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1、2015年大學英語六級考試閱讀技巧2015年大學英語六級考試閱讀技巧在英語學習中,我們自然會遇到許多生詞。這時,許多人立即翻閱字典,查找詞義。其實,這種做法是不科學的。它不但費時費力,而且影響閱讀速度。事實上,閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落有著互相制約的關系。我們可以利用語境(各種已知信息)推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。猜測詞義時,可利用以下線索:一、針對性解釋針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想,在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術語或 詞匯等所作的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對性,利用它們猜詞義比較容易。1、根據定義猜測詞義如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義,理解句子或段落本
2、身就是推斷詞義。anthropology is the scientific study of man.由定義可知,anthropology就是研究人類的科學;。In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.同樣,從上下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語中的意思是困境;。定義句的謂語動詞多為:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be call
3、ed, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。2、根據復述猜測詞義雖然復述不如定義那樣嚴謹、詳細,但是提供的信息足以使閱讀者猜出生詞詞義。復述部分可以適當詞、短語或是從句。1)同位語Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.此例逗號中短語意為對詞意義進行研究的學科;。該短語與前面生詞semanties是同位關系,因此我們不難猜出semanties指語義學;。在復述中構
4、成同位關系的兩部分之間多用逗號連接,有時也使用破折號、冒號、分號、引號、和括號等。Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.由同位語我們很快猜出生詞capacitance詞義——電容量。需要注意的是:同位語前還常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other等副詞或短語出現。2)定語從句Kraba
5、cber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.根據生詞SAD后面定語從句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位語a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我們可以推斷出SAD含義,即季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥;。3、根據舉例猜測詞義恰當的舉例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。
6、The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.句中戰(zhàn)爭;和重大科學發(fā)現;是生詞的實例,通過它們我們可以猜出epochal的大致詞義重要的;,這與其確切含義劃時代的;十分接近。二、 內在邏輯關系根據內在邏輯關系推測詞義是指運用語言知識分析和判斷相關信息之間存在的邏輯關系,然后根據邏輯關系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。1、根據對比關系猜測詞義在一個句
7、子或段落中,有對兩個事物或現象進行對比性的描述,我們可以根據生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.該例中supercilious對許多人來說可能是個生詞,但是句中短語in contrast(相對照的,相對比的)可以提示我們:supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)是對比關系。分析出這種關系后,我們便能猜出supercilious意為目空一切的,傲慢的;。表
8、示對比關系的詞匯和短語主要是unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast 和while 引導的并列句等。A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.該句中并未出現上面提到的表示對比關系的詞或短語,但是通過上下文可以判斷出句子前后是對比關系,即把熟練工人與非熟練工人區(qū)分開。這時我們也能夠推斷出生詞adept的詞義——熟練的;。2、根據比較關系猜測詞義同對比關系相反,比較關系表示意義上的相
9、似關系。Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間的比較關系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為健談的;。表示比較關系的詞和短語主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。3、根據因果關系猜測詞義在句子或段落種,若兩個事物、現象之間構成因果關系,我們可以根據這種邏輯關系推知生詞詞義。Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he m
10、akes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.根據原因狀語從句的內容,我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指獨斷專行的;。There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.此句為結果狀語從句,根據從句的描書許多示威者;,我們便可推知elbow的詞意擠,擠過;。4、根據同義詞的替代關系猜測詞義在句子或段落種,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語,根據語言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。Although he ofte
11、n had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.作者為避免重復使用endanger一詞,用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它,由此推知其詞義為使. . . 陷入危險,危及、危害;。Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental
12、to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.句中detrimental四個生詞,但判斷出harmful替代detrimental后,不難推斷出其詞義為不利的,有害的;。三、外部相關因素外部相關因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知識。有時僅靠分析篇章內在邏輯關系無法猜出詞義。這時,就需要運用生活經驗和普通常識確定詞義。Husband: it‘s really cold out tonight.Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace?根據生活經驗,天氣寒冷時,手肯定是凍僵的,凍得麻木的;。The snake slithered through the grass.根據有關蛇的生活習性的知識,我們可以推斷出slither詞義為爬行;。http:/