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Production Automation 1.1.1 Automation Concepts Automation may be defined as a system that is relatively safe-operating .Such a system includes complex mechanical and electronic devices and computer-based system that the place of observation,effort,and decision by a human operator. It is a system that exhibits properties of human being by following predetermined operations or responding to encoded instructions. 1.1.2 Computer process control Process control involves the control of variables in a manufacturing process, where one or any combination of materials and equipment produces or modifies a product to make it more useful and hence more valuable. In process control controls continuous operations. Two kinds of control systems are the open loop and the closed loop.In an open-loop control system, the computer dose not itself automate the process .That is ,there is no self-correction.The process remains under the direct control of human operators,who read form various sources of information such as instruments, set calibrated dials for process regulation, and change the controlling medium. Closed-loop control systems use computers to automate the process. He computer is directly in charge of the process. It sdjusts all controls form the information provided by sensing devices in the system to keep the process to the desired specifications, a technique that uses a feedback mechanism . Feedback is the action of measuring the difference between the actual result and the desired result and using that difference to drive the actual result toward the desired result. The term feedback comes forms from a measured sample of the output of the process (production) function that becomes the input of the control function . That is ,the output of the control function ,meeting special designed requirements is the input to the control system . Thus ,the signal begins at the output of the controlled production function and end at the input to the production. Typical functions of process control systems are moonitoring ,data logging, quality control, maximizing profit for a given out put, supervisory control , and factory information systems (FIS). Benefits of computer process control system are increased productivity , improved product quality , and enhanced efficiency , safety , comfort ,and convenience. 1.1.3 Management Information Systems (MIS) Management information systems are designed to aid in the performance of management functions.These systems are generated by computer systems and are developed to provide executives with up-to-the-minute information about the operations of the enterprise.When required, information systems are used to aid management in the decision-making functions of the enterprise . Viewing CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) as an informations system for the enterprise for decision-making , CAPACS must be informations interconnected . As a result , there are many software packages associated with the CAPACS in Fig . 1 . 2 . Typical of there are CAPP , DCS , FIS and CAD . The concept of an MIS is a design objective , its goal being to get the correct information to the appropriate manager at the right time . As a result , MIS implementation varies considerably among manufacturing enterprises because of each organization's function , type of production , informations resources available , and organizational commitment to MIS . 1.1.4 Engineering Computer are used extensively in most engineering functions . Engineering is a profession in which a knowledge of the natural sciences is applied with judgment to develop ways of using the materials and forces of nature . Typical engineering functions using CAPACS are design , process planning , analysis and optimization , synthesis , evaluation and documentation , simulation , modeling , and quality control planning . Using CAPACS in engineering increases the productivity of engineers and improves the quality of designs . For example ,the application of computers to an engineering design process is performed by a CAD system Engineers can design and thoroughly test concepts quickly and simply from one workstation . Computers permit engineers to take a concept from its original design through testing to numerical control (NC) output , or a combination of steps in between . They perform complex scientific and engineering computations rapidly with high accuracy , calculate physical properties before actual parts are made and provide a fast , easy method to create models of even the most complex parts . The computer has influenced the way products are designed , documented and released for production . As technology develops , engineering operations are becomeing more and more automated and are relieving the engineer of many tedious manual calculations . 1.1.5 Production Applications of computers to the production process encompass such functions as computer monitoring , supervisory computer control , direct digital control ( DDC) , material handing , product fabrication , assembly and test/inspection operations . New ideas and technology developments are gaining acceptance on the factory floor . More important , the integration of more computers into the production process increases automation on the factory floor . Computer automation helps to organize , access , and provide vital information in a common date base system for use by all manufacturing operations . Computer automation helps to control and to schedule machines and process , and to control raw materials and parts . A computer automated system concept is shown in FIG . 1 . 3 . Each function in manufacturing has its own area controller under the control of a host computer in order to share information with other operations . 生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化 1.1.1自動(dòng)化概念 自動(dòng)化可以被定義為一個(gè)操作比較安全的系統(tǒng)。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)，包括復(fù)雜的機(jī)電設(shè)備和由一個(gè)人為操作員觀察、嘗試并決定其方位的電腦系統(tǒng)。它是一個(gè)按照事先確定的操作或應(yīng)對(duì)編碼指示來(lái)展現(xiàn)人的性能的系統(tǒng)。 1.1.2計(jì)算機(jī)過(guò)程控制????? 過(guò)程控制涉及到生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的控制變量，在此生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中，一種或任意一種材料和設(shè)備聯(lián)合生產(chǎn)或修改產(chǎn)品，使其更加有用，因此更有價(jià)值。過(guò)程控制控制不間斷運(yùn)行。控制系統(tǒng)有兩種，即開(kāi)環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)和閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)。在一個(gè)開(kāi)環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)中，計(jì)算機(jī)本身不會(huì)使過(guò)程自動(dòng)化。也就是說(shuō)，沒(méi)有自我更正.這個(gè)過(guò)程仍然直接受控于人為操作員，他閱讀各種信息來(lái)源，如工具，建立校準(zhǔn)盤(pán)的過(guò)程監(jiān)管，來(lái)改變控制的媒介。 閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)，使用計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)程自動(dòng)化。電腦直接負(fù)責(zé)其過(guò)程。它根據(jù)傳感裝置所提供的信息對(duì)所有控制適時(shí)調(diào)整，以保持這一過(guò)程所需的規(guī)格及使用一個(gè)反饋機(jī)制的技術(shù)。反饋是衡量實(shí)際結(jié)果與期望的結(jié)果之間差異的行為，利用這種差異，以推動(dòng)實(shí)際結(jié)果向所期望的結(jié)果的進(jìn)展。期限反饋根據(jù)過(guò)程（生產(chǎn)）功能輸出的測(cè)量樣本而形成格式，進(jìn)而轉(zhuǎn)為控制功能的輸入。也就是說(shuō)，控制功能的輸出，如果滿足了特殊設(shè)計(jì)的要求即可轉(zhuǎn)變成控制功能的輸入。因此，信號(hào)始于控制生產(chǎn)功能輸出之時(shí)并結(jié)束于生產(chǎn)功能輸入之時(shí)。 過(guò)程控制系統(tǒng)的典型功能是操作，記錄數(shù)據(jù)，控制質(zhì)量，為某一輸出，監(jiān)控，和工廠信息系統(tǒng)（電）提供最大限度的好處 。計(jì)算機(jī)過(guò)程控制系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于能夠提高生產(chǎn)率，改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和提高效率，且安全，舒適和方便。 1.1.3 管理信息系統(tǒng)（ MIS ） ?????管理信息系統(tǒng)用來(lái)為管理功能的實(shí)施提供幫助。這些系統(tǒng)由計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生，并被用來(lái)為管理人員提供有關(guān)企業(yè)運(yùn)作的最新信息。我們可用信息系統(tǒng)來(lái)幫助企業(yè)制定決策。例如，可把計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造（計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造）作為一個(gè)信息系統(tǒng)，為企業(yè)決策， CAPACS必須是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的信息。其結(jié)果是，有許多與CAPACS的圖1.2 相關(guān)的軟件包。典型的有 CAPP系統(tǒng)，集散控制系統(tǒng)，模糊推理系統(tǒng)和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)。 ? 管理信息系統(tǒng)的概念是一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)，其目的是在合適的時(shí)間，得到正確的信息并給適當(dāng)?shù)慕?jīng)理。因此，制造企業(yè)之間各組織的功能，生產(chǎn)類型，信息資源及組織對(duì) MIS的承諾，會(huì)造成系管理信息系統(tǒng)的實(shí)施不盡相同。 1.1.4工程????? 電腦被廣泛應(yīng)用在工程領(lǐng)域。工程學(xué)是一門(mén)職業(yè)，在這門(mén)職業(yè)中，我們可通過(guò)所獲取的自然科學(xué)知識(shí)加判斷識(shí)別力來(lái)形成使用材料和自然力量的方法。使用CAPACS的典型工程功能是設(shè)計(jì)，工藝規(guī)劃，分析和優(yōu)化，合成，評(píng)價(jià)和記錄，仿真，建模，和質(zhì)量控制規(guī)劃。工程使用CAPACS可以增加工程師的生產(chǎn)并提高設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量。 ?? 例如，工程的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程使用計(jì)算機(jī)是由CAD系統(tǒng)的工程師負(fù)責(zé)的，他們能夠迅速而簡(jiǎn)單地設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)自工作站的方案并對(duì)其進(jìn)行徹底檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)算機(jī)允許工程師通過(guò)測(cè)試數(shù)字控制（數(shù)控）輸出，或者兩者之間的步驟，采用原來(lái)的設(shè)計(jì)方案。他們能迅速而精度地進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的科學(xué)和工程計(jì)算，能在實(shí)際零部件被生產(chǎn)數(shù)之前計(jì)算出物理性能，并提供了一個(gè)快速，簡(jiǎn)單的方法，用于建立模型，即使是最復(fù)雜的部分。 計(jì)算機(jī)已經(jīng)影響了產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)，記錄和發(fā)布生產(chǎn)的方式。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展，工程業(yè)務(wù)也在廣泛采用自動(dòng)化，給工程師減少了許多繁瑣的人工計(jì)算。 1 .1.5 生產(chǎn)? ?計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)過(guò)程有以下功能，包括監(jiān)測(cè)計(jì)算機(jī)，監(jiān)督計(jì)算機(jī)控制，直接數(shù)字控制（ DDC） ，材料處理，產(chǎn)品制造，組裝和測(cè)試/檢查行動(dòng)。工廠車(chē)間也正在接受新的觀念和技術(shù)的發(fā)展。更重要的是，伴隨著更多的計(jì)算機(jī)被用到生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，工廠車(chē)間自動(dòng)化程度加深了。 ?????計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)化協(xié)助組織，存取，并提供資料庫(kù)中的重要信息，供所有的制造業(yè)務(wù)。計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)化控制，并幫助安排機(jī)器和過(guò)程，同時(shí)還可控制原材料和零部件。計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的概念圖.1.3.所示，在制造業(yè)領(lǐng)域，每種功能都會(huì)在主機(jī)電腦的控制之下行使自己的控制范圍，這樣方便了與其他操作共享信息。 河南科技學(xué)院 2009屆本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 外文資料 學(xué)生姓名：盧曉志 所在院系：機(jī)電學(xué)院 所學(xué)專業(yè)：機(jī)電技術(shù)教育 導(dǎo)師姓名：杜家熙 完成時(shí)間：2009年2月27日 Production Automation 1.1.1 Automation Concepts Automation may be defined as a system that is relatively safe-operating .Such a system includes complex mechanical and electronic devices and computer-based system that the place of observation,effort,and decision by a human operator. It is a system that exhibits properties of human being by following predetermined operations or responding to encoded instructions. 1.1.2 Computer process control Process control involves the control of variables in a manufacturing process, where one or any combination of materials and equipment produces or modifies a product to make it more useful and hence more valuable. In process control controls continuous operations. Two kinds of control systems are the open loop and the closed loop.In an open-loop control system, the computer dose not itself automate the process .That is ,there is no self-correction.The process remains under the direct control of human operators,who read form various sources of information such as instruments, set calibrated dials for process regulation, and change the controlling medium. Closed-loop control systems use computers to automate the process. He computer is directly in charge of the process. It sdjusts all controls form the information provided by sensing devices in the system to keep the process to the desired specifications, a technique that uses a feedback mechanism . Feedback is the action of measuring the difference between the actual result and the desired result and using that difference to drive the actual result toward the desired result. The term feedback comes forms from a measured sample of the output of the process (production) function that becomes the input of the control function . That is ,the output of the control function ,meeting special designed requirements is the input to the control system . Thus ,the signal begins at the output of the controlled production function and end at the input to the production. Typical functions of process control systems are moonitoring ,data logging, quality control, maximizing profit for a given out put, supervisory control , and factory information systems (FIS). Benefits of computer process control system are increased productivity , improved product quality , and enhanced efficiency , safety , comfort ,and convenience. 1.1.3 Management Information Systems (MIS) Management information systems are designed to aid in the performance of management functions.These systems are generated by computer systems and are developed to provide executives with up-to-the-minute information about the operations of the enterprise.When required, information systems are used to aid management in the decision-making functions of the enterprise . Viewing CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) as an informations system for the enterprise for decision-making , CAPACS must be informations interconnected . As a result , there are many software packages associated with the CAPACS in Fig . 1 . 2 . Typical of there are CAPP , DCS , FIS and CAD . The concept of an MIS is a design objective , its goal being to get the correct information to the appropriate manager at the right time . As a result , MIS implementation varies considerably among manufacturing enterprises because of each organization's function , type of production , informations resources available , and organizational commitment to MIS . 1.1.4 Engineering Computer are used extensively in most engineering functions . Engineering is a profession in which a knowledge of the natural sciences is applied with judgment to develop ways of using the materials and forces of nature . Typical engineering functions using CAPACS are design , process planning , analysis and optimization , synthesis , evaluation and documentation , simulation , modeling , and quality control planning . Using CAPACS in engineering increases the productivity of engineers and improves the quality of designs . For example ,the application of computers to an engineering design process is performed by a CAD system Engineers can design and thoroughly test concepts quickly and simply from one workstation . Computers permit engineers to take a concept from its original design through testing to numerical control (NC) output , or a combination of steps in between . They perform complex scientific and engineering computations rapidly with high accuracy , calculate physical properties before actual parts are made and provide a fast , easy method to create models of even the most complex parts . The computer has influenced the way products are designed , documented and released for production . As technology develops , engineering operations are becomeing more and more automated and are relieving the engineer of many tedious manual calculations . 1.1.5 Production Applications of computers to the production process encompass such functions as computer monitoring , supervisory computer control , direct digital control ( DDC) , material handing , product fabrication , assembly and test/inspection operations . New ideas and technology developments are gaining acceptance on the factory floor . More important , the integration of more computers into the production process increases automation on the factory floor . Computer automation helps to organize , access , and provide vital information in a common date base system for use by all manufacturing operations . Computer automation helps to control and to schedule machines and process , and to control raw materials and parts . A computer automated system concept is shown in FIG . 1 . 3 . Each function in manufacturing has its own area controller under the control of a host computer in order to share information with other operations . 5 河南科技學(xué)院 2009屆本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 論文題目：CA6140車(chē)床831007撥叉零件 數(shù)控加工工藝及工裝設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名： 盧曉志 所在院系： 機(jī)電學(xué)院 所學(xué)專業(yè)： 機(jī)電技術(shù)教育 導(dǎo)師姓名： 杜家熙 完成時(shí)間：2009年5月20日 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）開(kāi)題報(bào)告 題目名稱 CA6140車(chē)床831007 撥叉零件數(shù)控加工工藝及工裝設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名 盧曉志 專業(yè) 機(jī)電技術(shù)教育 班級(jí) 042班 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 杜家熙 專業(yè) 機(jī)械制造 職稱 副教授 完成期限 2009年2月16日至2009年2月27日 一、選題的目的意義 隨著我國(guó)現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展，數(shù)控機(jī)床的普及和從事數(shù)控加工人員的增多，數(shù)控加工越來(lái)越受到人們的重視。撥叉是一種重要輔助零件，廣泛應(yīng)用于我們的日常生活及生產(chǎn)當(dāng)中，在機(jī)械行業(yè)有著越來(lái)越重要的作用，撥叉零件的制造精度能不能夠滿足加工技術(shù)要求；如何更大限度的降低機(jī)加工的基本勞動(dòng)時(shí)間及提高單位時(shí)間內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)率，都成為機(jī)械行業(yè)勢(shì)待解決的技術(shù)性問(wèn)題。隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展成熟及數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用的不斷廣泛化、深入化、大眾化，我們意識(shí)到，采用數(shù)控機(jī)床來(lái)加工撥叉零件既能夠提高零件的精度又能夠完成采用普通機(jī)床加工時(shí)應(yīng)運(yùn)受限的瓶頸，對(duì)提高加工效率、以及降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度都有不可估量之好處。 二、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 隨著計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、信息技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)的制造業(yè)已發(fā)生了十分顯著的變化，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家正進(jìn)行由傳統(tǒng)的制造技術(shù)向現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)變，并提出了全新的制造模式。數(shù)控加工技術(shù)將逐步引航現(xiàn)代機(jī)械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展。數(shù)控機(jī)床的應(yīng)用范圍日益擴(kuò)大，其產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益與社會(huì)效益十分明顯。尤其是數(shù)控加工不斷朝高速、精密方向的發(fā)展，提高數(shù)控機(jī)床的應(yīng)用范圍對(duì)于提高制造企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力有著重要的意義。 對(duì)傳統(tǒng)零件的數(shù)控加工技術(shù)也得到越來(lái)越廣泛的應(yīng)用。面對(duì)新技術(shù)、新工藝的不斷出現(xiàn)，提高數(shù)控加工技術(shù)在傳統(tǒng)撥叉類零件的應(yīng)用也受到越來(lái)越多的重視。如何使數(shù)控技術(shù)在加工這一類零件中表現(xiàn)出其高質(zhì)量、高精度、高效率，都成為各國(guó)爭(zhēng)先要解決的問(wèn)題。因此研究它對(duì)我國(guó)的制造行業(yè)很有借鑒作用。 三、主要研究?jī)?nèi)容 1) 數(shù)控加工工藝的特點(diǎn)及說(shuō)明； 2) 數(shù)控加工的一般步驟； 3) 撥叉零件數(shù)控加工工藝原理及特點(diǎn)； 4) 撥叉在數(shù)控加工中的應(yīng)用及其優(yōu)越性； 5) 通過(guò)撥叉零件的工裝設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)體現(xiàn)數(shù)控加工的重要作用； 四、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的研究方法或技術(shù)路線 1. 根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容查閱相關(guān)期刊資料； 2. 利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)查找相關(guān)資料進(jìn)行修改整理； 3. 對(duì)實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中撥叉零件沒(méi)的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)總結(jié)； 4. 論文總結(jié)。 五、參考文獻(xiàn)與資料 [1] 趙家奇. 機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)書(shū)(2版). 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2006. 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