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1、閱讀理解（4）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的和D項中，選出最佳選項。 Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, howeve

2、r, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless. The dropouts rate was found to b

3、e 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates. Discussing the study

4、last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also th

5、ought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complet

6、e the Ph. D. “The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions.”Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.Most dropouts are no

7、w engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation. Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams

8、. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent. As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none

9、 of the Ph. D. s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. s tend to rise to the highest salari

10、es, are still lagging behind other fields. As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain the

11、ir present level of income and in some cases their present job.1.The author states that many educators feel thatA steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.the fropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.C the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted p

12、erson than the dropout.D The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.2.Research has shown thatA Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. s in financial attainment.the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.C Th

13、e Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.D about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.3.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.A is the most frequent reason for dropping out.is more difficult for t

14、he science candidate than for the humanities candidate.C is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.D does not vary in difficulty among universities.4.After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding thatA optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit

15、of the degree.a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.C colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.D Ph. D. s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.5.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies inA

16、salary for Ph. D. too low.academic requirement too high.C salary for dropouts too high.D 1000 positions.Vocabularydropout 輟學者，中途退學well-rounded 全面的attrition 縮/減員，磨損drain 枯竭bracket 一類人，（尤指按收入分類的）階層lagging behind other fields 落后于其它領域glum 陰郁的難句譯注Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of d

17、ropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s.【參考譯文】教育工作者嚴重關注博士生輟學的高比率；這對迫切需要博士生的國家是一個人才方面的嚴重損失。It was base on 22,000questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many p

18、ast fears to be groundless.【結構分析】sent過去分詞，修飾questionnaires。Who定語從句修飾students?！緟⒖甲g文】這份全面調(diào)查報告是以22000份調(diào)查表分送給以前在24所大學就讀的博士生為基礎的。這份全面調(diào)查報告似乎說明過去許多擔心害怕是沒有根據(jù)的。Attrition at the Ph. D. lever is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capaci

19、ty.【結構分析】被動句。To capacity滿額，全力?！緟⒖甲g文】博士水平的人員的縮減被認為是寶貴的教授時間的浪費和已經(jīng)被使用到極限的大學資源的枯竭。This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.【結構分析】the fact的同位語that從句中的where是定語從句，修飾academi

20、c fields。【參考譯文】這也可能表明這樣一個事實：在博士能掙到最高工資的學術領域中，高工資仍然落后于其它領域。寫作方法與文章大意 這是一篇論及“博士生輟學”的文章。采用對比和因果手法。文章一開始就提出教育工作者嚴重關注博士生輟學達50的問題。而調(diào)查報告證明，只有31。輟學造成不良后果，有人建議中途退學者回爐再念博士學位學業(yè)。研究表明不行。列出理由并加以分析。答案詳解1.A. 許多教育工作者感到應采取步驟讓輟學者回校學習，特別是有些學科。這在第三段最后一句話：“有些人建議高級專家和大學教師短缺現(xiàn)象可以通過勸說輟學者返回校園完成博士學位來減少?！盉. 輟學者應回到稍第幾的學校去完成學業(yè)。 C

21、. 有博士學位的人一般比輟學者具有較好的適應性。 D. 高輟學率主要原因在于教師方面缺乏刺激鼓勵。這三項文內(nèi)沒有提。2.D.約三分之一開始就讀博士學位的人沒有完成學業(yè)取得學位。第二段第一句：“輟學率為31。大多數(shù)情況下，輟學人不能完成博士學位學業(yè)，就去從事生產(chǎn)性工作”。A. 輟學者的經(jīng)濟收入比博士生低許多。這是錯的。見倒數(shù)第二段：“作為輟學者干得真不錯的證明，統(tǒng)計圖表說明2人文學科的輟學者年收入為20000多沒勁，沒有一個同樣背景的博士生達到這個數(shù)字。7000至15000美元年收入水平為博士生的78，輟學者僅為50?！?B. 在博士學習中刺激因素較小。 C. 博士預備生如果中途退學很可能改變其

22、專業(yè)領域。 3.C. 博士生應達到外語要求的水平是許多博士生課程的一個基本組成部分。這在第四段有所表示：“約75的退學者說，他們決定退學并不是處于學術的原因，而處于學術原因的退學者提出：難以通過資格考試，難以完成研究，通不過外語考試”。這里看出外語是博士生課程的基本組成部分。A. 它是退學最頻繁的原因。 B. 它對理科博士生比文科博士應考生更難。 D. 它在大學中的難度并沒有不同。4.A. 讀完這篇文章，人們不會有這種結論。這在第三段末和最后一段。第三段末：“我們研究的結果并不支持這些一件（包括返回校園之意見）：缺乏動力是退學的主要原因。大多數(shù)退學者在博士課程上已經(jīng)達到和他們的能力水平和專業(yè)水

23、平相一致的水平。大多數(shù)退學者現(xiàn)在從事的工作和他們所受教育和動機相一致。”最后一段：“至于返回校園的可能性，前景不樂觀。至少有25的退學生可能考慮返回研究生院就讀，條件是保證他們保留現(xiàn)有的收入水平，有些還要保留他們目前的工作?！盉. 博士生退學者，大體而論，并不具備得到學位所需要的一切。 C. 學院和大學雇傭了許多退學生。 D. 博士生在非學術崗位上沒有掙到他們應得的錢。B.、C.兩項文內(nèi)沒提。D.不對，參見難句譯注4。5.A. 博士生的工資太低。見第四題A.的譯注和難句譯注4。B. 學術要求太高。這只是某些因學術原因輟學者之強調(diào)點。 C. 輟學者工資太高。不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。見第二

24、題D項注釋。 D. 職位低。文內(nèi)沒有提?！鹃喿x理解】Skeptics are a strange lot.Some of them refuse to admit the serious threat of human activities to the enviroment, and they are tired of people who disagree with them.Those people，say skeptics，spread nothing but bad news about the environment.The “ecoguilt”brought on by the

25、discouraging news about our planet gives rise to the popularity of skeptics as people search for more comforting worldviews.Perhaps that explains why a new book by Bjorn Lomborg received so much publicity.That book ，The Skeptical Environmentalist, declares that it measures the “real state of the wor

26、ld”as fine. Of course ，another explanation is the deep pockets of some big businesses with special interests. Indeed, Mr. Lomborgs views are similar to those of some industryfunded organizations, which start huge activities through the media to confuse the public about issues like global warming.So

27、it was strange to see Mr. Lomborgs book go largely unchallenged in the media though his beliefs were contrary to most scientific opinions. One national newspaper in Canada ran a number of articles and reviews full of words of praise, even with the conclusion that “After Lomborg, the environmental mo

28、vement will begin to die down.”Such onesided views should have immediately been challenged. But only a different review appeared in Nature, a respected science magazine with specific readership. The review remarked that Mr. Lomborgs “preference for unexamined materials is incredible(不可信的)”A critical

29、 (批判的)eye is valuable, and the media should present information in such a way that could allow people to make informed decisions. Unfortunately, that is often inaccessible as blocked by the desire to be shocking or to defend some special interests. People might become halfblind before a world partia

30、lly exhibited by the media. Thats a shame, because matters concerning the health of the planet are far too important to be treated lightly.本文講述了懷疑論者不承認人類活動對環(huán)境造成的危脅，認為地球狀況是良好的，這迎合了一些追求利益的商業(yè)公司。但是關系地球健康的問題是相當重要的，人們一定要嚴肅對待。1. According to the passage, which of the following may be regarded as “skeptics”

31、？A. People who agree on the popularity of “ecoguilt”B. People who disbelieve the serious situation of our planet.C. People who dislike the harmful effect of human activities.D. People who spread comforting news to protect our environment.答案：B。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)短文第一段可知，懷疑論者不承認人類活動對環(huán)境的影響。短文第二段第二句話中提到，他們認為世界的真正狀

32、態(tài)是好的，由此可知B項正確。2. Which of the following can be a reason for the popularity of Lomborgs book?ASome big businesses intend to protect their own interests. BThe book challenges views about the fine state of the world.CThe author convinces people to seek comforting worldviews.DIndustryfunded media presen

33、t confusing information.答案：A。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)短文第二段最后一句話可知Lomborg的觀點與一些由工業(yè)資助的組織的觀點是相似的。因此可知這些大的組織為了自己的利益也不會注重環(huán)保。3. The author mentioned the review in Nature in order to _.A. voice a different opinionB. find fault with Lomborgs book C. challenge the authority of the mediaD. point out the value of scientific v

34、iews答案：A。推理判斷題。第三段提到加拿大的一家報紙對Lomborg的書大加贊揚，第四段又提到這片面的觀點應當受到挑戰(zhàn)，然后說“Nature”雜志上就有不同的評論。由此可知A項正確。4. What is the authors main purpose in writing the passage?A. To encourage the skeptics to have a critical eye.B. To warn the public of the danger of halfblindness with reviews.C. To blame the medias lack of

35、 responsibility in presenting information.D. To show the importance of presenting overall information by the media.答案：D。作者意圖題。由短文最后一段第二句話可知，媒體應當提供全方位的信息，讓人們在了解情況的前提下做出決定。由此可知D項正確。閱讀理解。Businesses are witnessing a difficult time, which has in turn produced influence on consumers desire to go green. Ho

36、wever, shoppers are still laying stress on environmental concerns.Two thirds of customers say that environmental considerations inform their purchases to the same degree as they did a year ago, while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they

37、 buy.This may help to influence how shops store goods on their shelves. And the companies should still make efforts to become more environmentally friendly. Two out of three people think it is important to buy from environmentally responsible companies, with about one in seven saying that they had e

38、ven decided to take their custom elsewhere if they felt a companys environmental reputation was not good enough.Harry Morrison, chief executive（主管）of the Carbon Trust, sympathizes：“I understand this situation where survival is very important now. But from environmental considerations, the clock is t

39、ickingwe dont have much time. In addition, cutting carbon has an immediate effect as costs drop and a medium-term benefit for the brand.”Larger companies have an extra motivation to look at reducing their carbon footprint, as new rules next year will require businesses to buy carbon allowances to ma

40、ke up for their emissions（排放）. Those that have taken early action will have a head start. More than two thirds of consumers are not clear about which companies are environmentally responsible. This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole posit

41、ion to attract shoppers.The Carbon Trust believes that it can help by informing customers about the good work companies are doing. “When companies are granted（授予）the standard, they can use a logo（標識）in all their marketing which makes it clear that they are working towards cutting emissions,” Mr. Mor

42、rison said. ( ) 1. Whats the main idea of the passage?A. Businesses are finding ways to send their message to the shoppers.B. Companies will soon get information about cutting carbon emissions.C. Firms are making efforts to encourage customers to keep goods at home.D. Firms are urged to cut carbon e

43、missions by shoppers environmental awareness.( ) 2. The underlined word “inform” in Paragraph 2 probably means“ ”.A. affect B. change C. disturb D. reject( ) 3. According to Harry Morrison, businesses .A. will benefit from cutting carbon emissionsB. should buy carbon allowances for shoppersC. are re

44、quired to make up for their carbon emissionsD. have encouraged shoppers to take their custom elsewhere( ) 4. We can learn from the passage that businesses will .A. have a strong desire to reduce costsB. use the same logo in their marketingC. gain advantages by taking early actionD. attract more shop

45、pers by storing goods【語篇解讀】本篇文章為說明文?，F(xiàn)在顧客購物已經(jīng)開始考慮環(huán)保的問題。面臨顧客環(huán)保的心理需求，企業(yè)只有主動采取措施，減少排放，才會更好地贏得顧客的信賴，進而獲得更好的收益1、答案 D?！窘馕觥恐髦即笠忸}。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“However, shoppers are still laying stress on environmental concerns”及最后一段第一句可知，企業(yè)因購買者的環(huán)保意識而去減排。故選D項。2、答案 A?！窘馕觥吭~義猜測題。由本段中“while more than a quarter say that they are now

46、 even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy”可知，現(xiàn)在三分之二的顧客在購物時對環(huán)境的考慮比一年前程度加深了。因此A項符合句子意思3、答案 A。解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“cutting carbon has an immediate effect as costs drop and a medium-term benefit for the brand”可以推斷出：商業(yè)會受益于減排。因此A項符合文章。4、答案 C?！窘馕觥客评砼袛囝}。根據(jù)第五段最后一句“This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole position to attract shoppers”可知，早采取行動減排的企業(yè)可以更好地吸引顧客。因此可以推斷出C項。