南針 compasses 圓規(guī),III. Number for

20、ms of material nouns,rich-riches 富的-財(cái)富 reading-readings 閱讀-讀物 spirit -spirits 精神-烈酒,III. Number forms of material nouns,Valuable-valuables 寶貴的-貴重物 品 Instruction-instructions 指令、指示- 說(shuō)明書(shū)； Perfection-perfections 盡善盡美-造詣；,IV. Number forms of abstract nouns,1) 有些抽象名詞習(xí)慣上屬于可數(shù)名詞： an idea 一個(gè)想法 a hope 一個(gè)希望 a

21、situation 一種場(chǎng)合 a remark 一句話 a thousand pities 極大的遺憾 his experiences 他的經(jīng)歷 businesses 商店、商行 I send my sympathies to the relative of the dead. (慰問(wèn)）,IV. Number forms of abstract nouns,2) “family, room, mouth, ear, eye” are uncountable in the following collocation e.g1: He has too much family to support.

22、 e.g2: Yingchuan has too much winter. e.g3: Dont have too much mouth. e.g4: This painting pleases the eye. e.g5: He has too little ear to his teachers lecture.,IV. Number forms of abstract nouns,3) “man, coward, politician, sportsman, scholar, musician, poet” are uncountable in the following colloca

23、tion, for they denote the abstract meaning. e.g1: He was enough of a man to tell the truth. e.g.2: He was too much of a coward to tell the truth. e.g3: He is more of a sportsman than his brother. e.g4: This action is as much of a success as I expected.,Unit 5Genitive Noun,Teaching points,I. Definiti

24、on of genitive noun; II. Formation of genitive nouns; III. Meanings of genitive nouns; IV. Independent genitive; V. Double genitive;,I. Definition of genitive nouns,The genitive was traditionally labeled as the “possessive case”; however, in view of the fact that “possession is just one of the meani

25、ng expressed by the genitive, we prefer to use the present name rather than the traditional case.,II. Formation of genitive nouns,1) Add s to singular nouns e.g: my mothers arrival; 2) Add to plural nouns e.g: the boys toys; 3) Add s to the end of the compound or the end of the noun phrases e.g1: my

26、 mother-in-laws birthday e.g2: an hour and a halfs talk;,II. Formation of genitive nouns,4) In coordinate nouns, there are two forms; e.g1: Toms and Bobs house; e.g2: Tom and Bobs house;,III. Meanings of genitive nouns,1) Possessive genitive 所有關(guān)系 e.g: His suitcase; Marys passport; the students readi

27、ng room 學(xué)生閱覽室 2) Subjective genitive 主謂關(guān)系 e.g: Bushs visit to China The Prime Ministers arrival was reported in the morning paper. 3) Objective genitive 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 e.g: The enemys defeat brought the war to the end. 4) Genitive of origin 來(lái)源 e.g: I havent received my sisters letter.,III. Meanings of genitiv

28、e nouns,5) Descriptive genitive 類別 e.g: mens shoes; womens clothes; 6) Genitive of time, distance, measure, value; 表示時(shí)間、價(jià)值、距離等 e.g: five dollars worth of stamps; 50 kilograms weight; five minutes walk; in ten years time; a weeks holiday 一周的休假 one hours delay 一小時(shí)的耽擱,III. 名詞屬格與Of 詞組,1）of 詞組： e.g: the

29、cover of the book the books cover the foreign policy of China Chinas foreign policy 2) In the following cases, we can only use genitive nouns Mens clothes a doctors degree,III. 名詞屬格與Of 詞組,3) In the following cases, we can only use “of” phrase The opinion of the chairman appointed a month ago; The in

30、come of the rich; The city of Rome;,IV. Independent genitive,1) 名詞中心詞在上下文中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò) e.g: Marys is the largest house. 2) 名詞中心詞表示住宅、教堂、學(xué)校等公共場(chǎng)所、店鋪、公司等。 the tailors (shop) 縫紉店 the barbers (shop) 理發(fā)店 Well meet at Mr. Zhangs (home). 我們將在張先生家會(huì)面。,V. Double genitive,1. What is double genitive? 帶有獨(dú)立屬格的of 詞組屬格 He

31、is a friend of my fathers. 2. Formation of double genitive? a/any/some/this/that/which/two/+definite specific personal reference e.g1: a friend of my fathers/a cover of the books e.g2: a friend of the doctors/a friend of a doctors,V. Double genitive,e.g3: any daughters of Toms/the daughter of Toms e

32、.g4: this brilliant idea of Toms/the brilliant idea of Toms e.g5: that silly remark of your sisters/the silly remark of your sisters e.g6: which novel of Shakespeare/the novel of Shakespeare,Learning points,6用于 for + 名詞所有格形式 + sake 結(jié)構(gòu)中： for (the) heavens sake 看在老天爺?shù)拿嫔?for (the) goodness sake 看在上帝的份上

33、 7復(fù)合名詞： 名詞+名詞: London Transport 倫敦公交公司 petrol tank 汽油桶,Learning points,名詞+動(dòng)詞（翻譯相反）: fruit picking 摘水果 time-consuming 費(fèi)時(shí)的 coal-mining 采煤 hair-rising 驚險(xiǎn)的 weight-lifting 舉重 breath-taking 驚人的 surf-riding 沖浪運(yùn)動(dòng) death-defying 不怕死的,Learning points,動(dòng)詞+名詞 Diving-board 跳板 driving license 駕駛執(zhí)照 Landing card 登陸卡 swimming pool 游泳池 Dining-room 食堂,