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1、第 39講 閱 讀 理 解 在近3年遼寧各地市的中考試題中，閱讀理解大多數(shù)地方均為4篇，在形式上以選擇型(4選1)為主要類型，并且大部分地區(qū)都會涉及一定量的圖畫或表格，以增強(qiáng)試題的趣味性。各地話題涉及廣泛，文體以記敘文和說明文為主，少量涉及議論文，詞數(shù)均在200左右。記敘文的話題以故事類為主，包括教育故事、情感故事、哲理故事等，以道德教育為目的，每年至少有2篇涉及該話題，約占閱讀理解所有考查話題的50%。預(yù)計(jì)2017年仍會涉及該話題。 廣告圖表類閱讀理解的考查約占閱讀理解所有考查話題的25%。這類話題一方面增加了試題的趣味性，另一方面貼近生活實(shí)際，能教會學(xué)生一些英語在生活中的運(yùn)用。分析近三年遼

2、寧試題可知，廣告圖表類涉及較多的是34組不同的小廣告或圖表組合，也會偶爾涉及某一個(gè)海報(bào)或某一則信息，所涉及的內(nèi)容多貼近人們的社會生活，或是一些奇聞軼事。預(yù)計(jì)2017年仍會涉及該形式。說明文以介紹類為主，包括飲食健康、咨詢建議、文化風(fēng)俗、科普知識、社會熱點(diǎn)、人物介紹、廣告信息等，內(nèi)容涉及廣泛，以了解知識為目的。每年中考試題中至少有1篇涉及該話題，約占閱讀理解所有考查話題的25%。預(yù)計(jì)2017年仍會涉及該話題。 中考英語“閱讀理解”題主要是考查考生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言知識的能力。很多同學(xué)在做題時(shí)常常有一種“讀得懂做不對”的感覺。那么有必要對閱讀理解這種題型及其解題技巧作一些簡要的分析。從近幾年的中考閱

3、讀理解情況看，短文體裁多樣，題材各異，文章涉及科學(xué)知識、社會文化、政治歷史、人文環(huán)境和日常生活等方面，充分體現(xiàn)其時(shí)代性、實(shí)用性。短文難度逐年加大。常見考查點(diǎn)有主旨大意題、細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測題。做閱讀理解練習(xí)應(yīng)先看問題，弄清考點(diǎn)。在閱讀短文之前，快速瀏覽問題，以便在閱讀短文時(shí)做到心中有數(shù)，快速、準(zhǔn)確地捕捉所需信息。其次要注意先易后難。做題時(shí)不必拘泥于書中所呈現(xiàn)的語篇順序，應(yīng)遵循先易后難的原則。如可先做細(xì)節(jié)題再做推斷題，因?yàn)榧?xì)節(jié)題大多能直 接從文中找到答案，而推斷題則需對短文進(jìn)行深層理解，再作判斷。 (一)主旨大意題主旨大意題主要考查考生對文章主題思想的領(lǐng)會和理解能力。在解答此類題目

4、時(shí)，不能僅憑文中的只言片語斷章取義，涉及文章的標(biāo)題、結(jié)論等有關(guān)問題，都要在細(xì)讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合所學(xué)知識進(jìn)行邏輯推理判斷，從而獲取文章中的內(nèi)在信息。短文往往回繞主題句展開，主題句通常出現(xiàn)在短文的第一句或最后一句。各段的主題句通常出現(xiàn)在各段的首句。主旨大意題主要的設(shè)問方式有：Whats the main idea of this passage?What does the passage mainly tell us? What does the passage mainly discuss?The writer means to tell us that _The main idea of t

5、he passage is that _The passage is mainly about _From the passage we can learn/conclude that _The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with _Whats the best title for the passage?What would be the best title for the passage? The best title for the passage is _ (二)細(xì)節(jié)理解題細(xì)節(jié)理解題要注意同義不同句。利用題目的關(guān)鍵詞(多為人名、地名、數(shù)字

6、及其他專有名詞)，尋找文中對應(yīng)詞，在對應(yīng)詞周圍找答案或直接在文中搜索答案，對號入座。這類試題是針對文章中的細(xì)節(jié)而設(shè)計(jì)的。細(xì)節(jié)題在閱讀理解中占比重很大，閱讀時(shí)要特別注意以下幾點(diǎn)：首先，閱讀時(shí)利用這類關(guān)鍵詞和詞組that is to say，above all，especially，mainly等，把握文章的思路和脈絡(luò)。另外，在問題的選項(xiàng)中表示絕對意義的詞least (最不)，always (總是)，never (永不)，all (所有)，none (一個(gè)也不)，any (任何) 和表示唯一性的詞匯only (只有)，just (僅僅)，往往是命題的陷阱，因此要多加注意。 其次，必須以原文提供的事

7、實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)和邏輯關(guān)系為依據(jù)，切忌把自己的觀點(diǎn)和看法與原文或作者的觀點(diǎn)、看法混為一談。最后，文章中的數(shù)字、日期、時(shí)間都是設(shè)題的重點(diǎn)，此類題目很少是文章中直接列出的數(shù)字或日期，通常需要做簡單的計(jì)算。細(xì)節(jié)理解類題目常見的設(shè)問方式有：Which of the following is true/false/mentioned?What does the writer pay the least attention to?Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.All of the following statements may

8、 be true/false except _Which of the following is not the result of.?Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of.? 【例1】(2016，鐵嶺) It was a summer day，a little leaf was crying sadly.“Whats wrong，little leaf？” the tree asked.“Its the wind，” said the little leaf，“he just told me that he

9、 would throw me on the ground to die one day.” “Dont be afraid，baby.” the tree said，“just hold on me，and you wont leave me until you are ready.” So the little leaf stopped crying，and went on singing and dancing.She grew happily all the summer.When autumn came，the little leaf saw all the leaves aroun

10、d her growing very beautiful.Some were yellow，some were brown，and others turned into different colors. Then the little leaf asked the tree what this meant.The tree said，“All these leaves are getting ready to fly away，and they have put on these colorful clothes to welcome their new lives.”After heari

11、ng the words，the little leaf began to prepare to leave like others.However，she saw that the tree had no bright colors.So the little leaf asked，“Oh，big tree! Why are you grey while we are all beautiful？”“Its the color of our working clothes，” said the tree kindly.“We must wear the clothes because we

12、havent finished our work，but your clothes are for holidays because your task is now over.”Just then a wind came and took the little leaf away.She flew happily in the sky and expected her new trip. 【文章大意】本文是一篇哲理故事。文章通過葉子和大樹之間的對話，旨在告訴我們奉獻(xiàn)的意義。1The little leaf was told _ would throw her on the ground to

13、 die.Athe wind Bthe treeCthe other leaves Dthe sky【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第二段首句可知，葉子告訴大樹，風(fēng)會把它刮到地上，直至死亡。答案：_A_ 2All the leaves _ when they were getting ready to fly away.Aturned greyBput on colorful clothesCcried sadlyDsang and danced happily【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第四段“All these leaves are getting ready to fly away，and they h

14、ave put on these colorful clothes to welcome their new lives.”可知葉子們在要飛走的時(shí)候，都穿上了五顏六色的衣服。答案：_B_ 3When the little leaf was getting ready to leave，she found _Athe tree became more beautifulBthe other leaves were cryingCshe herself turned yellowDthe tree had no bright colors【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第六段“However，she saw

15、 that the tree had no bright colors.”可知，在葉子準(zhǔn)備飛走的時(shí)候，她發(fā)現(xiàn)大樹沒有鮮艷的顏色。答案：_D_ 4At the end of the story，we can know the little leaf _Awas sad to leave Bwas happy to fly awayCgrew more beautiful Dstill grew on the tree【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從最后一段“Just then a wind came and took the little leaf away.She flew happily in the

16、 sky and expected her new trip.”可知，葉子高興地在天空中飛翔，并且期待著她的新旅行。答案：_B_ 5The passage is mainly about _Aa summer day Ba cruel windCa little leaf Da big tree【解析】主旨大意題。文章通過對葉子前后變化告訴我們奉獻(xiàn)的偉大之處。答案：_C_ At my primary school，I was one of the smartest kids there.I never studied，but always got perfect scores.I though

17、t I was born clever.At least I believed so.I was also a_prodigy in music according to myself.I could sing better than almost everyone else in my school.I was pretty sure that once I got to sixth grade，everyone would be surprised by me.But actually，they werent. When I arrived at my new class, I could

18、nt wait to show everyone what I could do.However，there was always someone else who could do them better.My grades began to suffer.More talented(有天資的) girls often sang solo(獨(dú)唱)I believed I wasnt smart.I believed I wasnt talented.I believed I was a failure.Over the next two years，I had to work very ha

19、rd.Every prize for the singing competition was given to me for hard work and effort.Grades were still very low but improving little by little.I worked really hard.However，I was never the best at everything.I havent realized until recently that I really dont have to be the best at everything.I was to

20、o hard on myself.In fact，when I did badly in a test，my classmates never laughed at me. No one is perfect.There will probably always be someone better than me at something.Anyway，there are about seven billion people in this world.I will never be the number one at everything，and thats really okay.1Wha

21、t does “a prodigy” probably mean in English?AA smart kid. BA crazy fan.CA common child. DA lazy girl.2When the writer was at the new class._Ashe lost her interest in musicBshe had difficulty in learningCshe surprised everyone in solosDshe got separated from friends 3What happened to the writer durin

22、g the next two years?AShe won many prizes without any effort.BShe found the best way to become perfect.CShe gave up trying because of the low scores.DShe failed to be perfect though she worked hard.4What has the writer realized recently?AThere is no success without effort.BBeing talented is the key

23、to success.CDont expect too much of yourself.DIts not necessary to care about the result. 5Which would be the best title for this passage?AWhen I wasnt perfectBMy past life as a young girlCHard work doesnt workDWhat to do when youre not perfect15.ABDCD (三)推理判斷題推斷題就是根據(jù)某個(gè)事實(shí)推斷結(jié)論的題型，主要考查學(xué)生的理解力和推斷力。這類推斷通

24、常包括：數(shù)據(jù)事實(shí)推斷、常識推斷以及作者的寫作目的、態(tài)度和傾向等的推斷。做此類題時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)短文中的相關(guān)語句，對與事實(shí)有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)加以分析，找出線索，悟出字里行間的意思，反復(fù)比較，從而作出合乎邏輯的判斷。推理判斷題主要的設(shè)問方式有：It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that.Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?The writer suggests that. The writer uses the example of.to

25、 show that. Whats the writers attitude toward.?Whats the writers purpose of writing the passage?From the passage，we know.The writer probably agrees that. (四)詞義猜測題詞義猜測題主要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文正確判斷靈活變化的詞義的能力。一般情況下，推斷詞義的題目中所出現(xiàn)的單詞，大多數(shù)是學(xué)生未曾見過的生詞，學(xué)生需要在該詞出現(xiàn)的上下文中去尋找線索。通過閱讀上下文，斷定該詞的真正含義，然后將這個(gè)釋義代入文中，檢查是否貼切，仔細(xì)比較直到得出該詞的確切的含

26、義。詞義猜測題主要的設(shè)問方式有：Whats the meaning of the underlined word/phrase.in Chinese?The underlined word.refers to/probably means.The underlined word.could be replaced by.What is the meaning of.? Which of the following words can take the place of the word.? 【例2】 (2016，營口)Head teacher，teachers，grandparents，par

27、ents and classmates，Im very proud that I have been chosen to speak to you all today.Im a bit nervous as Ive never made a speech before to so many people，but Ill try my best.As we all know，this is the school leavers party，and its time to say goodbye to everyone.Were sorry to leave you at the end of o

28、ur junior high school education，and we promise that well never forget the happy times we have spent in these buildings with you all.Id like to thank three groups of people for the three things Ive learnt while Ive been a pupil at our school.The three things are friendship，love and knowledge. The fir

29、st group is my friends，and what Ive learnt is the importance of friendship.Weve worked hard together，weve even shared some difficult times together，but weve also had a lot of fun.Many of us will go to new schools and we may not see each other so often in the future.Others will go on to senior high s

30、chool and continue their close friendship.But friends dont have to see each other all the time.Sometimes the friends you treasure most are the friends you see less often.A life without old friends is like a day without sunshine.Well always stay in touch. The second group is our parents and grandpare

31、nts.We thank you for the love you have shown us during our years at junior high school，for making a home where we feel both safe and relaxed，and where we can prepare ourselves for our school days.We also thank you for your help with our homework.And finally，the third group is our teachers.We can nev

32、er pay you back for your kindness，your patience，and the gift of knowledge which you have offered us；sometimes youve made us work very hard.But you have always been fair and youll always be our role models.Theres a saying from lreland which is a favorite of mine: Strangers are only friends you havent

33、 met yet.I couldnt say it better myself.So from the bottom of my heart，I thank you all and wish you success in the future. 【文章大意】本文是一篇演講稿。作者主要介紹了自己在校期間的三樣收獲：友誼、愛和知識，流露出作者對學(xué)校生活的不舍之情。1_ made the speech.AA teacher BA studentCA parent DA manager【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章首句可推知，本文是一個(gè)學(xué)生的演講稿。答案：_B_ 2The speaker says tha

34、nks to many people except _Aparents BfriendsCteachers Dastronauts【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章四五六段首句可推知，作者在這篇演講稿里分別表達(dá)了對朋友、父母和祖父母及老師的感恩之情。答案：_D_ 3The underlined word “treasure” means _ in Chinese according to the passage.A財(cái)富 B珍藏 C珍惜 D寶藏【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第四段第五、六句“But friends dont have to see each other all the time.Somet

35、imes the friends you treasure most are the friends you see less often.”可知朋友并不用一直待在一起。有時(shí)候你最珍惜的朋友(反而)是你見的次數(shù)較少的。答案：_C_ 4Where do you think this speech is made?AIn a school. BIn a hospital.CIn a factory. DAt home.【解析】推理判斷題。這篇文章是一位學(xué)生寫的，因此最有可能是在學(xué)校完成的。答案：_A_ 5What can we know according to the speech?AIf fr

36、iends dont see each other all the time，they will be strangers.BParents cant help us with our homework.CWe can pay teachers back one day.DStudents can learn friendship，love and knowledge at school.【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段第五、六句“But friends dont have to see each other all the time.Sometimes the friends you tr

37、easure most are the friends you see less often.”可知A項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)文章第五段最后一句“We also thank you for your help with our homework.”可知B項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段第二句“We can never pay you back for your kindness.”可知C項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句“The three things are friendship，love and knowledge.”可知D項(xiàng)表述 正確。答案：_D_ (2016，朝陽)Every time whe

38、n I felt upset or sick，I liked to go to a special place where I could relax myself.It is the club.I joined the club 3 years ago.My sister recommended this place to me.They told me that I could find lots of fun there.Its near my house and our hospital.I usually stayed there for 2 or 3 hours and went

39、home.I loved the club because I felt comfortable there!The club only allowed women to be members.I didnt worry about my privacy.The club was the biggest womens club in my country where there was a lot of space to do the different activities.You could see a beautiful warm water pool.You could find ma

40、ny big rooms behind the pool.There was a cold room，an exercise room，an MTV center，a massage center，and two restaurants. Everyone knew working in the hospital had many stresses.I needed to find a way to relax myself.Its the best choice for me.I often took a shower first and then swam for 20 minutes t

41、o relax myself.When I finished the exercise，I liked to watch a video and take a short sleep.Although it costs a lot of money to be a club member，I hope I can join the club again after I come back to my country.1The underlined word means “_” in Chinese.A購買 B推薦 C宣傳 D說明2The writer wanted to _ when she

42、went to the club.Amake friends Blearn singingCrelax herself Dbe a volunteer 3Whats the correct order to the writers activities?watch a videotake a showertake a short sleepswim in the warm poolA BC D4What cant you do in the club?ADo exercise. BG et a message service.CBuy clothes. DSwim in the pool. 5Which of the following is NOT true?AYou can eat meals in the club if you are hungry.BThe writer usually stayed in the club for a whole day.CThe writer worked in a hospital.DIf you are a man，you cant join the club.15.BCDCB