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1、Period Learning notes for Word power & Grammar and usage【 Learning goals】1.Learning new words: discourage; consider2.Learning new sentence patterns: speaking of; rather than3.Learning grammar: To infinitive; Bare infinitive; Verb-ing form as a noun【 Language focus】詞匯 -1. discourage vt. 使 氣 ，使 失做 的信心

2、；打消（做 的念 ）， 阻【教材原句】Mum discourages me from chatting on line. (P11)【例句研 】翻 句子(1)Hisreplytomyrequestdiscouragedme._(2)Herparentstriedtodiscourageherfrombecomingasinger._【自主 】 性 化adj.discouraged_不要泄氣。discouraging_考 果令人灰心。n.discouragement1) /U/ 泄氣，灰心2) /U/阻止，阻 ， 阻3) /C/ 使人泄氣的事物，挫折_盡管遇到 么多挫折，她仍不氣 。反 ： en

3、courage鼓勵(lì)_鼓勵(lì)某人做某事詞匯 -2. consider v. 考 ;；將 ， ，以 【教材原句】So, I consideringm making a change. (P11)【例句研 】翻 句子We considered his suggestion and accepted it._He is considering studying abroad._I consider him to be my best friend._He considers himself intelligent._【自主 1】 性 化n. consideration_考 adj. considerat

4、e_considerable_prep. considering_【自主 2】翻 句子據(jù) 他已 超 70 ，但從他的年 來看，他仍然很硬朗。I hear he is more than 70, but he is still very strong_.His age_, he is still very strong._, he is still very strong. (consideration)Everything _ , I don t think their needs are easy to meet at present.第 1頁_the best student in cla

5、ss, our monitor is to be sent to attend the competition.句型 -1.【教材原句】Speaking of friends, Ive met some nice people here in London(P9)【句法分析 】 speaking of prep. _ 到學(xué)校，你考得怎么 ？【 想 】As for / Talking of/ When it comes to句型 -2.【教材原句】 I decided to write rather than e-mail you about my new friend s because (P

6、9) 【句法分析 】rather than 表示客 事 ， 意 “是 而不是 ；與其 不如 ”。它 接的并列成分可以是名 、代 、形容 、介 (短 )、 名 、 分句、不定式、 等?！炯?鞏固】(1)He is an explorer rather than a sailor.You rather than I_ going to go camping.(2)We will have the meeting in the classroom_.我 是在教室里開會(huì)，不是在大 里。(3)She enjoys_.她喜 唱歌，而不喜 跳舞。(4)We should help him rather th

7、an_.是我 幫助他而不是他 幫助我 。(5)I decided to write rather than _.我決定寫信而不打 ?！?想 】would rather.than. =would rather than寧愿 而不愿 _她寧愿死也不愿失去孩子 。_, he would give up.與其在 差的條件下工作，他寧愿放棄。Grammar and usage( 一 ):To infinitive; Bare infinitive( 不定式 )基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu) : 式一般式完成式 行式完成 行式主動(dòng)to buildto have builtto be buildingto have bee

8、n building被動(dòng)to be builtto have been built 不定式的基本用法： 不定式能起名 、形容 和副 的作用，可在句中作主 、表 、 、 足 、定 和狀 用。1）不定式作 主語【例如】 To find the building took him a lot of time.To do that implies taking responsibility.當(dāng)主 ， 短 ，常用it 作形式主 ，而將不定式放到 的后面。第 2頁【例如】It is important for modern young people to master at least two forei

9、gn languages.It 作形式主語，不定式放在謂語動(dòng)詞之后常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中： It is 形容詞 （easy, important, difficult, foolish, convenient, unnecessary, right, wrong. ）（ for/of sb. ）不定式【例如】It is important for us young people to learn English and master it.It is wrong of you to make fun of those in trouble. It is + 名詞 (a pleasure, a pit

10、y, a pleasant thing, ones duty, an honor, a shame, a crime, awaste oftime/money, no easy job. ）不定式【例如】It is a waste of time to read that kind of trash.It as pleasure for someone to smoke cigarettes, but an unbearable suffering toothers. It takes （sb.） some time （ hours, months, a lot of time, patien

11、ce. ）不定式【例如】It takes me three hours to learn English each day.It took them half the night to get home in the snow.2）不定式作表語常 表 示 將 來 的 動(dòng) 作 ， 主 語 常 常 是 表 示 意 向 、 打 算 、 計(jì) 劃 的 詞 ， 如 wish, idea, task, purpose, duty, job 等?！纠纭縃er duty is to take good care of the baby.Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it kno

12、wn that much of his collection _ to thenation.A) has leftB) is to leaveC) leavesD) is to be left3) 不定式作賓語 不 定 式 常 在 下 列 動(dòng) 詞 后 面 作 賓 語 ： decide/determine, attempt, learn, want,expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/ beg, help, afford, happen, wait 等。

13、【例如】We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.Tom happened to be talking when the teacher came in.There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means_ trouble.A ） makingB） to makeC） to have madeD ） having made “ wh不定式 ”不 定 式 前 加 一 個(gè) 疑 問 代 詞 (what,which,who,

14、whom,whose) 或 疑 問 副 詞（ where, when, how, why ），或連詞 whether 構(gòu)成特殊的不定式短語，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)從句，這樣的不定式短語常在某些動(dòng)詞后面作賓語。常見的可以接這種不定式短語的動(dòng)詞有： know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, hear, imagine, learn, inquire, observe, remember, think, wonder, understand 等。第 3頁【例如】I couldn t

15、decide which book to choose.I can tell you where to get this book.“ wh不定式 ” 構(gòu)除了作 外， 可以在句中作主 或者表 。 常跟形式 的 有些及物 （如：consider, feel, make, find, belie ve, know, regard）需要后接 “ +賓補(bǔ) ”意思才完整。作 的 不定式常用it 替代，而不定式移到 足 后?！纠纭縒e think it important to obey the law.I know it impossible to finish so much homework in

16、 a day.They found it hard to get along with him.4) 不定式作主 或 足 。 ： He persuaded me to buy a second-hand car. 似的有：tell sb to do sthask sb to do sthrequire sb to do sthwish sb to do sthwould like sb to do sthexpect sb to do sthwant sb to do sthallow sb to do sthadvise sb to do sthorder sb to do sthget s

17、b to do sthforce sb to do sthenable sb to do sthappeal to sb to do sthencourage sb to do sth( 不可用 hope sb to do sth；不可用 demand sb to do)主 ：常用于下列 構(gòu)：sb be said/ believed/ known/ reported/ considered/ found + 不定式【例如】 Loulan is generally considered to have been gradually covered over by sand fromAD 200

18、to AD 500.【典型例 】Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventingC. to have inventedD. havinginvented5) 不定式作定 不定式作定 ，與被修 之 在 上有 關(guān)系或主 關(guān)系。 些 不定式可能是及物的， 也可能是不及物的，要特 注意不要漏掉不定式短 末的介 。很多名 后可接不定式作定 ，如: ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage,decisi

19、on, determination,effort,force,intention,method, movement,need, opportunity,pressure, reason, right( 力 ), wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one,something 等?！纠纭?Could you find someone_?A. for me to play tennis withB. for me to play tennisC. play tennis withD. playing tennis【例

20、如】The pressure _ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them undera constant emotional strain.第 4頁A) to competeB) to be competedC) competingD) having competed6) 不定式作狀 常作目的狀 ， 可以使用 in order (not) to do 或 so as (not) to do。【例如】 The boy worked so hard in order to make up for the lost time._

21、 a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.A) To becomeB) BecomeC) One becomesD) On becoming 果狀 可以使用enough to,too to ,soas to,such as to 等 構(gòu)。【例如】 He is brave enough to go out alone at night.The box is too heavy to carry.She was in such a hurry as not to notice me.

22、她如此匆忙，以致沒有注意到我。She hurried home only to find her father dead. （不料、竟然）They waited for an hour, only to be told to come next time. 作方式狀 ，前面由as if / as though 引 ：【例如】 He opened his mouth as if to speak. 他 開嘴，好像要 。She stood up as if to leave. 她站了起來，好像要離開。7) 不定式 (短 )作獨(dú)立成分【例如】 To begin with ， I do not lik

23、e its colour.首先，我不喜 它的 色。To tell the truth ，the film was a great disappointment to me.To make things even worse ， we lost our map.常 的用作插入 的不定式短 有：to be brief 言之to be exact 確切地 to be frank 坦率地 to be sure 肯定地 to begin with 首先to conclude 最后8) 不定式的省略。 (to 不可省 )不定式在感官 see, hear, feel, watch, notice, look

24、 at, listen to, overhear, observe 和使役 have, make, let 后作 足 , 不定式省略to ?！纠纭?I watched him disappear in the distance.但 種句子如果 被 構(gòu)，有to【例如】 They were made to work day and night.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.介 but ,except, besides 后接不定式作 ，介 前有行 do , 不定式要省去 to。反之 , 不能省略?！纠纭縒e did nothing but/exc

25、ept wait then.I ve no choice but to stay here.【Feedback】1. The teacher told them _ so much noise.A. don t make B. not makeC. would not makeD. not to make2. If you think that treating a woman well means always _ her permission for things, think again.第 5頁A. getsB. gotC. to getD. getting3. As the twen

26、tieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting _.A. to useB. to be usedC. to have usedD. to be using4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not toB. not to doC. not do itD. do not to5. Lucy s new job pa

27、id twice as much as she had made _ in the restaurant.A. workingB. workC. to workD. worked6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A. to eat notB. eating notC. not to eatD. not eating7. I can t stand _with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while sheworks.A. working

28、stopping B. to work stopping C. working to stop D. to work tostop8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line.A. to risk goingB. risking to goC. for risk to goD. risk going9. _for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.A. BlameB. BlamedC. To blameD. To be blame

29、d10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood.A. growB. grewC. was growingD. to grow11. The sitting- room needs _, but it ll have to wait until Saturday.A. be cleaningB. to be cleanedC. cleanD. being cleaned12. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _by

30、 his little sister.A. cry ； to cryB. crying ； cryingC. cry ； cryD. to cry ； cry13. -You should have thanked her before you left- I meant _, but when I was leaving I couldn t find her anywhere.A. to doB. toC. doingD. doing to14. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had lef

31、t.A. to tellB. to be toldC. tellingD. told15. Paul doesn t have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learnB. to learnC. learnedD. learning16. There oremanys kinds of tape- recorders on sale that I can t make up my mind _ to buy.A. whatB. whichC. howD. where17. AIDS is saidthe biggest health challen

32、ge to both men and women in that area overthe past few years.A. that it isB. to beC. that is has beenD. to have been18. -Have you decided when _? -Yes, early tomorrow morning.第 6頁A. to leaveB. to be leavingC. will you leaveD. are you leaving19. Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, s

33、aying that he was not the one_.A blamedB blamingC to blameD to be blamed20. He doesn t know _ to stay or not.A. whetherB. ifC. eitherD. if he will21. She pretended _ me when I passed by.A. not to seeB. not seeingC. to not seeD. having not seen22. -The light in the office is still on. -Oh, I forgot _

34、.A. turning it offB. turn it offC. to turn it offD. having turned it off23.Did the book give the information you needed?Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book.A. to findB. findC. to findingD. finding24.Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening.A. to be takenB. to takeC. being takenD

35、. taking25.I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to goB. to have goneC. goingD. having gone26.Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong.A. admitB. admittedC. admittingD. to admit27.Go on _ the other exercise after you have fini

36、shed this one.A. to doB. doingC. withD. to be doing28.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest29.Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job.A. so not as toB. so as not toC. so as to notD. not so as to30.I v

37、e worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A. expectedB. to expectC. to be expectingD. expects31.He was busy writing a story, only _ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.A. to stopB. stoppingC. to have stoppedD. having stopped32.Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first

38、computer.A. to inventB. inventingC. to have inventedD. having invented33.He hurried to the booking office only_ that all the tickets had been sold out.A. to tellB. to be toldC. tellingD. told34.Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle.A. ride ； rideB. riding ； rideC. ride ； to r

39、ideD. to ride ； riding35.It s freezing outsideYou. _ put on your overcoat.A. had better toB. had betterC. would betterD. would better to第 7頁36. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sitB. sit onC. be sitD. be sat on37. I m hungry. Get me something _.A. eatB. to eatC

40、. eatingD. to be eaten38. - I usually go there by train.- Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try goingB. trying to goC. to try and goD. try going39. The last one _ pays the meal. Agreed!A. arrivedB. arrivesC. to arriveD. arriving40. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was repor

41、ted _ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.A. breakingB. having brokenC. to have brokenD. break41.They won t let their teacher _ in that way.A. to be treatedB. being treatedC. treatedD. be treated42.John, you must get your room _ after breakfast.A. to be cleanedB. to cleanC. cleaningD. clea

42、ned43.The problem _ at tomorrow s meeting is a very difficult one.A. being discussedB. discussedC. to be discussedD. to discuss44.He reached the station _ , only _ that the train had just left.A. tired ； learnedB. tiring ； learningC. to tire ； to learnD. tired ；to learn45.this cake, youll need 2 egg

43、s, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour.A. Having madeB. MakeC. To makeD. Making46.I m sorry I forgot _ your dictionary. Let s borrow one from Li Ming.A. to takeB. takingC. to bringD. bringing47.She couldn t decide which restaurant _.A. to have lunchB. to eatC. to eat atD. eating at48.The problem about peace

44、 process in Korea is said _ many times.A. to have been talkedB. to have discussedC. having been discussedD. to have been talked about49.Everybody believed the man _ away the diamond ring.A. be takenB. takingC. to takeD. to have taken50.At weekends I prefer _ rather than _ TV.A. read; watchB. to read

45、; watchC. reading; to watchD. to read; to watchGrammar and usage( 二 ): Verb-ing form as a noun （動(dòng)名詞）一、時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式(not) doing(not) being done第 8頁完成式(not) having done(not) having been done二、邏輯主語（復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中）名詞所有格：Mike sfailing the exam disappointed his mother.物主代詞： Your coming to the party made us all

46、very happy.Do you mind my / me smoking in the office?The newly-found evidence led tothe thief s / the thief being caught.三、句法作用（一） Verb-ing （短語）作主語：1、 Verb-ing （短語）作主語，區(qū)分主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)。如：Once you become a salesman, flying about will be part of your life.Being exposed to the radiations even a short while can

47、be very dangerous and harmful.2、 -ing 分詞（短語）作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Teaching is my job.3、在下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中，Verb-ing （短語）也作主語：通常為了避免句子主語過于冗長，用it 作形式主語。特別要注意如下結(jié)構(gòu)：It is useless (no use, no good) doing.It is a waste of time doing.It is worthwhile doing.It s no usecrying over the spilt milk.It s no goodputting away the old

48、books, which are of little value.It s nicetalking with you.和你談話很高興。（比較： It s niceto talk with you. ）（二） Verb-ing （短語）作賓語：1、作動(dòng)詞的賓語：我剛做完家庭作業(yè)。I finished doing my homework just now.Mr Green 建議向當(dāng)?shù)卣埱髱椭?。Mr. Green suggested turning to the local governmentfor help.接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的常見動(dòng)詞有：admit 承認(rèn)appreciate 感激avoid 避

49、免consider 考慮delay 耽誤deny 否認(rèn)enjoy 喜歡escape 逃脫finish 完成imagine 想象mind 介意miss 錯(cuò)過postpone 推遲 practice 訓(xùn)練prevent 阻止risk 冒險(xiǎn)suggest建議understand 理解stand 忍受forgive 寬恕keep 繼續(xù)dislike 討厭tolerate 容忍recommend 建議練一練：1) The patient must be separated to avoid _ others.A. infecting ( 感染 )B. being infectedC. to infect

50、D. having infected第 9頁2) We should often practise _ English with each other.A. to speakB. spokeC. speakD. speaking含有介 的短 后接Verb-ing （短 ）作 。常 的 短 有：think ofgive upaim atput offinsist onbe good atkeep onsucceed infeel likeset about 等以下短 中to 作介 ：be used todevote oneself tostick torespond tolook forward

51、 toseetoget down tocontribute toin addition tolead topay attention todue torefertothanks to 等 一 ：1) Although punctual （準(zhǔn) ） himself, the professor was quite used _ late for his lecture.A. to have studentsB. for students beingC. for students to beD.tostudentsbeing2) We are both looking forward to _ ne

52、xt week.A. going on vacationB. go on vacationC. go on a vacationD.goingonavacation3) His parents insist on _ to college.A. he should goB. he goC. his goingD. him to go4) He devoted his life to _ the atomic （原子） theory.A. studyB. be studiedC. studyingD. have studied2、下列 可以接 名 或不定式表示不同意 。如： forget / r

53、emember / regret doing（忘了/ 得/ 后悔做 ）forget / remember / regret to do（忘 / 得/ 憾要做 ）*我忘了已將你的信寄出去了。I forgot posting your letter.*我忘了 你寄信。I forgot to post your letter.*Have you forgotten _ $1000 from me last month? Willyou please remember_ it tomorrow?A. borrowing; to bringB. to borrow; bringC. borrowed;

54、bringingD. borrowing;bringing mean doing （意味著 ） mean to do. （打算做 ）*Being early may mean wasting a little time.*你真的想走 ？Do you really mean to leave? try doing （ 著做 ） try to do （努力做 ）*既然沒人開 ，干嘛不 著敲一下后 呢？第 10 頁Since nobody answered the door, why not try knocking at the backdoor? stop doing （停止做 ）stop to do （停下來去做另一件事）*我 他戒煙