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無錫太湖學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） 開題報告 題目： 車載起重機設(shè)計 信機 系 機械工程及自動化 專業(yè) 學(xué) 號： 0923126 學(xué)生姓名： 顧 陽 指導(dǎo)教師： 馮鮮 （職稱：講師 ） （職稱： ） 2012年 11月 23日 課題來源 車載起重機 科學(xué)依據(jù)（包括課題的科學(xué)意義；國內(nèi)外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢；應(yīng)用前景等） （1）課題科學(xué)意義 工程起重機是各種工程建設(shè)廣泛應(yīng)用的重要起重設(shè)備。它對減輕勞動強度，節(jié)省人力，降低建設(shè)成本，提高施工質(zhì)量，加快建設(shè)速度，實現(xiàn)工程施工機械化起著十分重要的作用。車載起重機是其中一種，它安全可靠，結(jié)構(gòu)合理，重量輕，操作使用方便，對許多生產(chǎn)場合與起重運輸?shù)刃袠I(yè)，具有很強的現(xiàn)實意義。隨著國家基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的規(guī)模不斷加大，許多生產(chǎn)場合都需要對設(shè)備、產(chǎn)品、零件、貨物等進行搬運和位移，車載起重機在起重運輸行業(yè)和野外作業(yè)發(fā)揮的作用也將越來越大，市場也將越來越大。從一個起重機大國，到一個起重機強國，對每一位業(yè)內(nèi)人士而言，都應(yīng)該是一道坎。國內(nèi)市場的開放，并不是在增加國內(nèi)企業(yè)邁過這道坎的難度。而相反，若沒有開放、平等競爭的市場環(huán)境，若不能真正融入世界行業(yè)的發(fā)展潮流，中國起重機行業(yè)就難以真正做大做強，難以成就一個起重機強國的夢想。 在我國，車載起重機的發(fā)展已有五十年歷史了，由于受到客觀條件的限制，一度發(fā)展的較慢。進入九十年代發(fā)展迅速，但與國際先進水平還相差很遠，主要表現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的穩(wěn)定性，自動化，智能化等方面。隨著國家基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的規(guī)模不斷加大，許多生產(chǎn)場合都需要對設(shè)備、產(chǎn)品、零件、貨物等進行搬運和位移，車載起重機在起重運輸行業(yè)和野外作業(yè)發(fā)揮的作用也將越來越大，時常也將越來越大。車載起重機能夠滿足使用功能要求，安全可靠，結(jié)構(gòu)合理，重量輕操作使用方便，對許多生產(chǎn)場合與起重運輸?shù)刃袠I(yè)，具有很強的現(xiàn)實意義。 研究內(nèi)容 (1) 車載起重機汽車底盤的選擇及起重機技術(shù)參數(shù)的確定。初步確定為：最大起重量3噸；最大提升速度Vmax=15m/min。 (2) 車載起重機液壓系統(tǒng)支腿回路、回轉(zhuǎn)回路、伸縮回路、變幅回路、起升回路性能分析、原理圖繪制及各個液壓元件的選擇。 (3) 車載起重機起升機構(gòu)的性能分析，起升機構(gòu)的傳動方案的確定，卷筒、卷筒軸的計算及設(shè)計，液壓泵、減速箱、鋼絲繩、輪組和吊鉤組等的選擇。起升機構(gòu)是實現(xiàn)重物升降運動的機構(gòu)，它通常由原動機、減速器、卷筒、制動器、離合器、鋼絲繩、滑輪組和吊鉤組成。起升機構(gòu)按起重機傳動方式不同，分為機械傳動、電力—機械傳動(電力傳動)、液壓—機械傳動(液壓傳動)等型式。為起升機構(gòu)示意圖（本次設(shè)計將選用液壓—機械傳動）。 擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實驗方案及可行性分析 汽車起重機由行走部分和起重裝置所組成，其中分上車和下車，上車即起重機部分，由卷揚機構(gòu)、臂桿、操作室、回轉(zhuǎn)裝置等部分組成利用液壓馬達經(jīng)減速裝置驅(qū)動卷筒纏繞釣鉤鋼絲繩，使釣鉤上升或降落重物，完成貨物的升降到合適高度；通過伸縮液壓鋼的動作調(diào)節(jié)臂架桿長度，臂架桿上裝有滾輪，以便引導(dǎo)和支撐卷揚鋼絲繩，讓貨物上升或下降到合適位置；吊機裝在回轉(zhuǎn)臺上，利用回轉(zhuǎn)機構(gòu)可以做360度的轉(zhuǎn)動，使起重機靈活方便。 研究計劃及預(yù)期成果 研究計劃： (1)翻譯外文文獻，撰寫開題報告 (2)開題報告答辯 (3)開題階段檢查 (4)根據(jù)擬定的課程實施方案 (5)進行深入研究 (6)畫示意圖、零件圖和結(jié)構(gòu)圖 (7)撰寫并提交畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文初稿，直到老師批改論文，給出指導(dǎo)意見，修改論文，定稿 (8)畢業(yè)設(shè)計答辯資格審查和專項檢查 (9)進行畢業(yè)設(shè)計修改，完成答辯及完成評定工作 已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題 參考文獻 [1] 成大先.機械設(shè)計圖冊(第2卷). 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2003.1 [2] 吳宗澤.機械設(shè)計實用手冊.北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2000.6 [3] 成大先.機械設(shè)計手冊(第三版). 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2001.1 [4] 成大先.機械設(shè)計手冊(單行本) —液壓傳動. 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2004.1 [5] 張世亮.液壓與氣壓傳動. 機械工業(yè)出版社，2006.3 [6] 楊培元,朱福元.液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計簡明手冊.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1999.12 [7] 顧迪民.工程起重機.哈爾濱建筑大學(xué),1988.12 [8] 楊長骙，起重機械. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1985.12 [9] 陳道南,盛漢中.起重機課程設(shè)計. 北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社，1983.11 [10] 胡宗武,閻以誦.起重機動力學(xué). 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1986.9 [11]賈文福.全液壓汽車起重機—原理·結(jié)構(gòu)·維修.上海：上海交通大學(xué)出版社，1998.11 [12] Lorain. North American focus—New order. Cranes Today, 1997.6 [13] Leon Deutsch. Japanese focus—International rescore. Cranes Today, 1998.7 [14] 建筑機械 2006-02（上半月刊） [15]濮良貴，紀(jì)名剛.機械設(shè)計(第七版).北京:高等教育出版社,2001.6 [16] 廣東海洋大學(xué)工程學(xué)院編.機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計指導(dǎo)書 指導(dǎo)教師意見 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 2013年 5 月 25 日 教研室（學(xué)科組、研究所）意見 教研室主任簽名： 2013 年 5 月 25 日 系意見 主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名： 年 月 日 編號 無錫太湖學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） 相關(guān)資料 題目： 車載起重機設(shè)計 信機 系 機械工程及自動化專業(yè) 學(xué) 號： 　　　 0923126　　　　 學(xué)生姓名： 顧 陽 指導(dǎo)教師： 　馮鮮 （職稱：講師 ） （職稱： ） 2013年5月25日 英文原文 Tower Crane Boom mounted on the upper part of the rotation of the tall tower crane. Operating a large space, mainly used for housing construction materials in the vertical and horizontal transportation and installation of building components. From the metal structure, working bodies and the electrical system consists of three parts. Metal structure including the tower moving arms and base and so on. The work of organizations including lifting,luffing, slewing and walking four parts. Electrical systems including motors, controllers, power distribution cabinets, connection lines, signals and lighting devices. Short tower crane tower crane, also known as tower crane, originated in Western Europe. According to records, the first tower crane used in construction related to the patent granted in 1900. Emerged in 1905 with a fixed jib tower crane, and in 1923 produced the prototype of modern tower crane, in the same year the first relatively complete modern tower crane. 1930, when Germany began mass production of tower cranes, and used for building construction. In 1941, the tower crane industry standard DIN8770 published in Germany. The standard provides for crane set (t) and amplitude (m) of the product (tm) together to re-torque, said the tower crane lifting capacity. China tower crane industry in the 20th century, 50 years started, as opposed to the Western European countries due to weakness in the construction industry caused by the tower crane industry in recession, Shanghai Poch Drive System Co., Ltd. tower crane industry in China is in a rapid period of development . From the tower crane in terms of technological development, while an endless stream of new products, new products in the production efficiency, easy operation, and maintenance easier and more reliable operation in the increase in the tower crane, but there is no fundamental change in the technology. The tower crane research is towards modular development. The so-called modular, that is, to the tower structure as the core, according to structural and functional characteristics of the shaft broken down into several parts, and on the basis of seriation and general requirements, follow the modulus of the various parts of the system theory and then divided into a number of modules. According to parameters required, choose the appropriate modules were grouped with different performance characteristics of the tower crane technology to meet the specific needs of the construction. The implementation of modular tower crane tower crane production capacity will help to speed up the development progress of Lu, save product development costs, and better for customer service. Slewing tower crane be divided into upper and lower rotary tower crane tower crane two broad categories. In which the carrying capacity of the former than the latter, in many we have seen the construction site is on a rotary festival add up on top of a high tower crane access. According to whether the move is further divided into: walking a line, and fixed. Fixed the fixed tower crane tower do not switch installed in the concrete block foundation, or installed in the form of X-shaped concrete foundation. In the housing construction generally use a fixed style. Device characteristics and safety devices Tower crane boom and struts form of sub-horizontal type two kinds. For the horizontal boom, the load car runs along the level luffing boom, luffing movement balance, its long boom, but the greater weight boom. Boom for the strut-type when the tractor boom luffing mechanism Pitch amplitude, amplitude motion than horizontal steady, but its relatively small weight. In order to ensure the safety of tower crane has a good safety device, such as starting weight, range, height and load torque constraints such devices, as well as the travel limit switches, tower lights, wind instrument, wind clip-rail device, Ladders and athletic supporter circle, walkways and railings. Driver's cab demand for comfort, easy operation, good vision and good communications equipment. Production points of the inspection of tower cranes 1) Check the structural condition of metal, especially high-strength bolts, which connect the surface to be cleared of dust, paint, no trace, and rust, and the use of hand or special torque wrench, according to assembly requirements tightened. 2) Check the transmission of various agencies, including the work of transmission suitability of the bearing clearance, the gear mesh is not good and the brake is sensitive. 3) Check the wear of steel wire rope and pulleys, fixed is reliable. 4) Check the electrical components are good contact points of the closure were the extent of follow-correct and reliable. 5) Check whether the running wheel and rail access to good, clip-rail clamp is reliable. The installation of attachment devices, within the climbing device, the connecting bolts and the clip block is solid and reliable. Used tower crane The following specific description in several aspects of the tower crane used room Jianzhong. (A), the tower crane metal structure The metal structure is composed of tower crane boom, tower, turret, bearings, balance arm, chassis, composed of apex. Construction boom level luffing jib type of car, and then have a single hanging point down the minutes, double-hanging point and the lifting arm and balance arm fused hammerhead-type level luffing jib car. Single hanging point is statically determinate structure, twin-lift point is statically indeterminate structure. Hammerhead-type trolley level luffing jib installed at the tower top Zhuangruo hammer, shaft, such as hammer handle, no spire, it is also known as flat head style. Flat-style of making structure simpler and more conducive to the force, to reduce weight and simplify construction and so on. Most used car luffing jib equilateral triangle cross-section. Tower structure, also known as the tower is the main body of the tower crane structure. Now adopt a square cross-section of tower crane, application of a broader cross-section dimensions are: 1.2m × 1.2m, 1.4m × 1.4m, 1.6m × 1.6m, 2.0m × 2.0m; tower section used the standard size is 2.5m and the 3m. Tower sections used in the standard connection method is to cover the most widely used set of stud bolt connection and connection, followed by the pin connection and flashboard pin socket connection. Standards Section has the overall standards of style tower-type tower sections and assembled the standard sections, the latter high precision machining, production difficult, but the stacking area is small, less freight. Ladder tower section must be set so that driver and mechanic from top to bottom. Ladder width of not less than 500mm, ladder step spacing of not more than 300mm, set up a guard ring for each 500mm. When the ladder height of more than 10m, the ladder should be sub-switching, the switching office to install a closed platform. Spire function is to bear arm and balance arm Cord Cord coming from the upper load, and through rotating tower, turret, bearings and other structural components-style passing directly through the turret to the tower structure. Since l have truncated conical tower column, forward or backward truncated cone column, Renzi Jia style and bracing Shelf. Any slewing tower cranes are required to set up a balance weight, its function is to balance the weight bearing, which constitute the design required by the role of torque in the opposite direction and lifting the balance of torque. In addition to balance the weight, but also often installed in its rear lifting mechanism. Lifting bodies are placed, together with the balance weight arm in balancing the tail end of a re-allocation of the Department can play a role, two rope reel and the spire increase the distance between the guide wheel to facilitate the rope around and avoid the occurrence of emission the phenomenon of chaos rope. Balance the weight and balance amount is inversely proportional to the relationship between the length of the arm, while the balance of arm length and boom there is a certain percentage of the length of the relationship in between. Balance the considerable amount of heavy, light tower crane usually at least 3 ~ 4t, heavy to almost 30t. Balance weight can be made of cast iron or reinforced concrete: the high cost of the former process, but the small size wind; the latter were large in size to the stability of the windward big negative, but the simple economy, it is generally use this. The usual practice is to balance the emphasis on pre-divided into 2 http://www.pohu-drive.com ~ 3 kinds of specifications, width, thickness of the same, but the height should be adjusted to match the use of different arm lengths. (B), the tower crane spare parts Each tower crane must be used in many kinds of lifting parts, of which the largest number of technical requirements are strict and complicated rope specifications. Tower crane wire rope used in accordance with different functions are: lifting wire rope, rope luffing, jib ropes, balance the arm ropes, trolleys and other traction rope. Steel wire rope is characterized by: the entire root, high strength, but also the whole root sections, the size of the same intensity, light weight, able to withstand shock loads, flexible enough to winding into a disk, can be balanced at high speed movement, and no noise, wear and tear After the skin will produce a number of glitches, easy to detect and facilitate the timely disposal. Steel wire rope is usually a Unit diameter 0.3 ~ 0.4mm thin twisted wire strand, and then twisted into rope by the Unit. Tower crane is used in interactive twist, is characterized by loose and difficult to reverse. On the strand cross-sectional shapes, the high-rise building construction with the tower crane to adopt the multi-strand rope is not reversed, the most appropriate, such a wire rope consists of two layers composed of the same strand, two strand twisting in the opposite direction, using the principle of rotating torque balance twist crafted by force does not occur when the free end of the reverse. Hoisting Tower Crane luffing rope and wire rope safety factor usually taken to be 5 ~ 6, car towing rope, and boom Cord of the safety factor of 3, tower crane lifts Lifting Sheng An all-coefficient of not less than 10. Steel wire rope safety factor is indispensable for security reserve factor, by virtue of this security must not be arbitrarily raised the rope reserves face the maximum allowable safe load. Because of the importance of steel wire rope, we must strengthen the comprehensive inspection of wire rope on a regular basis, stored in dry closed surface, there are wooden floors or asphalt concrete warehouse floor to prevent corrosion, loading and unloading not to damage the surface of the pile when placed erect. Systematic lubrication of the rope can increase the service life. Luffing jib tower crane trolley is the level of essential parts. Change car set by the frame structure, steel wire rope, pulleys, line wheels, guide wheels, steel wire rope supporting the wheel, steel wire rope anti-roll off, car towing rope tensioning device and the broken rope composed of insurance, etc.. For the talent level of boom (more than 50m in length) in amplitude with the car at the side of an overhaul hanging baskets may contain members of the maintenance and repair of all maintenance points to the repair and maintenance. Job finished, the roots boom car driven across the border to make baskets with luffing car separated from the structure fixed to the boom supports the dedicated office. Other parts are wheels, slewing ring, hook and brakes and so on. (C), the tower crane working body The tower crane working body there are five: hoisting mechanism, varying from agencies, car towing agencies, institutions and carts Traveling rotary body (walking style tower crane). (D), the tower crane electrical equipment The main tower crane electrical equipment including: * Cable Reels - Central collector ring; * Motor; * Operation of electrical motors, such as: controller, master controller, contactors and relays. Protection of electrical appliances, such as: automatic fuses, overcurrent relays and limit switches. * Vice-loop in the main control switch electrical appliances, such as: buttons, switches and meters. There are auxiliary electrical equipment: lights, lights, bells and so on. (5), tower crane's hydraulic system Tower crane hydraulic system's main components are hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, control components, tubing and fittings, fuel tank and hydraulic oil filters and so on. Hydraulic pump and hydraulic motor is a hydraulic system of the most complex part of the oil suction pump through the pipeline to the hydraulic cylinders or hydraulic motors, hydraulic cylinder or motor so that normal operation can be carried out. Hydraulic and hydraulic pump can be seen as the heart, is the hydraulic energy source. Our tower crane hydraulic jacking system, hydraulic pumps are mostly used in CB-G-type gear pump, CB does not gear code, Hagglunds G for a fixed axial gap, the working pressure of 12. 5 ~ 16MPa. Hydraulic cylinder is a hydraulic system of the implementation of the components. From the functional point of view, hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors of the same pressure of working oil flow can be transformed into mechanical energy conversion device. The difference is that hydraulic motor is used for rotary movement, while the hydraulic pressure is used for linear motion. Then a high hydraulic jacking the whole process is: * Mobile balance weight, so that the tower is not unbalanced moment, lifting arm in place, towards the same direction with the introduction of the track and be locked, lifting a standard tower section placed in a small car ferry; * Jacking; * Pin in place and locked, when you mention piston rod, in the set of planes in the formation of the introduction of space; * The introduction of standard knots; * Standard section brought the introduction of car ferry; ? the standard section in place, install the bolts; * Slightly upward jacking, pull out the lock position to make the transition Festival and has received high tower together into one solid. (6), tower crane safety devices Safety device is essential for the tower crane, one of the key equipment, can be divided into: limit switch (stopper); overload Insurance devices (overload power plant); buffer only block devices; steel wire rope anti-off device; anemometer ; emergency safety switch; security audio signal. Limit switches according to the functions are: hook travel limit switch, rotary limit switches, trolley travel limit switch, carts travel limit switch. (G), the provisions of the tower crane anti-tipping Non-overloading operation; not oblique pull heavy loads; not allowed to suddenly emergency braking; prohibit running wind lifting operations; working class, must be clip-rail clamping device to prevent the wind blowing the tower crane slipped out of orbit. (8), since the l-type tower crane attachment anchor When the self-climbing tower crane in achieving a high degree of their freedom to continue to pick up high-jacking, in order to enhance its stability factor to keep lifting capacity, they must anchor attached to the building structure. Attachment level, the total construction and construction-layer height, tower crane and tower structures, freedom tower height. In general, set the two anchor dwell already meet their needs. Attachment points on the building options to note: two fixed-point distance between the reinforcement attachment appropriate; fixed point should be set at the T-walls and wall corners; right frame structure, attachment points for appropriate column in close proximity to the roots of cloth; arranged near the floor for the benefit and installation of power transmission. To ensure the safe use of tower crane and access to a long life, it must be lubricated, troubleshooting, regular maintenance and repair parts. The tower crane industry in the development of The early 50s, my tower crane from the imitation started, in 1954 East German architects generic type Ⅰ tower crane; 60 years designed and manufactured 25tm, 40tm, 60tm several models, and many more moving the main arm; 70 years With the increase in high-rise buildings, the construction machinery made new demands, so, 160tm attachment style, 45tm in climbing, 120tm jack-up tower crane have been brought forth and so on; 80 years since the last century, since the tower crane industry in China to be rapid development, especially in recent years, the tower crane sales continued to climb in 2001, industry statistics sales of 9738 units in 2002 to become the world's first tower crane annual output of 10,000 units a breakthrough state. In 2004, due to the role of macroeconomic regulation and control as well as the crane industry, the restructuring of production and sales of tower crane has dropped slightly, 2005,2006, in the strong economic growth driven by China's resumption of the tower crane production and sales growth in 2006, sales have been more than 20,000 units. Because the industry statistics which only a couple dozen manufacturers sales, certainly far more than industry-wide sales figures. Needless to say, China has become the world's civilian power production of the tower crane, tower crane is the world's major demand markets. According to preliminary statistics, China to obtain production licenses tower crane production plant more than 400, but 80 years less than 100.