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1、第三篇 Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in comm

2、on1: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In

3、a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studie

4、d 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash.Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria - no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most - about 100 per

5、 square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.What we call “paper” money usually isnt made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 .Different countries may use different 9 to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by

6、Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos. The other currencies were printed

7、 on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting

8、a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it; after all5, you never know where your money s been. Or whats living on it詞匯：pesos/pi:svs/ n 比索

9、bacterium /kktirim/ n 細菌（單數(shù)）germ/d:m/ n病菌 bacteria /bktiri細菌（復(fù)數(shù)）banknote/bknvt/ n紙幣 centimeter/senti,mi:t。/ n厘米microbiologist /,maikrv,baildist/n.微生 polymer/plim / n. 高分子聚合物物學(xué)家 harbor/ha:b/ v懷有，藏有vendor/vendI/n小販 注釋：1.have one thing in common ：有一個共同點2. well over ：大大超過3. Frank Vriesekoop : Frank Vrie

10、sekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大學(xué)的食品微生物學(xué)家，他率領(lǐng)一個全球研究小組對至少10個國家的紙幣展開了分析。他的研究結(jié)果是：相對于比較落后貧窮的國家，富裕發(fā)達國家的紙幣所攜帶的病菌較少。重要的是，世界各地紙幣上的病菌數(shù)量都沒有達到令人擔(dān)心的程度。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)紙幣使用的年限和材質(zhì)對紙幣的污染程度也有影響。4. University of Ballarat in Australia：澳大利亞巴拉瑞特大學(xué)。該校建立于1994年，位于維多利亞省的巴拉瑞特市。5. after all：畢竟練習(xí):1. A coins B money C cheques D loans2. A different B clea

11、n C hard D foreign 3. A anniversary B year C decade D century4. A along B with C within D outside 5. A countries B areas C regions D provinces6. A delivered B borrowed C gatheredD designed 7. A because B though C when D where8. A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper9. A languages B colors C substances

12、D materials10. A family B team C advisorD boss11. A expensesB banks C statements D currencies12. A nearly B mostlyC likely D merely13. A dirt B water C germs D oil14. A compareB connect C conduct D command15. A arms B hands Cface D clothes答案與題解:1.B 冒號后面說的是各國使用錢幣的名稱:“yuan in China ，pesos in Mexico，po

13、unds in the United Kingdom ，dollars in the United States，Aus往alia and New Zealand” ，所以填人的詞必 定與這些錢幣有關(guān)，而且應(yīng)該是錢幣的總括詞。因此選 money 最為恰當(dāng)。coins 是“硬幣”，cheques 是“支票” ，loans是“貸款”，它們都不會是答案。2.A 本題的句子說的是:雖然各國使用的紙幣各不相同，它們有一個共同點，那就是紙幣上 有病菌。四個選項中 different 是答案。3.D 選century 最合理。選 anniversary (周年)，year (年)或decade都不合邏輯。4

14、.C 本段第二句提供了解答本題的線索。Frank Vriesekoop 的研究與以前的科學(xué)家的研究不同，他比較了各國錢幣上的病菌數(shù)量， 在他之前的科學(xué)家的研究范圍局限于一個國家的紙幣。四個選項中只有 within 表達“在(一個國家)里”的意思。5. A 經(jīng)過第四題選詞的思索過程，本題的形容詞很自然會在 different 之后用 countries，指不同的國家。6. C 上一句說 Vriesekoop 比較不同國家紙幣攜帶病菌的數(shù)量。本題的句子明確指出他對比 的紙幣涉及十個國家。四個選項中只有 gathered (收集)與上下文的意思相匹配。7. A填詞所在的句子與前面的主句存在因果關(guān)系。

15、為什么要從食品店和食品攤收集紙幣呢?因為這些地方常要用現(xiàn)金支付。本題答案是 because。8. C fabric 是“織物”，其制作原料不會是 plastic(塑料)或 rubber( 橡膠)。選 paper 也不對， 因為本句是說明紙幣的制作原料通常不是紙。制作 fabric 的原料是 cotton( 棉花)，這是合乎常理的。而且該段倒數(shù)第二句也提供了答案。所以答案是 cotton。9.D 本段說紙幣的材料一般不是紙，通常是用棉花織物或高分子聚合物制作的。所以選擇materials( 材料、原料)是正確的。10. B 本題應(yīng)當(dāng)選 team。與 family (家庭成員)，advisor (

16、顧問)或 boss (老板)合作研究不是 沒有可能，但總有些離譜。與團隊合作研究比較合理。11. D 本段第二句提供了線索，它列出三種紙幣，即 the Australian dollar ，the New Zealanddollar 和 some Mexican pesos。選 currencies 是最合理的。另外三個選項都不合適; expenses是“支出”，banks 是“銀行” ，statements 是“賬單”。12. B 本題只有選 mostly，上下文意思才連貫。13. C 前一句說用高分子聚合物制作的錢幣含菌數(shù)量較少。本題的句子接著分析說，在高分子聚合物上存活較難。誰存活較難？

17、當(dāng)然是病菌。本題答案是germs0 dirt, water 和oil 是非生物，不存在生存的問題。14.A 四個選項填入句子后，句子成了： “compare/connect/conduct/command the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills”, 很明顯；connect （連接）/conduct （實施）/command（控制）amounts of time是無法成立的。只有compare(比較）不同紙幣上病菌存活的時間才是Vriesekoop 要研究的新課題。15. B人們通常是用手接觸

18、紙幣的。所以接觸紙幣后要洗手。答案是hands。第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights LonelinessMashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries 1 according to a study in Psychological Science, theyre good for your heart and 2 The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel For

19、 me 3 ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the studyThe study came out of the research program of his coauthor Shira GabrielIt has 4 non-human things that may affect human emotionsSome people reduce

20、loneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved onesTroisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 making peoplethink of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel l

21、onely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to themOthers were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food 9 ,the researchers had p

22、articipants 10 questions about their levels of loneliness Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonelyBut people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort foodWe have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with t

23、hose close to ussays TroisiThinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close othersIn 12 essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about

24、relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort foodThis was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldnt remember it. Throughout everyones daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our 15 with oth

25、ers, Troisi saysComfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness詞匯：mashed /mt/ adj被搗成糊漿的macaroni/ macaroni/ n通心粉cheese / ti:z / n奶酪artery/ artery / n動脈assignment / sainmnt / n指定作業(yè)reminder / reminder/ n起提醒作用的東西remedy /remedy/ n治療方法，藥物virtual/v:tul/ adj虛擬的注釋：fort food：爽心食品2. graduate student：研究生3. Th

26、e University of Buffalo：布法羅大學(xué)，建校于1846 年，位于水牛城（ Buffalo City) ，屬于紐約州立大學(xué)，因此稱為紐約州立大學(xué)水牛城分校。4. lead author：首席作者5. their nearest and dearest：他們最接近和最親愛的人6. levels of loneliness：孤獨程度7. only if: 只有（在情況下）8. Throughout everyones daily lives：在每一個人的日常生活中。through 有“貫穿”的意思。練習(xí)：1AbutB ifC thoughD while2ApersonalityB

27、 movementC emotionsDwill3AprivatelyB usefullyC awfullyD personally4Alooked forB looked atClooked afterDlooked up5AfavoriteB trustfulC boringD annoying6AwithB onC byD at7AprofessorsB participantsC assistantsDscientists8AgroupB classC section D part9APreviouslyB FormallyC InitiallyD Finally10Aremember

28、B explainCrewriteDcomplete11AsadB secureC shyD angry12AyourB ourC hisD their13AaccidentB harmC experienceDmodel14AeatingB exchangingC buyingD keepingl 5AexpressionsB estimationC cooperation Dconnections答案與題解：l. A本句前半句說土豆泥、通心粉等對血管有害（ bad) ，后半句說這些食物對心臟有利(good) 。很明顯，前半句與后半句意思相反，所以要選轉(zhuǎn)折連接詞but加以連接。2. C 根據(jù)

29、常識判斷，吃土豆泥不會對personality （性格） .movement （移動）或will （意志力）產(chǎn)生有利影響。隨后的文章，多處提到吃爽心食品（ favorite food ）有助于排解孤獨感。所以選emotions 是正確的。3.D本題的答案是personally0 For me personally （就我個人而言）與下文的意思很連貫。privately （私下地）、usefully （有用地）或awfully （可怕地）與下文的意思搭不上，所以不會是答案。4. B 本題的答案是looked at0?！發(fā)ooked at non-human things” 相當(dāng)于“studied

30、 （研究） nonhuman things”，與上下文的意思很匹配。looked for（尋找）、looked after （照顧）和lookedup（查找）與下文的意思搭配不上。5.A本句的意思是：人們?yōu)榱伺沤夤陋毟?，常常把自己和電視劇、流行歌曲歌手等等?lián)系起來。選項中有四個形容詞，應(yīng)該選哪一個形容詞去修飾TV shows 呢？應(yīng)該選褒義的形容詞： favorite （喜愛的）或trustful ( 可信任的）。但對電視劇來說談不上信任的問題。favorite最合理，是本題答案。6. C 上一句說到，人們?yōu)榱伺沤夤陋毟?，常常把自己和喜愛的電視劇、流行歌曲歌手等等?lián)系起來。于是Troisi 和

31、Gabriel 想，通過吃爽心食品讓他們想起親近的人，是不是也能產(chǎn)生同樣的排解孤獨感的效果呢？四個介詞中只有by的詞義是“通過”。其余三個介詞在含義上都不合適。7.B 選professors（教授）、assistants（助手）或scientists（科學(xué)家）不合常理，科學(xué)家選實驗對象時不會選他們。participants ( 參與者）是本題的答案。8.A本題應(yīng)該選group，指每一組的參與者。用class （班級）, section （部門）或part （部分）在意義上顯然都不合適。9. D 本段敘述試驗的幾個步驟。第一步要一部分受試者描寫與親人的爭斗，其他受試者寫情感上中性的話題。第二步（

32、文中用then 加以連接）將上述兩組受試者中的每一組再一分為二，一些人描寫吃爽心食品的經(jīng)歷，另一些人描寫吃新食品的經(jīng)歷。接下來應(yīng)該是第三步了。從四個選項中尋找，只有Finally 最合適，原來第三步就是最后一步了。1O.D 實驗的最后一步是受試者被要求書面回答10個問題。complete 是答案。要求他們remember（記?。elete （刪除）或rewrite （重寫） questions 都不合乎邏輯。11. B 與親近的人爭吵會引發(fā)孤獨感，但是，一般說來，人們的關(guān)系若是通常處于什么狀態(tài)，通過寫出他們吃爽心食物的經(jīng)歷會降低他們的孤獨感呢？一定不會是sad、shy或angry ，答案應(yīng)

33、該是secure （穩(wěn)定的）。12.D 修飾essays 的所有格代詞在人稱與數(shù)上要與they 一致，所以their 是答案。13. C “eating food with family and friends” 是一種experience （經(jīng)歷），不會是一個accident （事故）、harm （危害）或model （樣式）。很明顯， experience 是本題的答案。14.A 文章中幾次提到吃爽心食物有助于緩解孤獨感。所以本題選eating 是很自然的。其他三個選項， exchanging （交換）、buying （買）或keeping （保留）若填入句子中，與后面的賓語chicken soup in the lab 連用，意思上說不通。15.D 本題的答案是connections。其他三個選項在意思上都不合適。