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1、初中英語語法微課教案(定語從句) 定語從句在句中做定語,修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why等。18.1 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中作主語和賓語。例如: is he th
2、e man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語) he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)2) whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換)。例如: they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。 please pass me the book whose (of which) co
3、ver is green.請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。3)which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等。例如:a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)the package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)18.2 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系
4、副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。1)關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。例如: there are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。 beijing is the place where(in which) i was born.北京是我的出生地。 is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?2)that代替關(guān)
5、系副詞,可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和介+which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。例如: his father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。 he is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。18.3 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞 方法一: 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語
6、動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如: this is the mountain village where i stayed last year. 這是我去年呆過的山村。 ill never forget the days when i worked together with you.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記與你共事的日子。 判斷改錯(cuò): (錯(cuò)) this is the mountain village where i visited last year. (錯(cuò)) i will never forget the days when i spent in t
7、he countryside. (對(duì)) this is the mountain village (which) i visited last year. (對(duì)) ill never forget the days (which) i spent in the countryside.習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。 方法二: 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1. is this museum _ you visited a few days age? a. wher
8、eb. that c. on which d. the one例2. is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. a. whereb. that c. on whichd. the one答案:例1 d,例2 a例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?this museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?this is the museum _ the exhibition was held.在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語
9、,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關(guān)系代詞,所以應(yīng)選d。而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn),既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對(duì),所以選a。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí),選擇關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí),應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語,when 時(shí)間狀語,why 原因狀語) 。18.4 限制性和非限制性定語從句 1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞
10、不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開。例如:this is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性)the house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個(gè)月買的。(非限制性)2) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí),其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如:charles smith, who was my former teacher, re
11、tired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。my house, which i bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。 this novel, which i have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動(dòng)人,我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如:he seems not to have grasped what i meant, which great
12、ly upsets me.他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?,這就叫做蒸發(fā)。說明:關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。18.5 介詞+關(guān)系詞 1)介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。2)that前不能有介詞。3)某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的介詞+關(guān)系詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。例如: this is the house in which i lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過的房子。 this is the house where i lived two years ago. do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎? do you remember the day when you joined our club?