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1、+第四＋五篇 Small But Wise On December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Dont let its small size fool you:WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest object

2、s2 in the known universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born. "Im very excited because were going to be seeing parts of the universe that we havent seen before,"said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project. Sin

3、ce arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in a polar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 min

4、utes. After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky. The pictures taken by WISE wont be like everyday digital photographs,however. WISE stands for"Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer."As its name suggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radia

5、tion6. Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected

6、 off the tree. When these waves enter the camera through the lens,theyre processed by the camera,which then puts the image together. Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras dont see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invis

7、ible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin. Thats a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes cant. Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light. Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space 一but they absor

8、b most of the light that reaches them. They dont reflect light,so theyre difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids. Brown dwa

9、rfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISEs pictures. These objects are"failed" stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. Theyre so dim that

10、 theyre almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow. 詞匯： trashcan / tr?,kn/n．垃圾箱 infrared/infr?red/ adj．紅外線 asteroid/st?r?id/ n.小行星 dwarf/dw?:f/ n. 矮星 注釋： 1.NASA （美國國家航空航天局）是縮寫詞，全稱是National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2. the wildest objects

11、：任何你能想象得到的天體。wild 有“未被人馴養(yǎng)的”“荒唐的”“離奇的”意思。 3. faint stars, blazing galaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無法觀察到的天體。 4. polar orbit：極地軌道。指軌道平面與赤道面夾角為90。的人造地球衛(wèi)星軌道。人造衛(wèi)星運行時能到達(dá)南北極區(qū)上空，即衛(wèi)星能飛經(jīng)全球范圍的上空。需要在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行觀測和應(yīng)用的氣象衛(wèi)星、導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星、地球資源衛(wèi)星等都采用這種軌道。 5. lap：一圈。原指競賽場的一圈或游泳池的一個來回，如： She overtook the other runners on the last lap

12、. 她最后一圈超過了其他參賽者。 6. infrared radiation：紅外線輻射 7. spectrum of light：光譜，即，光輻射的波長分布區(qū)域。 8. Brown dwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很難發(fā)現(xiàn)它們，要確定它們的大小就更加困難。 9.jump start: 啟動 練習(xí)： 1 .What is so special about WISE? A It is small in size but carries a large camera. B It is as small as a trashcan. C Its digital came

13、ra can help astronomers to see the unknown space. D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space. 2. Which is NOT the synonym for the word "snap" in the third paragraph? A make. B shoot. C take D photograph. 3. The camera on WISE A is no different from an ordinary cam

14、era. B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does. C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not. D reflects light that human eyes can see. 4. Which of the following is NOT correct about"asteroids" according to paragraph 7? A Asteroids float through

15、 space giving off visible light. B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them. C It is difficult to take asteroids pictures by ordinary cameras, D The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids 5.What is implied in the last paragraph? A Brown dwarfs give off visible light. B Brow

16、n dwarfs give off infrared radiation. C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun. D Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WISE telescope. 答案與題解： 1. C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE 的特殊之處就在于，雖然體積小，但它的數(shù)碼相機能拍到任何天體，所以能夠幫助天文學(xué)家觀測到宇宙空間中（ in the known universe ）的未知天文現(xiàn)象。其他選項都不是短文表達(dá)的意思。 2. A snap 是個多義詞

17、，可以解釋為“拍照”，更為確切的意思是“拍快照”。這里shoot, take 和photograph 都是snap 的同義詞。 3. C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人類的肉眼和普通相機看到的光是visible lights ，看不見紅外線輻射（ infrared radiation) ，而WISE 的相機能夠看到。 4. A 短文第七段第二句說并非所有的宇宙中的物體都會發(fā)出可見光，比如asteroids ，所以A是正確選項。其他選項的內(nèi)容都可以在該段中找到。 5. B 最后一段的第一句說，褐矮星能出現(xiàn)在WISE 照片中，根據(jù)上文對WISE 望遠(yuǎn)鏡的描述只有WISE 望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能拍到

18、紅外線射線，所以B是正確選擇。 +第四十六篇 Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers" 　　Research by the University of Exeter1 has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as "ecosystem engineers" and predators. The study, published in the Journ

19、al of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment. 　　Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building2 activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, fro

20、m decomposers to species much higher up the food chain. 　　Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers. 　　Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the universitys Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:"Ants ar

21、e very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. Theyre also very territorial3 and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area." 　　"In this research, we studied for the first time

22、how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups4. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web," Sa

23、nders said. 　　The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the dive

24、rsity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence. 　　Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said:"What we find

25、is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect — thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering." 　　Ants are important components of

26、ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity6 is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear how such di

27、sturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem． Ants are important in below ground processes8 through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms. 詞匯： predator / pred?t?/ n．食肉動物 nutrient/

28、 nju:tri?nt/ n ．營養(yǎng)物；adj．營養(yǎng)的 decomposer/,di:k?mp?uz?/ n．腐生物；分解體 prey/prei/ v．捕食；n．被捕食的動物 subtlety/ s?tlti/ n ，微妙，精妙 herbivore/ h?:biv?: / n ．食草動物 注釋： 1.the University of Exeter ：埃克斯特大學(xué)。1851 年建校，位于英國西南部重要商業(yè)中心?？怂固厥校怯膫鹘y(tǒng)大學(xué)之一。 2. nest building ：筑巢 3. territorial ：領(lǐng)地的。在此用來形容螞蟻的本性，即具有很強的領(lǐng)地意識，并且

29、會竭盡全力保衛(wèi)自己的領(lǐng)地。 4. an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups ：其他動物群體在數(shù)量和品種上的增長。 5. biomass ：物質(zhì)名詞，由bio和mass 兩部分組成，意為“生物量”“生物質(zhì)”。 6. biodiversity ：物質(zhì)名詞，由bio和diversity 兩部分組成，意為“生物多樣性”。 7.the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：螞蟻對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用。 8. below ground processes ：土壤下面的

30、（工作）過程，即影響生態(tài)環(huán)境的過程。 練習(xí)： 1 .Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers? A Because they build their own nests. B Because they collect food. C Because their activity affects the environment. D Because they are predators. 2. As predators, ants A prey on small as well as large animals. B

31、collect nutritious food from the soil C collect food as decomposers. D prey on species much higher up the food chain. 3. Dir Sanders study centered on how ants A can manage to thrive in huge numbers. B defend their resources and territory against other predators. C attack those invading a

32、nimals for survival. D produce such a big impact on the environment. 4. What does paragraph 6 tell us? A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small. B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small. C Ants predation count

33、eracts the positive influence they may have on an area. D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area. 5. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live? B How do ants affect the animal

34、diversity in a given ecosystem? C How do human activities affect ants influence on a given ecosystem? D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment? 答案與題解： 1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是正確答案，因為并不是因為螞蟻會筑巢才被譽為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師，而是因為它們筑巢和獲取食物的方式改變了土壤的營養(yǎng)水平，為整個食物鏈提供了很好的生態(tài)環(huán)境（見第二段）。 2.A答案能夠從短文的第三段直接找到。該段告訴我們

35、，螞蟻的掠食范圍很廣，甚至包括比它們體積更大的動物（ larger animals) 。 prey 在這里的意思是“捕獵，捕食”，作為動詞，后面跟介詞on或upon。 3.D Dirk Sanders說：“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.”（第五段）所以，D是正確選擇。句中the subtleties of it 的意思是：螞蟻對環(huán)境影響的精妙之處。 4.B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，螞蟻數(shù)量小（a low density

36、of ants）的話，能使其他動物的品種和數(shù)量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals），從而給環(huán)境帶來積極影響；第三句說，如果螞蟻的數(shù)量大（At higher densities），就不可能產(chǎn)生同樣的影響，或者是相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動會抵銷螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來的積極影響。第七段Dr Frank van Veen 表達(dá)了大體相同的內(nèi)容。 5.C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告訴我們，螞蟻極易受人類的影響（these organisms are highly responsive to human impact），第三句告訴我們，科學(xué)家還不清楚人類對螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)作用（”it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.”）。