電話機(jī)話筒蓋塑料注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)【一模一腔】【側(cè)抽芯】【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD+PROE】,一模一腔,側(cè)抽芯,說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD+PROE,電話機(jī)話筒蓋塑料注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)【一模一腔】【側(cè)抽芯】【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD+PROE】,電話機(jī),話筒,麥克風(fēng),塑料,注塑,模具設(shè)計(jì),說(shuō)明書(shū),仿單,cad,proe 西安工業(yè)大學(xué)北方信息工程學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告 題目：電話機(jī)蓋塑料模設(shè)計(jì) 系 （部）： 機(jī)電信息系 專(zhuān) 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班 級(jí)： B070203 學(xué) 生： 曹亢 學(xué) 號(hào)： B07020301 指導(dǎo)教師： 王麗君 2010年11月25日 一、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目背景、研究意義及國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究情況。 1、課題名稱(chēng) 電話機(jī)話筒蓋塑料模設(shè)計(jì) 2、課題研究背景和意義 塑料注射模具是成型塑料制件的一種重要工藝裝備，在塑料制品的生產(chǎn)中起著關(guān)鍵的作用，利用PRO/E軟件進(jìn)行塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)是目前較為先進(jìn)的塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)方法，在生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中得到了較為廣泛的應(yīng)用。本次設(shè)計(jì)通過(guò)對(duì)電話機(jī)話筒蓋這一具體塑件利用PRO/E進(jìn)行模具設(shè)計(jì)，使學(xué)生掌握塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)的基本原則、方法，并能較為熟練的使用PRO/E、AUTOCAD軟件，為今后從事設(shè)計(jì)工作打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。 目前，我國(guó)塑料模具行業(yè)日趨大型化，而且精度將越來(lái)越高。10年前，精密塑料模具的精度一般為5μｍ，現(xiàn)在已達(dá)2－3μｍ。不久，1μｍ精度的模具將上市。專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為，我國(guó)塑料模具行業(yè)要進(jìn)一步發(fā)展多功能復(fù)合模具，一套多功能模具除了沖壓成型零件外，還擔(dān)負(fù)疊壓、攻絲、鉚接和鎖緊等組裝任務(wù)。通過(guò)這種多功能的模具生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的不再是成批零件，而是成批的組件，如觸頭與支座的組件、各種微小電機(jī)、電器及儀表的鐵芯組件等。多色和多材質(zhì)塑料成形模具也將有較快發(fā)展。這種模具縮短了產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)周期，今后在不同領(lǐng)域?qū)⒌玫桨l(fā)展和應(yīng)用。 隨著熱流道技術(shù)的日漸推廣應(yīng)用，熱流道模具在塑料模具中的比重將逐步提高。采用熱流道技術(shù)的模具可提高制件的生產(chǎn)率和質(zhì)量，并能大幅度節(jié)約制件的原材料，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用在國(guó)外發(fā)展很快，已十分普遍。隨著塑料成型工藝的不斷改進(jìn)與發(fā)展，氣輔模具及適應(yīng)高壓注射成型工藝的模具將隨之發(fā)展。 有關(guān)專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為，模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的應(yīng)用將日漸廣泛，模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化及模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的應(yīng)用能極大地影響模具制造周期。使用模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件不但能縮短模具制造周期，而且能提高模具質(zhì)量和降低模具制造成本。同時(shí)，快速經(jīng)濟(jì)模具的前景十分廣闊。另外采用計(jì)算機(jī)控制和機(jī)械手操作的快速換模裝置、快速試模裝置技術(shù)也會(huì)得到發(fā)展和提高。隨著人類(lèi)社會(huì)的不斷進(jìn)步，模具必然會(huì)向更廣泛的領(lǐng)域和更高水平發(fā)展。現(xiàn)在，能把握機(jī)遇、開(kāi)拓市場(chǎng)，不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)新的增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)的模具企業(yè)和能生產(chǎn)高技術(shù)含量模具企業(yè)的業(yè)務(wù)很是紅火，利潤(rùn)水平和職工收入都很好。因此，模具企業(yè)應(yīng)把握這個(gè)趨向，不斷提高綜合素質(zhì)和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。 本設(shè)計(jì)旨在鍛煉學(xué)生在專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)應(yīng)用能力上達(dá)到培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的基本要求，在塑料成型工藝與塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)方面得到全面提高，并受到模具設(shè)計(jì)工程師的基本訓(xùn)練。 3、國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究情況 塑料模具的發(fā)展是隨著塑料工業(yè)的發(fā)展而發(fā)展的。近年來(lái)，人們對(duì)各種設(shè)備和用品輕量化及美觀和手感的要求越來(lái)越高，這就為塑料制品提供了更為廣闊的市場(chǎng)。塑料制品要發(fā)展，必然要求塑料模具隨之發(fā)展。汽車(chē)、家電、辦公用品、工業(yè)電器、建筑材料、電子通信等塑料制品主要用戶行業(yè)近年來(lái)都高位運(yùn)行，發(fā)展迅速，因此，塑料模具也快速發(fā)展。 在生產(chǎn)量高速增長(zhǎng)的情況下，中國(guó)塑料模具水平也有很大提高 (1)、模具產(chǎn)品將向著更大型、更精密、更復(fù)雜及更經(jīng)濟(jì)快速方向發(fā)展；模具生產(chǎn)將朝著信息化、無(wú)圖化、精細(xì)化、自動(dòng)化方向發(fā)展；模具企業(yè)將向著技術(shù)集成化、設(shè)備精良化、產(chǎn)品品牌化、管理信息化、經(jīng)營(yíng)國(guó)際化方向發(fā)展。 (2)、模具CAD／CAE／CAM／PDM正向集成化、三維化、智能化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化和信息化方向發(fā)展?？旖莞咚俚男畔⒒瘯r(shí)代將帶領(lǐng)模具行業(yè)進(jìn)入新時(shí)代。 (3)、模具的質(zhì)量、周期、價(jià)格、服務(wù)四要素中，已有越來(lái)越多的用戶將周期放在首位，要求模具盡快交貨，因此模具生產(chǎn)周期將繼續(xù)不斷縮短。 (4)、大力提高開(kāi)發(fā)能力，將開(kāi)發(fā)工作盡量往前推，直至介入到模具用戶的產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)中去，甚至在尚無(wú)明確的用戶對(duì)象之前進(jìn)行開(kāi)發(fā)(這需要在有較大把握和敢冒一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的情況下進(jìn)行)，變被動(dòng)為主動(dòng)。以及“你給我一個(gè)概念，我還你一個(gè)產(chǎn)品”的一站式服務(wù)模式都已成為發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 (5)、隨著模具企業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和加工水平的提高，過(guò)去以鉗工為核心，大量依靠技藝的現(xiàn)象已有了很大變化。在某種意義上說(shuō)：? “模具是一種工藝品”的概念正在被“模具是一種高新技術(shù)工業(yè)產(chǎn)品”所替代，模具“上下模單配成套”的概念正在被? “只裝不配"的概念所替代。模具正從長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)主要依靠技藝而變?yōu)榻窈笾饕揽考夹g(shù)。這不但是一種生產(chǎn)手段的改變，也是一種生產(chǎn)方式的改變，更是一種觀念的改變。這一趨向使得模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度不斷提高，模具精度越來(lái)越高，生產(chǎn)周期越來(lái)越短，鉗工比例越來(lái)越低，最終促使整個(gè)模具工業(yè)水平不斷提高。 (6)、高速加工、復(fù)合加工、精益生產(chǎn)、敏捷制造及新材料、新工藝、新技術(shù)將不斷得到發(fā)展。 設(shè)計(jì)的電話機(jī)話筒蓋零件圖見(jiàn)圖1： 圖一 設(shè)計(jì)的電話機(jī)話筒蓋模型見(jiàn)圖2 圖二 3、研究方法、手段第1頁(yè) ： 本設(shè)計(jì)題目涉及目標(biāo)均為工程實(shí)際零件，通過(guò)對(duì)塑件的實(shí)體測(cè)繪，完成基本參數(shù)的采集，然后運(yùn)用《塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)》、《塑料成型工藝》等知識(shí)，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生利 用Pro/E軟件完成模具結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)，并進(jìn)行相關(guān)的校核計(jì)算，完成包括選材熱處理、制造工藝規(guī)程、可行性分析等工作。本設(shè)計(jì)旨在鍛煉學(xué)生在專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)應(yīng)用能力上達(dá)到培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的基本要求，在塑料成型工藝與塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)方面得到全面提高，并受到模具設(shè)計(jì)工程師的基本訓(xùn)練。 三.預(yù)期成果形式。 ① 實(shí)驗(yàn)（時(shí)數(shù)）*或?qū)嵙?xí)（天數(shù)）： 3天 ② 圖紙（幅面和張數(shù)）*： 不少于3張0號(hào)圖紙 ③ 其他要求： 英文翻譯漢字字?jǐn)?shù)在3000字以上；中文文獻(xiàn)不得少于15篇，外文文獻(xiàn)不少于3篇 四.本課題研究的重點(diǎn)及難點(diǎn)，前期已開(kāi)展工作。 1、重點(diǎn)及難點(diǎn): 本課題研究的重點(diǎn)是模具總體結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化選擇,應(yīng)用相關(guān)軟件進(jìn)行零件圖和裝配圖繪制,以及對(duì)模具結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行三維剖析輸出開(kāi)合模具結(jié)構(gòu)圖.難點(diǎn)在于抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)和總體方案的優(yōu)化選擇,以及模具三維結(jié)構(gòu)剖析和開(kāi)合模具圖輸出. 2、前期工作： （1）查閱了相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)資料為設(shè)計(jì)做好準(zhǔn)備； （2）完成模具三維圖的繪制、文獻(xiàn)綜述； （3）完成了零件圖的測(cè)繪及其工藝性分析； （4）進(jìn)行了模具結(jié)構(gòu)的分析，擬訂了兩套備選結(jié)構(gòu)方案。 五、完成本課題的工作方案及進(jìn)度計(jì)劃（按周次填寫(xiě)）。 1）1-4周，下達(dá)任務(wù)書(shū)，收集資料，分析塑件零件圖，撰寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告； 2）5-10周，完成方案設(shè)計(jì)、裝配圖設(shè)計(jì)，完成外文翻譯、撰寫(xiě)中期報(bào)告； 3）11-15周，完成全部零件設(shè)計(jì)，并對(duì)模具結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行三維剖析，作出模具開(kāi)合結(jié)構(gòu)圖； 4）16-17周，撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文 5）18周，整理資料，準(zhǔn)備答辯。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 張克惠，注塑模設(shè)計(jì)，西北工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社，1955年1月 [2] 模具實(shí)用技術(shù)叢書(shū)編委會(huì)，塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)制造與應(yīng)用實(shí)例，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 [3] 葛正浩，楊芙蓮，Pro/E塑料制品設(shè)計(jì)入門(mén)與實(shí)踐，化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 [4] 徐政坤，塑料成型工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)，北京：國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社，2008 [5] 李秦蕊，塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)，西北工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社，2006 [6] 王樹(shù)勛，蘇樹(shù)珊模具實(shí)用技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)綜合手冊(cè)，華南理工大學(xué)出版社， 2003 [7] 凱德Pro/ENGINEER，中國(guó)野火版4.0， 中國(guó)青年出版社，2008 [8] 申開(kāi)智，塑料成型模具，中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社，2002 [9] 陳劍鶴，模具設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2003 [10] 陳萬(wàn)林，實(shí)用模具技術(shù)，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2000 [11] 陳志剛，塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2002 [12] Frank W. Wilson, Philip D. Harvey & Charles B. Gump. 2nd ed. Die design handbook[M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company.1965 [13] 大連組合機(jī)床研究所，組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì) 第一冊(cè) 機(jī)械部分，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1978.2 [14] 廖念釗，古瑩蓭，莫雨松，互換性技術(shù)與測(cè)量，第五版，北京：中國(guó)計(jì)量出版社，2007.6 [15] 許曉旸，專(zhuān)用機(jī)床設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)，重慶：重慶大學(xué)出版社，2003.7 [16] 李慶余，張佳，機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì)，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2003.8 [17] 大連組合機(jī)床研究所，組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)參考圖冊(cè)，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1975.11 [18] Kollmann F. G. Rotating Elasto-Plastic Interference Fits. Trans. ASME, 80-C2/DET-11. [19] Mechanical Drive(Reference Issue). Machine Design.52(14),1980 [20] Rajput R K. Elements of Mechanical Engineering.Katson Publ.House,1985 A Branch and Bound Algorithm Based Process-Planning System for Plastic Injection Mould Bases （ Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2001) 18:624-6322001 Springer-Verlag London Limited） P. Y. Gan, K. S. Lee and Y. F. Zhang （ Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore） This paper describes the use of artificial intelligence in the process planning of plastic injection mould bases. The computer-aided process-planning system, developed for IMOLD will extract and identify the operations required for machining.These operations are considered together with their precedence constraints and the available machines before the process plan for the mould base plate is generated. The process plan is optimised by a branch and bound based algorithm. Overallmachining time has been proposed as the objective function for optimisation. The ability of this algorithm to search intelligently for a feasible optimised solution is illustrated by an industrial case study. A brief comparison with a genetic algorithm based process planning system is also made. The result of this development will allow users to optimise process plans easily for any given mould base, with options to suit dynamic changes on the manufacturing shop floor. Keywords: Branch and bound algorithm; Computer-aided process-planning (CAPP); Optimisation; Plastic injection mould base 1. Introduction Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) has received much attention in recent years. It has long been identified as the bridge between computer-aided design (CAD) and computeraided manufacturing (CAM) systems to achieve a fully automated factory. Despite the need, insufficient CAPP systems have been developed for the different industries requiring them. This work focuses on developing a CAPP system for mould base makers. At present, most process planning for the production of mould bases is done manually. The process plans depend very much on the decisions of the process planner. The introduction of CAPP systems should ensure consistently good process plans with more comprehensive consideration ofthe manufacturing parameters. CAPP systems are required in industry for the following reasons: 1. Mould base companies are receiving an increasing number of requests to manufacture customised mould bases, in which additional features are added to a standard mould base. Therefore, extra operations are required to create these new features. Usually, standard mould bases have a predetermined process plan, which is optimised for the amount of machining required. As new operations are added, this optimised process plan is disrupted and manual process planning is unable to keep up with the changes. CAPP systems are able to re-optimise the process plan constantly to ensure optimality of the process plans used. 2. Overall shop floor conditions should be taken into accountduring process planning. Manual process planning is unableto consider all shop floor changes and apply them efficiently. Only CAPP systems allow rigorous consideration of optimisation. The goal of this work is to develop a CAPP system for process planning mould bases. PDF 文件使用 pdfFactory Pro 試用版本創(chuàng)建 IMOLD (Intelligent Mold Design) is a knowledge-based application software developed at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, NUS to facilitate plastic injection mould design. The system is an addition to IMOLD , and it process plans the mould bases created using IMOLD . Databases of machines, tools, precedence constraints, and the model part file are read together with real-time inputs of machine availability during process planning. An operator is required to enter the customised features and a process plan is then generated using some form of artificial intelligence. The branch and bound technique is the chosen search algorithm here. This paper presents the operation of a flexible CAPP system aimed at assisting process planners in more comprehensive considerations during operations planning. A brief literature survey is provided of some forms of artificial intelligence used in process planning and related work in this field. Problem formulation and the branch and bound algorithm implemented are included in the following sections. Lastly, a case study demonstrates the usability and potential of this system. A comparison between branch and bound based CAPP and genetic algorithm based CAPP is shown in a second case study. 2. Background Process planning is the preparation of a set of detailed instructions for all the steps required to create the final product from a piece of raw material 1. The quality of a process plan depends very much on the skills of the process planner, as extensive knowledge of the available tools, the machines and the operations needed to create a part is required 2. A CAPP system is therefore seen as an important tool for assisting in process planning. A CAPP system should optimise a part for all possible methods of manufacturing. However, many reported CAPP systems are not able to generate globally optimised process plans 3. As a result, there has been an increasing use of artificial intelligence to search for global solutions 4,5. Many of the reported methods involve only feature sequencing without including details of the operations required 6,7. Details of the operations are necessary for allocating shop floor resources for performing the operations. The performance measure is the objective function to be maximised or minimised in all optimisation problems. For process planning, the objective is either to minimise time, cost, or sometimes both. There is a variety of work done using cost as the performance measure 8. However, there is also a range of cost models that can be used to consider and calculate cost 9,10, but there is no universal method to account for costs. It is known that to minimise work-in-progress and the flowtime of jobs in a job shop, process plans with the least overall machining time should be used 11. We therefore use time, as it is a more definite basis on which to quantify the quality of generated process plans. This choice is further justified, as the delivery time of mould bases is very important in mouldmaking industries. An exhaustive sequential search for a process plan solution leads to unacceptable computation times when a large number of operations are required. This work uses a branch and bound algorithm to search intelligently for the optimal or near optimal process plan. The branch and bound algorithm is a well-known search algorithm for implicit enumeration of the search space 12. Its use as an artificial intelligence method has been reported widely in the areas of scheduling, process planning, and problem solving 13. Some work has been reported using the branch and bound technique for process PDF 文件使用 pdfFactory Pro 試用版本創(chuàng)建 planning 14 16. However, the nature of process plans in those works is different from the process planning required for the mould making industry. This work uses the branch and bound technique to process plan all the operations considering all tool access directions on all the available machines and tools for each mould base plate. To the best of our knowledge, such a level of consideration has not been dealt with in other related studies. 3. Problem Formulation A process-planning problem is constrained to the number of operations, precedence relations, machines, machining direction, and tools. The optimised solution is a way to sequence the operations with their associated machines to produce a process plan, which takes the least possible production time. 3.1 Process Planning Model The information required for optimisation is extracted from mould bases modelled using IMOLD剖 . This database of operations, machines, machining direction, tools, and precedence constraints is used for process planning together with machine availability. A schematic representation of this model is shown in Fig. 1 and the following assumptions are made: 1. Only one operation can be processed by one machine at a time. 2. All the machines can access the part at only one particular face. If machining is to be done on another face, the part has to be taken down and set-up time has to be incurred to replace the part facing a different direction. 3. Cranes or robots are available at all times. No waiting time is allowed for time wasted while waiting for machinery or labour to move the parts. Customised features require the process planner to input the necessary data manually. This is because a single feature can be created by many possible methods and this allows the process planner more control over the system. The assigned operations and the final generated process plan should satisfy the following conditions: 1. The features of the mould base plate are recognised with the operations assigned to them. The operations assigned should produce the desired shape, dimension, tolerance, and finish to the feature. PDF 文件使用 pdfFactory Pro 試用版本創(chuàng)建 2. The sequence of operations obtained from the process plan should not violate any precedence relations governing the operations. 3. Operations can only be carried out on available machines with the available tools, which are capable of machining that particular feature. The process plan obtained should include the number of operations to be carried out, the sequence of these operations, the machines, machining direction, and corresponding tools used. Such details are necessary so that time can be saved for operations to be carried out on a particular machine using the same set-up. For example, a blind hole must be drilled in the x direction whereas a through hole can be drilled from the x or x directions. It can be seen by considering just thesetwo operations, that the process plan should try to perform these two operations on the same machine from the x direction so that extra set-up time is not incurred. 3.2 The Objective Function To quantify the objective function, which is the overall machining time (OMT), we use a calculation framework similar to that used by Zhang et al. 17. The objective function is calculated for each successive sequence of the process plans and the sequence that yields the minimum OMT will be taken as the final process plan. There are 3 areas which contribute to the calculation of OMT, and they are machine set-up times, machining direction set-up times, and machining times. 3.2.1 Machine Set-up Time Machine set-up time (MST) is considered whenever there is a change of machines between two operations. It is defined as the time required to move between machines and PDF 文件使用 pdfFactory Pro 試用版本創(chuàng)建 the set-up time of the mould baseplate onto the machine in a particular direction. It is defined for a total of all n operations as Mi refers to the machine selected to process operation i,MSTIi refers to the machine set-up time index for the machine used in operation i, and n is the number of operations selected for the whole series of operations identified from the mould features. 3.2.2 Machining Direction Set-up Time Machining direction set-up time (MDST) is the time required to change the orientation of the mould baseplate on the same machine. MDST is calculated only when there is a change in machining direction, but no change of machine between the two operations. It is defined as, MDi is the machining direction selected to process operation i and MDSTIi is the machining direction set-up time index for the machine used in operation i. MDSTIi and MSTIi are related by the difference in time to move the part between the old and new machine. MSTIi = MDSTIi (4) + (Time to move part between machines) As no waiting time for the cranes or robots is assumed, we take MDSTIi and MSTIi to be the same. 4.Conclusions This paper illustrates a branch and bound based CAPP system It considers operation sequencing, machines, machining direc-tions, and tools, and is able to provide a detailed process plan. It can be customised easily to account for tool change time and to accommodate different environments. The system offers a comprehensive shop floor consideration in its optimisation of overall machining time. PDF 文件使用 pdfFactory Pro 試用版本創(chuàng)建 The case study has achieved good process plans that are capable of readjusting operation sequences to accommodate any shop floor changes. The computation times required to achieve the solution for actual mould baseplates are found to be reasonable for process planning purposes. Comparison with the GA based system has proved that the branch and bound based system is able to match the GA based system for most problems, and obtains good solutions faster. The module offers an approach to suit dynamic changes and is more adaptable than approaches which assume a fixed shop floor environment. Development of the CAPP system will allow quantitative comparisons to be made between different generated process plans and help to evaluate manufacturing processes better. In the future, other performance measures such as costs and also the use of this module for more complex parts will be explored. References 1. C. B. Besant and C. W. K. Lui, Computer-Aided Design and Manufacture, 3rd edn, Ellis Horwood, 1986. 2.T. C. Chang, Expert Process Planning for Manufacturing, Addison- Wesley, 1990. 3. M. C. Kayacan, I. H. Filiz, A. I. So nmez, A. Baykasoglu and T. Dereli. “ OPPS-ROT: an optimised process planning system for rotational parts” , Computers in Industry, 32, pp. 181 95, 1996. 4. D. T. Pham and P. T. N. Pham, “ Artificial intelligence in engineering” ,International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 39, pp. 937 949, 1999. PDF 文件使用 pdfFactory Pro 試用版本創(chuàng)建 5. C. Leung Horris, “ Annotated bibliography on computer-aided process planning” , International Journal of Manufacturing Technology” ,12, pp. 309 329, 1996. 6. Jo zsef Va ncza and Andra s Ma rkus, “ Experiments with the integration of reasoning, optimisation and generalisation in process planning” , Advances in Engineering Software, 25, pp. 29 39, 1996. 7. Philip Husbands, Frank Mill and Stephen Warrington, “ Generating optimal process plans from first principles” , in Expert Systems for Management and Engineering, Chapter 8. Balagurusamy and Howe (Ed), Ellis Horwood Publishers, 1990. 8. D. Kiritsis, K.-P. Neuendorf and P. Xirouchakis. “ Petri net techniques for process planning cost estimation” , Advances in Engineering Software, 30(6), pp. 375 387, June 1999. 9. C. Ou-Yang and T. S. Lin, Developing an integrated framework for feature-based early manufacturing cost estimation. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 13(9) pp. 618 629, 1997. 10. A. Liebers and H. J. J. Kals, Cost decision support in product design, CIRP Annals, 46(1), pp. 107 112, 1997. 11. K. R. Baker, Introduction to Sequencing and Scheduling, Wiley, New York, 1974. 12. J. Blazewicz, K. H. Ecker, G. Schmidt and J. Weglarz, Scheduling in Computer and Manufacturing Systems, 2nd rev. edn, Springer-Verlag, PDF 文件使用 pdfFactory Pro 試用版本創(chuàng)建 1994. 13. J. L. Laurilere, “ Problem solving and artificial intelligence” , Prentice Hall, New York, 1990. 14. Y. M. Kyoung, K. K. Cho and C. S. Jun, “ Optimal tool selection for pocket machining in process planning” , Computers and Industrial Engineering, 33(3 4), pp. 505 508, December 1997. 15. J. Duflou, J. -P. Kruth and D. Van Oudheusden, “ Algorithms for the design verification and automatic process planning for bent sheet metal parts” , CIRP Annals, 48(1), pp. 405 408, 1999. 16. J. R. Duflou, D. Van Oudheusden, J.-P. Kruth and D. Cattrysse, “ Methods for the sequencing of sheet metal bending operations” ,International Journal of Production Research, 37(14), pp. 3185 3202, 1999. 17. F. Zhang, Y. F. Zhang and A. Y. C. Nee, “ Using geneticalgorithms in process planning for job shop machining” , IEEETransactions on Evolutionary Computation, 1(4), pp. 278 289,November 1997. 18. C. Y. Hung, K. S. Lee, M. Rahman and Y. F. Zhang, “ Mold base process planning by genetic algorithm” 1st International Conference on Die and Mold Technology, pp. 233 243 Beijing, P.R. China, 26 28 July 2000. PDF 文件使用 pdfFactory Pro 試用版本創(chuàng)建