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1、八、詞句猜測詞義猜測題,專題三第二節(jié)分類突破,真題感悟,名師點津,內(nèi)容索引,隨堂限時練,真題感悟,(20176月天津，C) This month，Germanys transport minister，Alexander Dobrindt，proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主駕駛車輛). They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lo

2、st. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles：the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.,Dobrindt wants three things：that a car always chooses property(財產(chǎn)) damage over personal injury；that

3、it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race；and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheelto check email，saythe cars maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt.It will put fully

4、 driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers，he says.,Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers，consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律責任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds，UK. An assumption b

5、ehind UK insurance for driverless cars，introduced earlier this year，insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say driverless cars，people expect driverless cars，”Merat says.“You

6、knowno driver.”,Because of the confusion，Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own，says Ryan Calo at Stanford University，California.That is happening i

7、n the UK and Singapore，where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US，however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo.,語篇解讀,語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。它主要介紹了德國

8、交通部部長提出的適用于自主駕駛車輛的規(guī)章，能消除人們對于無人駕駛車輛的司機角色定位的困惑，有利于自主駕駛汽車的推廣。,46.What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A.A place where cars often break down. B.A case where passing a law is impossible. C.An area where no driving is permitted. D.A situation where drivers role is not clear.,解析詞義猜測

9、題。根據(jù)第二段中的“.the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.”可知，death valley指的就是半自主駕駛和完全無人駕駛汽車之間的灰色地帶，即：對司機角色的定義不清楚。故選D項。,答案,解析,46,47,48,49,50,47.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to . A.stop people from breaking traffic rules B.help prom

10、ote fully automatic driving C.protect drivers of all ages and races D.prevent serious property damage,解析推理判斷題。第一段說Dobrindt提出第一套自主駕駛車輛的規(guī)章，將會定義自主駕駛車輛司機的角色，這個提議就是處理“death valley”這個問題的；第四段說交規(guī)的改變會準許全自動駕駛，而且會將完全無人駕駛汽車和有人駕駛汽車放到一個平等的法律地位上，由此推斷，Dobrindt提出此建議的目的就是推廣全自動駕駛。故選B項。,答案,解析,46,47,48,49,50,48.What do

11、consumers think of the operation of driverless cars? A.It should get the attention of insurance panies. B.It should be the main concern of law makers. C.It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D.It should involve no human responsibility.,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第七段中的“When you say driverless cars，people expe

12、ct driverless cars，” Merat says.“You knowno driver.”可知，人們認為的無人駕駛汽車，就是沒有司機的汽車，當然也不該包括人的責任問題，故選D項。,答案,解析,46,47,48,49,50,49.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in . A.Singapore B.the UK C.the US D.Germany,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“That would go down poorly in the US，however.”可知，無人駕駛汽車作為

13、公共交通方式在美國反響卻很差，即：在美國，無人駕駛汽車在公共交通領(lǐng)域看不到光明的前景，因此選C項。,答案,解析,46,47,48,49,50,解析標題歸納題。全文圍繞自主駕駛車輛的司機的角色認定以及誰該負法律責任的問題展開了討論，故選A項。,50.What could be the best title for the passage? A.Autonomous Driving：Whose Liability? B.Fully Automatic Cars：A New Breakthrough C.Autonomous Vehicles：Driver Removed! D.Driverless

14、 Cars：Root of Road Accidents,答案,解析,46,47,48,49,50,名師點津,一、題型解讀 詞義猜測題基本上是閱讀每年必考的題型。詞義猜測是一種閱讀技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短時間內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文快速猜測所指定的某一個生詞、詞組或者句子含義的能力，而這些詞和詞組往往都超出考綱范圍，但在文章閱讀中起到一定的作用。由此看來，對于生詞的理解是否準確，直接影響著閱讀理解題得分的高低，對能否取得好的高考成績有著舉足輕重的作用。,詞義猜測題的命題方式有： (1)What does the underlined word “.” probably mean? (2)The wor

15、d “.” refers to/probably means . (3)The underlined word “.” could best be replaced by . (4)What do you think the expression “.” stands for? (5)By saying “.” we mean . “.” used in the passage can best be defined as . (6)Which of the following words can take the place of the word “.”？,二、解題技巧巧用線索猜詞義 1.

16、根據(jù)定義、釋義或同位語進行猜測 有些文章，特別是科技說明文，作者通常會對一些關(guān)鍵詞或?qū)I(yè)術(shù)語下定義，通過閱讀定義和解釋部分，考生便可理解該詞或短語的意思。有時，需要猜測的單詞或短語后面會緊跟一個同位語，作為對前面的詞或短語的解釋說明。有時，文章會用冒號、破折號、括號等對某個詞或短語加以解釋說明。,例如：Taylors swift action helped her teammates calm down.One girl called 911.Two more ran to get the school nurse，who brought a defibrillator，an electron

17、ic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work.Luck stayed with them：Pariss heartbeat returned. 分析：所猜測單詞defibrillator后面出現(xiàn)了同位語“an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work”(一個可以電擊心臟使其重新工作的電子器械)來進行解釋說明，我們可推知其詞義應(yīng)為“(心臟)除顫器”。,2.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法進行猜測 英語中通過詞根加詞綴或兩個單詞合成的方式可以構(gòu)成新詞。因此，掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識

18、，再結(jié)合上下文語境，也可以快速猜測詞義。 例如：A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry. 分析：根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識我們可知，un-為否定前綴，-ness為名詞后綴，easy(舒適)為詞根。因此，我們可知uneasiness為“不安；擔憂”之意。,3.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進行猜測 在閱讀理解文章的句子或段落中，若兩個事物或兩種現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，這時我們可以根據(jù)這種因果邏輯關(guān)系推斷詞或短語的含義。表示因果關(guān)系的標志詞有because，so，thus，therefore，as a result of

19、，since，so that，so/such.that.等。 例如：My son could not follow the teachers directions，he told me，and thus，Scola was disrupting the class.Didnt he know my son did not speak English yet?,試題：What does the underlined word “disrupting” probably mean? A.Breaking. B.Following. C.Attending. D.Disturbing. 分析：畫線單

20、詞所在的句子出現(xiàn)了因果關(guān)系標志詞thus，由前面的原因“我兒子聽不懂老師的指示”可以推知，“他因此認為我兒子Scola干擾了課堂”，故選D項。其余三項都不符合這一因果邏輯關(guān)系。,4.根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進行猜測 在畫線單詞或短語前后有時會出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)，它往往暗示了該詞或該短語的含義，這時可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞或短語的含義。常見的表示相同或相近意義的詞和短語有and，or，like，as well，similarly，too，also，either等。 例如：The fine selection of the major works was done in close coll

21、aboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，F(xiàn)lorida.,試題：What does the underlined word “contributions” refer to? A.Artworks. B.Projects. C.Donations. D.Documents. 分析：畫線單詞contributions前出

22、現(xiàn)了and，可利用同義或近義關(guān)系進行猜測。and前面提到了“The fine selection of the major works”(精選的重要作品)，后面說contributions來自其他機構(gòu)，由并列關(guān)系可以推斷出contributions應(yīng)該屬于works的范疇，同時文中明確表示contributions是來自museum的，故選A項。,5.根據(jù)反義、轉(zhuǎn)折和對比關(guān)系進行猜測 有些需要猜測詞義的詞或短語前后會出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ鹊脑~語，運用這些詞語也可以幫助猜測詞義。能體現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折、對比關(guān)系的詞匯很多，常見的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead (of)

23、，on the other hand，rather than，on the contrary等。 例如：In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals ing out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.,試題：What d

24、oes the underlined word “sedate” probably mean? A.Wild and romantic. B.Slow and peaceful. C.Hungry and thirsty. D.Active and excited. 分析：畫線詞語所在句子的句意為“雖然它們 ，但是在一天的這個時候騎馬觀賞仍然令人印象非常深刻。”由though可知前后兩句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，再結(jié)合前一句中提到的“at a more relaxed and unhurried pace”可知，應(yīng)選B項，sedate意為“不慌不忙的”。,6.根據(jù)上下文進行猜測 有些詞義猜測題找不到以上標志

25、線索，這時可以利用上下文提供的情景和線索進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析，進而推測詞義，這也是近幾年來高考考查的熱點。 例如：There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，so its a pipe dream for most apple l

26、overs who fall for it.,試題：What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” probably mean? A.A practical idea. B.A vain hope. C.A brilliant plan. D.A selfish desire. 分析：根據(jù)連接詞so可知上下文之間存在著因果關(guān)系，故我們需要從上文中尋找答案。由上文中的“One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，

27、sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it.”可知，盡管Orleans Reinette是很好的品種，但是對各項條件的要求很高，因此大多數(shù)喜歡它的人種植它的希望會落空。故選B項。,隨堂限時練,A (2018天津部分區(qū)縣二模) I grew up on a 50-acre farm in the small rural munity of Catawissa，Missouri，as the sixth of seven children.My parents often noted during meals how everything on the

28、 table except the sugar and flour came from the land.Besides running the farm，Dad was also a carpenter. In the fall of 1970，he was working on a house when the ladder broke.His back was fractured in two places.He stayed in the hospital for three weeks with his head and feet down，permitting his back t

29、o be straight correctly so the bones would bine.,On Thanksgiving，Dad was still in the hospital.We always butchered hogs the day after the holiday，and that year my uncle showed up with a couple of cousins to help my three elder brothers prepare our years supply of pork.After Dad returned home，he was

30、in a back brace and unable to work.I was too young to realize our family had no money ing in as Christmas approached.,One night we heard a car ing up the long driveway.We kids were curious about who was visiting.Peggy Phelan was at the door，holding an envelope filled with money.She told my dad she h

31、ad collected money in the munity and was there to deliver it.He tried to protest but Peggy would have none of it.I can still hear her saying，“Archie，whenever someones baler(打包機) is broken，you bale their hay.Someone passes away，Altha is cooking.Its our turn.”,That evening，this 6-year-old understood w

32、hat being a good neighbor was，and that because her parents were good neighbors，their kindness would be returned. I learned later that my moms sisters all “adopted” one of us kids to help with Christmas，and we received gift baskets from more than one organization. My parents were used to being the gi

33、vers and not the receivers of such generosity.They had a bit of pride to swallow，but continued all of their lives to show us kids the value of kindness.,1.We know the writers father was very . A.hard-working B.unkind C.strict D.mean,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句“Besides running the farm，Dad was also a carpent

34、er.”可知，作者的父親是很勤勞的。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在句的后一句“He stayed in the hospital for three weeks with his head and feet down，permitting his back to be straight correctly so the bones would bine.”可知，作者的父親背部骨折，“fractured”是“折斷”的意思。,2.The underlined word “fractured” in Paragraph 2 probably means “ ”. A

35、.connected B.broken C.arranged D.transformed,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中的“.that year my uncle showed up with a couple of cousins to help my three elder brothers prepare our years supply of pork.After Dad returned home，he was in a back brace and unable to work.I was too young to realize our fami

36、ly had no money ing in as Christmas approached.”可知，作者的叔叔到他家?guī)兔蕚涫フQ節(jié)。,3.Why did the writers uncle go to his house? A.To visit his sick father.B.To give them money. C.To spend holiday together.D.To help prepare for Christmas.,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的句子“Archie，whenever someones baler(打包機) is broke

37、n，you bale their hay.Someone passes away，Altha is cooking.Its our turn.”可知，作者的父母是樂于助人的。,4.What can we infer from Paragraph 4? A.The authors father liked to bale the hay. B.Peggy Phelan was a delivery man. C.The authors parents were helpful to others. D.We were curious about Peggy Phelan.,答案,解析,1,2,3

38、,4,5,解析主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容：父母樂于幫助鄰里，而當父親受傷不能勞作時，也得到了來自大家的幫助，再結(jié)合第五段可知，文章體現(xiàn)的是“好心有好報”。No pains，no gains一分耕耘一分收獲；Great minds think alike英雄所見略同；Misfortune may be an actual blessing塞翁失馬，焉知非福；Good will be rewarded with good好心有好報。故選D項。,5.Which of the following can match the passage? A.No pains，no gains. B.Great mi

39、nds think alike. C.Misfortune may be an actual blessing. D.Good will be rewarded with good.,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,B (2018河北區(qū)二模) As the pace of life continues to increase，we are fast losing the art of relaxation.Once you are in the habit of rushing through life，being on the go from morning till night，it is

40、 hard to slow down.But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it.In fact，it is not the bad thing as it is often supposed to be.A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purposes to life.It i

41、s only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.,The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual.Some people are not afraid of stress，and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities，others

42、 lose heart at the first sign of unusual difficulties.When exposed to stress，in whatever form，we react both chemically and physically.In fact，we make the choice between “fight or flight” and in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death.The crises we meet today are unl

43、ikely to be so extreme，but however little the stress is，it involves the same response.It is when such a reaction lasts long，through continued exposure to stress，that health bees endangered.Since we cant remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could)，we need to find ways

44、to deal with it.,解析推理判斷題。由第一段第二句“Once you are in the habit of rushing through life，being on the go from morning till night，it is hard to slow down.”(一旦你養(yǎng)成了匆匆忙忙的習(xí)慣，從早到晚都在忙碌，就很難放慢腳步。)可推知，人們無法放松自己主要是因為比以前任何時候都要忙碌。,6.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because . A.they regard w

45、orking as their greatest enjoyment B.they believe that work is superior to relaxation C.they are traveling fast all the time D.they are being busier with their work than ever before,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Some people are not afraid of stress，and such characters are obviously prime materia

46、l for managerial responsibilities，others lose heart at the first sign of unusual difficulties.”(有些人不怕壓力，這樣的人顯然在管理責任方面起著主要作用，其他人在出現(xiàn)異常困難的第一個跡象時就喪失了信心。)可知，當好管理者的優(yōu)良品質(zhì)是要具有堅強的抵制壓力的意志。,7.According to the author，the most important character for a good manager is his . A.strong will to hold out stress B.know

47、ing the art of relaxation C.high sense of responsibility D.having control over performance,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,8.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A.We can find quite a few ways to avoid stress. B.Stress is always harmful to peoples health. C.Its easy to change the hab

48、it of keeping oneself busy with work. D.Different people can bear different amount of stress.,解析推理判斷題。由第三段第一句“The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual.”可知，一個人能承受的壓力很大程度上取決于個人。即不同的人所能承受的壓力是不同的，故選D。,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,9.In the last sentence of the passage，“do so” r

49、efers to . A.expose ourselves to stress B.find ways to deal with stress C.remove stress from our lives D.establish links between diseases and stress,解析詞義猜測題。由“Since we cannot remove stress from our lives”(我們無法消除生活中的壓力)可知，括號里的內(nèi)容是對前文的解釋，故do so指的是“消除生活中的壓力”，故選C。,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,10.According to the aut

50、hor，the right attitude toward stress is . A.to avoid it B.to try to cope with it C.to regard it as a vital motivation D.to find some relaxation,解析觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Since we cant remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could)，we need to find ways to deal with it.”可知，我們需要找到應(yīng)對壓力的方法。故選B。,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,