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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),0,08 十一月 2024,1,網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)集成技術(shù)復(fù)習(xí)教材,計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分類（一）,從網(wǎng)絡(luò)的交換功能分類,電路交換,報(bào)文交換,分組交換,混合交換,11/8/2024,2,計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分類（二）,從網(wǎng)絡(luò)的作用范圍進(jìn)行分類,廣域網(wǎng),WAN,(Wide Area Network),局域網(wǎng),LAN,(Local Area Network),城域網(wǎng),MAN,(Metropolitan Area Network),接入網(wǎng),AN,(Access Network),11/8/2024,3,廣域網(wǎng)、城域網(wǎng)、接入網(wǎng)以及局域網(wǎng)的關(guān)系,城域

2、網(wǎng),城域網(wǎng),接入網(wǎng),接入網(wǎng),接入網(wǎng),接入網(wǎng),接入網(wǎng),接入網(wǎng),廣域網(wǎng),局域網(wǎng),局域網(wǎng),校園網(wǎng),企業(yè)網(wǎng),11/8/2024,4,電路交換的特點(diǎn),電路交換必定是面向連接的。,電路交換的三個(gè)階段：,建立連接,通信,釋放連接,11/8/2024,5,電路交換舉例,A 和 B 通話經(jīng)過四個(gè)交換機(jī),通話在 A 到 B 的連接上進(jìn)行,(,(,(,(,交換機(jī),交換機(jī),交換機(jī),交換機(jī),用戶線,用戶線,中繼線,中繼線,B,D,C,A,11/8/2024,6,電路交換傳送計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)效率低,計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)具有突發(fā)性。,這導(dǎo)致通信線路的利用率很低。,11/8/2024,7,報(bào)文,分組交換的原理（一）,在發(fā)送端，先把較長(zhǎng)的報(bào)文

3、,劃分成較短的、固定長(zhǎng)度的數(shù)據(jù)段,。,1101000110101010110101011100010011010010,假定這個(gè)報(bào)文較長(zhǎng),不便于傳輸,11/8/2024,8,數(shù) 據(jù),數(shù) 據(jù),數(shù) 據(jù),報(bào)文,分組交換的原理（二）,每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)段前面添加上,首部,構(gòu)成分組。,首部,首部,首部,分組,1,分組,2,分組,3,請(qǐng)注意：現(xiàn)在左邊是“前面”,11/8/2024,9,分組交換的原理（三）,分組交換網(wǎng)以“,分組,”作為數(shù)據(jù)傳輸單元。,依次,把各分組發(fā)送到接收端（假定接收端在左邊）。,數(shù) 據(jù),首部,分組,1,數(shù) 據(jù),首部,分組,2,數(shù) 據(jù),首部,分組,3,11/8/2024,10,分組首部的重要性,

4、每一個(gè),分組的首部都含有,地址,等控制信息。,分組交換網(wǎng)中的結(jié)點(diǎn)交換機(jī)根據(jù)收到的分組的首部中的,地址信息,，把分組,轉(zhuǎn)發(fā),到下一個(gè)結(jié)點(diǎn)交換機(jī)。,用這樣的,存儲(chǔ)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā),方式，最后分組就能到達(dá),最終目的地,。,11/8/2024,11,分組交換的原理（四）,接收端收到分組后剝?nèi)ナ撞窟€原成報(bào)文。,數(shù) 據(jù),首部,分組,1,數(shù) 據(jù),首部,分組,2,數(shù) 據(jù),首部,分組,3,收到的數(shù)據(jù),11/8/2024,12,數(shù) 據(jù),數(shù) 據(jù),數(shù) 據(jù),分組交換的原理（五）,最后，在接收端把收到的數(shù)據(jù),恢復(fù)成為原來的報(bào)文,。,這里我們假定分組在傳輸過程中沒有出現(xiàn)差錯(cuò)，在轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)時(shí)也沒有被丟棄。,報(bào)文,110100011010101

5、0110101011100010011010010,11/8/2024,13,分組交換網(wǎng)的示意圖,H,1,A,分組交換網(wǎng),B,D,E,C,H,5,H,6,H,4,H,2,H,3,H,1,向 H,5,發(fā)送分組,H,2,向 H,6,發(fā)送分組,注意分組路徑的變化！,結(jié)點(diǎn)交換機(jī),主機(jī),11/8/2024,14,分組交換的優(yōu)點(diǎn),高效,動(dòng)態(tài)分配傳輸帶寬，對(duì)通信鏈路是逐段占用。,靈活,以分組為傳送單位和查找路由。,迅速,不必先建立連接就能向其他主機(jī)發(fā)送分組；充分使用鏈路的帶寬。,可靠,完善的網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議；自適應(yīng)的路由選擇協(xié)議使網(wǎng)絡(luò)有很好的生存性。,11/8/2024,15,分組交換帶來的問題,分組在各結(jié)點(diǎn)存儲(chǔ)轉(zhuǎn)

6、發(fā)時(shí)需要,排隊(duì),，這就會(huì)造成一定的,時(shí)延,。,分組必須攜帶的首部（里面有必不可少的控制信息）也造成了一定的,開銷,。,11/8/2024,16,三種交換的比較,P,1,P,2,P,3,P,4,P,1,P,2,P,3,P,4,P,3,P,4,報(bào),文,報(bào),文,報(bào),文,A B C D,A B C D,A B C D,報(bào)文交換,電路交換,分組交換,t,連接建立,數(shù)據(jù)傳送,報(bào)文,P,2,P,1,連接釋放,11/8/2024,17,五層協(xié)議的體系結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)用層(application layer),運(yùn)輸層(transport layer),網(wǎng)絡(luò)層(network layer),數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層(data link

7、 layer),物理層(physical layer),數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層,5,應(yīng)用層,4,運(yùn)輸層,3,網(wǎng)絡(luò)層,2,數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層,1,物理層,11/8/2024,18,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,應(yīng)用進(jìn)程數(shù)據(jù)先傳送到應(yīng)用層,加上應(yīng)用層首部，成為應(yīng)用層,PDU,11/8/2024,19,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,應(yīng)用層 PDU 再傳送到運(yùn)輸層,加上運(yùn)輸層首部，成為運(yùn)輸層報(bào)文,11/8/2024,20,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),

8、2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,運(yùn)輸層報(bào)文再傳送到網(wǎng)絡(luò)層,加上網(wǎng)絡(luò)層首部，成為 IP 數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)（或分組）,11/8/2024,21,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,IP 數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)再傳送到數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層,加上鏈路層首部和尾部，成為數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層幀,11/8/2024,22,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層幀再傳送到物理層,最下面的物理層把比特流傳送到物理媒體,

9、11/8/2024,23,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),應(yīng)用層(application layer),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,物理傳輸媒體,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,電信號(hào)（或光信號(hào)）在物理媒體中傳播,從發(fā)送端物理層傳送到接收端物理層,計(jì)算機(jī),2,11/8/2024,24,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,物理層接收到比特流，上交給數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層,11/8/2024,25,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī)

10、,2,數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層剝?nèi)撞亢蛶膊?取出數(shù)據(jù)部分，上交給網(wǎng)絡(luò)層,11/8/2024,26,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,網(wǎng)絡(luò)層剝?nèi)ナ撞?，取出?shù)據(jù)部分,上交給運(yùn)輸層,11/8/2024,27,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,運(yùn)輸層剝?nèi)ナ撞?，取出?shù)據(jù)部分,上交給應(yīng)用層,11/8/2024,28,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,應(yīng)用層剝?nèi)?/p>

11、首部，取出應(yīng)用程序數(shù)據(jù),上交給應(yīng)用進(jìn)程,11/8/2024,29,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,我收到了,AP,1,發(fā)來的,應(yīng)用程序數(shù)據(jù)！,11/8/2024,30,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),應(yīng)用層首部,H,5,10100110100101 比 特 流 110101110101,注意觀察加入或剝?nèi)ナ撞浚ㄎ膊浚┑膶哟?應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),H,5,應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),H,4,H,5,應(yīng)

12、 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),H,3,H,4,H,5,應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),H,4,運(yùn)輸層首部,H,3,網(wǎng)絡(luò)層首部,H,2,鏈路層,首部,T,2,鏈路層,尾部,11/8/2024,31,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,10100110100101 比 特 流 110101110101,計(jì)算機(jī) 2 的物理層收到比特流后,交給數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層,H,2,T,2,H,3,H,4,H,5,應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),11/8/2024,32,H,3,H,4,H,5,應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,

13、3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層剝?nèi)撞亢蛶膊亢?把幀的數(shù)據(jù)部分交給網(wǎng)絡(luò)層,H,2,T,2,H,3,H,4,H,5,應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),11/8/2024,33,H,4,H,5,應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),H,3,H,4,H,5,應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,網(wǎng)絡(luò)層剝?nèi)シ纸M首部后,把分組的數(shù)據(jù)部分交給運(yùn)輸層,11/8/2024,34,H,5,應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),H,4,H,5,應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī)

14、,2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,運(yùn)輸層剝?nèi)?bào)文首部后,把報(bào)文的數(shù)據(jù)部分交給應(yīng)用層,11/8/2024,35,應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),H,5,應(yīng) 用 程 序 數(shù) 據(jù),計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,應(yīng)用層剝?nèi)?yīng)用層 PDU 首部后,把應(yīng)用程序數(shù)據(jù)交給應(yīng)用進(jìn)程,11/8/2024,36,計(jì)算機(jī),1,向計(jì)算機(jī),2,發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù),5,4,3,2,1,5,4,3,2,1,計(jì)算機(jī),1,AP,2,AP,1,計(jì)算機(jī),2,我收到了,AP,1,發(fā)來的,應(yīng)用程序數(shù)據(jù)

15、！,11/8/2024,37,沙漏計(jì)時(shí)器形狀的TCP/IP協(xié)議族,HTTP,SMTP,DNS,RTP,TCP,UDP,IP,網(wǎng)際層,網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口層,運(yùn)輸層,應(yīng)用層,網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口,1,網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口,2,網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口,3,Everything over IP,IP,可為各式各樣的應(yīng)用程序提供服務(wù),IP over Everything,IP,可應(yīng)用到各式各樣的網(wǎng)絡(luò)上,11/8/2024,38,以太網(wǎng)幀格式,Destination address,Source address,type,data,crc,6,6,2,46-1500,4,Type,0800,IP,Type,0806,ARP request/reply,Type,8035,RARP request/reply,11/8/2024,39,