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1、Nomenclature of Chemical substance,Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon,International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) The IUPAC name of an alkane with an unbranched chain of carbon atoms consists of two parts: a prefix that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain; the ending that indica

2、tes the species,Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon,Prefixs used in the IUPAC system to indicate one to 20 carbon atoms in a chain,Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon,烷烴（Alkanes）：-ane 甲烷methane, 乙烷ethane, 己烷hexane 烷烴基（烷基alkyl） 方法：刪去-ane，加上-yl； 如甲基：methyl； 乙基：ethyl； 正丁基：n-butyl ； 異丙基：iso-propyl; (n-: normol, 正；iso-：

3、異；neo-：新) 命名原則 alphabetical order 3-ethyl-3-methyl-pentane 表示相同的基團數(shù) 3,3-dimethyl-pentane ( 2:di-, 3:tri- , 4:tetre-, 5:penta-; 6:hexa-.) 在字母序中不考慮表示數(shù)字的字.,Nomenclature of Hydrocarbon,烯烴 (Alkenes)：-ene 乙烯ethene；丙稀propene；戊烯pentene. 雙鍵的位置：2-pentene；2-methyl-2-pentene. 1,3丁二烯1,3-butadiene 烯烴基（alkylene） 乙

4、烯基：vinyl 氯乙烯vinyl chloride 炔烴(Alkynes)：-yne 乙炔ethyne 丙炔propyne; 4-甲基-2-己炔4-methyl-2-hexyne,Nomenclature of Derivative,醇（Alcohols）：-ol 乙醇ethanol, 異丙醇iso-propanol, HOCH2CH2OH: 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol); CH3CH(OH)CH2OH: 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol); HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH: 1,2,3-propanetriol (gl

5、ycerol). 醚（Ethers） 烷烴為母鏈，烷氧基為取代基(OR)， 烷氧基的命名：數(shù)字前綴加oxy, 如甲氧基：methoxy; 乙氧基ethoxy; C-C-C-O-C-C-C-Cpropoxybutane. 氧兩邊的烷基為取代基，醚作母鏈： 丙基丁基醚propyl butyl ether 特例： 乙醚 CH3CH2OCH2CH3: diethyl ether, ethyl ether, ether,Nomenclature of Derivative,胺（Amines） 以胺為母體amine; 乙胺ethylamine;丙胺propylamine 以胺為取代基：amino-；乙胺a

6、minoethane; 丙胺aminopropane (CH3)2CHCH2CH2NH21-amino-3-methylbutane (isopentylamine) CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2NHCH3N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentane NH2(CH2)6NH2 1,6-diaminohexane (hexamethylenediamino) 如有幾個取代基，胺基作amino-；4-胺基苯酚4-aminophenol. 苯胺：aniline；-氯-苯胺4-chloroaniline (p-chloroaniline) 四甲基氫氧化銨：Tetramet

7、hylammonium hydroxide 三甲基戊基碘化銨trimethylpentylammonium iodide,Nomenclature of Derivative,醛（Aldehydes）：-al CH3CH2CHO: propanal; (CH3)2CHCH2CHO: 3-methylbutanal; CH3CH2CH(CH3)CHO: 2-methylbutanal 苯甲醛benzaldehyde（俗名） 不飽和醛：-enal H2C=CH-CHO: propenal CHO-CH=(CH3)CCH2CH2CH=C(CH3)CHO 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadi

8、enal. 酮（Ketones）酮作母體: -one 丙酮2-propanone； 4-甲基-3-己酮4-methyl-3-hexanone -甲基-環(huán)己酮2-methyl-cyclohexanone,Nomenclature of Derivative,羧酸(Carboxylic acid) 飽和酸：-anoic acid 甲酸methanoic acid (俗名：formic acid); 乙酸ethanoic acid (俗名：acetic acid) 3-甲基-丁酸3-methyl-butanoic acid 不飽和酸： -enoic acid 丙烯酸2-propenoic acid;

9、 3-苯基-2-丙烯酸3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid 5-羥基-己酸 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid 5-羰基-己酸5-oxo-hexanoic acid 二羧酸：-dioic acid 檸檬酸2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid (citric acid) 酸酐（Acid anhydrides）: oic anhydride 乙酸酐ethanoic anhydride (acetic anhydride),Nomenclature of Derivative,The order of precedence of

10、serval functional group,3-羰基-丁醇3-hydroxy-butanone,5-hydroxyhexanoic acid 苯甲酸benzoic acid,Nomenclature of Derivative,酯（Esters） The examples of derivation of names of esters,酰鹵（Acid halides） -oyl 乙酰氯：CH3COCl ethanoyl chloride (acetyl chloride) 苯甲酰溴：benzoyl bromide （benzene） 酰胺：乙酰胺：acetamide,Nomenclatu

11、re of Derivative,酯（Esters） The examples of derivation of names of esters,酰鹵（Acid halides） -oyl 乙酰氯：CH3COCl ethanoyl chloride (acetyl chloride) 苯甲酰溴：benzoyl bromide （benzene） 酰胺：乙酰胺：acetamide,Unit Two Inorganic Chemistry,Lesson One The Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds,Unit Two Inorganic Chemistry,

12、Lesson One The Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds,Naming Binary Compounds of Nonmetals 氧化物： oxide (oxygen); 氮化物： nitride (nitrogen) ； 五氧化二磷：diphosphoric pentoxide; 氧化二氮： dinitrogen oxide 五氧化二氮： dinitrogen pentoxide 鹵化物 氯化物: chloride (chlorine) 氟化物：fluoride (fluorine) 溴化物：bromide (bromine) 碘化物：iodid

13、e (iodine),ClO4-perchlorate ion ClO3-chlorate ionClO2-chlorite ionClO-hypochlorite ion,Unit Two Inorganic Chemistry,Lesson One The Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds,Naming Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds are composed of cations and anions. 陽離子（Names of Cations） Na+, sodium ion; Fe2+ and Fe3+, iron

14、 (II) ion and iron (III) ion, rescpectively. 銅離子copper (II) ion, copper (I) ion; 陰離子（Names of anions） F- fluoride; Cl- chloride; Br- bromide; I- iodide; N-3 nitride； O= oxide 含氧陰離子：-ate 硝酸根離子NO3-nitrate； 亞硝酸根離子NO2nitrite； 硫酸根離子SO42- sulfate；亞硫酸根離子SO32- sulfite. 含氫陰離子：加上hydrogen HS- hydrogen sulfide

15、ion HCO3- hydrogen carbonate ion,Nomenclature of inorganic substances,鹵素含氧酸根陰離子： 高氯酸ClO4perchlorate；氯酸ClO3chlorate 亞氯酸 ClO2chlorite； 次氯酸ClO hypochlorite -化物：-ide 氧化物：oxide (oxygen); 氮化物：nitride (nitrogen) ； 氧化鈣: calcium oxide 氯化物chloride (chlorine) CaCl2calcium chloride 氟化物fluoride (fluorine) CaF2 c

16、alcium fluoride 溴化物bromide (bromine) CaBr2 calcium bromide 碘化物iodide (iodine) CaI2 calcium iodide,Nomenclature of inorganic substances,鹵素含氧酸根陰離子： 高氯酸ClO4perchlorate；氯酸ClO3chlorate 亞氯酸 ClO2chlorite； 次氯酸ClO hypochlorite,Unit Two Inorganic Chemistry,含氧酸根陰離子：,Special anions,Nomenclature of inorganic sub

17、stances,Naming Inorganic Acids,Nomenclature of inorganic substances,離子化合物的命名 （Names of ionic compounds） CuSO4 5H2O copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate The number of cations and anions per formula need not be included in the compound name because anions have characteristic charges, and the charge of the

18、 cation has already been established by its name. There are as many cations and anions as needed to get a neutral compound with the lowest possible integral subscripts.,Nomenclature of inorganic substances,Naming Inorganic Acids Replace the -ate ending of an anion with “-ic acid” or replace the -ite

19、 ending with “-ous acid.” If the anion ends in -ide, add the prefix hydro- and change the ending to “-ic acid.”,Naming Acid Salts The anions of acid salt are named with the word “hydrogen” placed before the name of the normal anion. HSO4- is the hydrogen sulfate ion. To denote two atoms, the prefix

20、di- is used. HPO42- is the hydrogen phosphate ion, while H2PO4- is the dihydrogen phosphate ion. In an older naming system, the prefix bi- was used instead of the word hydrogen when one of two hydrogen atoms was replaced. Thus, HCO3- was called the bicarbonate ion instead of the more modern name, hy

21、drogen carbonate ion.,Nomenclature of inorganic substances,Nomenclature of inorganic substances,Naming Hydrates Some stable ionic compounds are capable of bonding to a certain number of molecules of water per formula unit. Thus, copper (II) sulfate forms the stable CuSO45H2O, with five molecules of

22、water per CuSO4 unit. This type of compound is called a hydrate. The name of the compound is the name of the anhydrous (without water) compound with a designation for the number of water molecules appended. Thus, CuSO45H2O is called copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. The 5 multiples everything after i

23、t until the next centered dot or the end of the formula. Thus, included in CuSO45H2O are ten H atoms and nine O atoms (five from the water and four in the sulfate ion).,International Union Of Pure And Applied Chemistry -IUPAC,無機化學(xué)命名法 IUPAC 2005年推薦 (Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommend

24、ations 2005),IUPAC,Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, commonly referred to by chemists as the Red Book, is a collection of recommendations on inorganic chemical nomenclature published at irregular intervals by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The last full edition was

25、 published in 2005, in both paper and electronic versions. A revision of the Red Book was therefore initiated in 1998. This revised Red Book will supersede not only the 1990 Red Book but also, where appropriate, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry II -Recommendations 2000 (Red Book II). One of the m

26、ain changes from the old Red Book is the different organization of material, adopted to improve clarity. Overall, the emphasis on additive nomenclature (generalized from the classical nomenclature of coordination compounds) which was already apparent in the 1990 Red Book, is reinforced. The reader f

27、acing the problem of how to name a given compound or species may find help in several ways. A flowchart is provided which will in most cases guide the user to a section or chapter where rules can be found for generating at least one possible name. A more detailed subject index is also provided, as w

28、ell as an extended guide to possible alternative names of a wide range of simple inorganic compounds.,Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system (CH3)2CH-CH2-CHOH-(CH3)2 CH2(OH)-CH (OH)- CH2(OH) CH2=CH-CH=CH-CH= CH2 CH3- CH2-O-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-COONH2(CH3)2 CH3- CH2-COCl CH2OH-CHOH -CH2-N(CH3)2 CH3- CHBr-CHBr-CH2-CH2-COOH (9) (10) CH3- CHBr-CHBr-CH2-CH2-COOH,