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1、題目： *藍(lán)天有限公司辦公樓設(shè)計 一、外文原文：Tall Building StructureTall buildings have fascinated mankind from the beginning of civilization, their construction being initially for defense and subsequently for ecclesiastical purposes. The growth in modern tall building construction, however, which began in the 1880s, h

2、as been largely for commercial and residential purposes.Tall commercial buildings are primarily a response to the demand by business activities to be as close to each other, and to the city center, as possible, thereby putting intense pressure on the available land space. Also, because they form dis

3、tinctive landmarks, tall commercial buildings are frequently developed in city centers as prestige symbols for corporate organizations. Further, the business and tourist community, with its increasing mobility, has fuelled a need for more, frequently high-rise, city center hotel accommodations.The r

4、apid growth of the urban population and the consequent pressure on limited space have considerably influenced city residential development. The high cost of land, the desire to avoid a continuous urban sprawl, and the need to preserve important agricultural production have all contributed to drive r

5、esidential buildings upward.Ideally, in the early stages of planning a building, the entire design team, including the architect, structural engineer, and services engineer, should collaborate to agree on a form of structure to satisfy their respective requirements of function, safety and serviceabi

6、lity, and servicing. A compromise between conflicting demands will be almost inevitable. In all but the very tallest structures, however, the structural arrangement will be subservient to the architectural requirements of space arrangement and aesthetics.The two primary types of vertical load-resist

7、ing elements of tall buildings are columns and walls, the latter acting either independently as shear walls or in assemblies as shear wall cores. The building function will lead naturally to the provision of walls to divide and enclose space, and of cores to contain and convey services such as eleva

8、tors. Columns will be provided, in otherwise unsupported regions, to transmit gravity loads and, in some types of structure, horizontal loads also.The inevitable primary function of the structural elements is to resist the gravity loading from the weight of the building and its contents. Since the l

9、oading on different floors tends to be similar, the weight of the floor system per unit floor area is approximately constant, regardless of the building height. Because the gravity load on the columns increases down the height of a building, the weight of columns per unit area increases approximatel

10、y linearly with the building height.The highly probable second function of the vertical structural elements is to resist also the parasitic load caused by wind and possibly earthquakes, whose magnitudes will be obtained from National Building Codes or wind tunnel studies. The bending moments on the

11、building caused by these lateral forces increase with at least the square of the height, and their effects will become progressively more important as the building height increases.Once the functional layout of the structure has been decided, the design process generally follows a well defined itera

12、tive procedure. Preliminary calculations for member sizes are usually based on gravity loading augmented by an arbitrary increment to account for wind forces. The cross-sectional areas of the vertical members will be based on the accumulated loadings from their associated tributary areas, with reduc

13、tions to account for the probability that not all floors will be subjected simultaneously to their maximum live loading. The initial sizes of beams and slabs are normally based on moments and shears obtained from some simple method of gravity load analysis, or from codified mid and end span values.

14、A check is then made on the maximum horizontal deflection, and the forces in the major structural members, using some rapid approximate analysis technique. If the deflection is excessive, or some of the members are inadequate, adjustments are made to the member sizes or the structural arrangement. I

15、f certain members attract excessive loads, the engineer may reduce their stiffness to redistribute the load to less heavily stressed components. The procedure of preliminary analysis, checking, and adjustment is repeated until a satisfactory solution is obtained.Invariably, alterations to the initia

16、l layout of the building will be required as the clients and architects ideas of the building evolve. This will call for structural modifications, or perhaps a radical rearrangement, which necessitates a complete review of the structural design. The various preliminary stages may therefore have to b

17、e repeated a number of times before a final solution is reached.Speed of erection is a vital factor in obtaining a return on the investment involved in such large-scale projects. Most tall buildings are constructed in congested city sites, with difficult access; therefore careful planning and organi

18、zation of the construction sequence become essential. The story-to-story uniformity of most multistory buildings encourages construction through repetitive operations and prefabrication techniques. Progress in the ability to build tall has gone hand in hand with the development of more efficient equ

19、ipment and improved methods of construction.Earthquake FaultsThe origin of an earthquakeAn earthquake originates on a plane of weakness or a fracture in the earths crust, termed a fault. The earth on one side of the fault slides or slips horizontally and /or vertically with respect to the earth on t

20、he opposite side, and this generates a vibration that is transmitted outward in all directions. This vibration constitutes the earthquake.The earthquake generally originates deep within the earth at a point on the fault where the stress that produces the slip is a maximum. This point is called the h

21、ypocenter or focus and the point on the earths surface directly above this point is called the epicenter. The main or greatest shock is usually followed by numerous smaller aftershocks. These aftershocks are produced by slippage at other points on the fault or in the fault zone.Types of earthquake f

22、aultsFaults are classified in accordance with the direction and nature of the relative displacement of the earth at the fault plane. Probably the most common type is the strike-slip fault in which the relative fault displacement is mainly horizontal across an essentially vertical fault plane. The gr

23、eat San Andreas fault in California is of the type. Another type is termed a normal fault when the relative movement is in an upward an downward direction on a nearly vertical fault plane. The great Alaskan earthquake of 1964 was apparently of this type. A less common type is the thrust fault when t

24、he earth is under compressive stress across the fault and the slippage is in an upward and downward direction along an inclined fault plane. The San Fernando earthquake was generated on what has usually been classified as a thrust fault, although there was about as much lateral slippage as up and do

25、wn slippage due to thrust across the inclined fault plane. Some authorities refer to this combined action as lateral thrust faulting. The compressive strain in the earth of the San Fernando Valley floor just south of the thrust fault was evidenced in many places by buckled sidewalks and asphalt pavi

26、ng.Forces exerted by an earthquakeSlippage along the fault occurs suddenly. It is a release of stress that has gradually built-up in the rocks of the earths crust. Although the vibrational movement of the earth during an earthquake is in all directions, the horizontal components are of chief importa

27、nce to the structural engineer. These movements exert forces on a structure because they accelerate. This acceleration is simply a change in the velocity of the earth movement. Since the ground motion in an earthquake is vibratory, the acceleration and force that it exerts on a structure reverses in

28、 direction periodically, at short intervals of time.The structural engineer is interested in the force exerted on a body by the movement of the earth. This may be determined from Newtons second law of motion which may be stated in the following form:F=MaIn which F is a force that produces an acceler

29、ation a when acting on a body of mass M. This equation is nondimensional. For calculations M is set equal to W/g, then:F=W/g*a (1)In which F is in pounds, a is in feet per second per second, W is the weight of the body also in pounds and g is the acceleration of gravity, which is 32.2 feet per secon

30、d per second.Equation (1) is empirical. It simply states the experimental fact that for a free falling body the acceleration a is equal to g and the acceleration force F is then equal to the weight W.For convenience, the acceleration of an earthquake is generally expressed as a ratio to the accelera

31、tion of gravity. This ratio is called a seismic coefficient. The advantage of this system is that the force exerted on a body by acceleration is simply the corresponding seismic coefficient multiplied by the weight of the body. This is in accordance with Equation (1) in which a/g is the seismic coef

32、ficient.Activity of faultsAll faults are not considered to present the same hazard. Some are classified as active since it is believed that these faults may undergo movement from time to time in the immediate geologic future. Unfortunately in the present state-of-the-art there is a good deal of unce

33、rtainty in the identification of potentially active faults. For example, the fault that generated the San Fernando earthquake did not even appear on any published geological maps of the area. This fault was discovered to be active only when it actually slipped and ruptured the ground surface. Accord

34、ingly the identification of active faults and geologically hazardous areas for land use criteria and for hazard reduction by special engineering may be of questionable value.Only in very recent years have geologists begun to try to evaluate the potential activity of faults that have no historical re

35、cord of activity. By close inspection of a fault, visible in the side walls of a trench that cuts across the fault, it is sometimes possible to determine if it has been active in recent times. For example, if the trace of the fault extends through a recent alluvial material, then there must have bee

36、n slippage since that material was deposited. However fault ruptures may be very difficult or impossible to see in imbedded material such as sand and gravel. Also of course the location of the fault must be known and it must reach the surface of the ground in order to inspect it by trenching.Evidenc

37、e of the historical activity of a fault may sometimes be obtained by observing the faulting of geologically young deposits exposed in a trench. Such deposits are generally bedded and well consolidated so that fault rupture can easily be seen.The approximate time of formation of a fault rupture or sc

38、arp has in some cases been determined by radiocarbon analysis of pieces of wood found in the rupture or scarp.In addition to evidence of young fault activity obtained by trenching, there also may be topographic evidence of young faulting such as is obvious along the San Andreas fault. Vertical aeria

39、l photographs are one of the most important methods for finding topographic evidence of active faults. This evidence, which includes scarps, offset channels, depressions, and elongated ridges and valleys, is produced by fault activity. The age of these topographic features and therefore the time of

40、the fault activity, can be estimated by the extent to which they are weathered and eroded.二、外文譯文：高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)高樓大廈已經(jīng)著迷，從人類文明的開始，其建設(shè)是國防和最初其后教會的目的?，F(xiàn)代高層建筑的增長，然而，這在19世紀(jì)80年代開始，在很大程度上是為商業(yè)和住宅用途。高商業(yè)樓宇，主要是對商業(yè)活動的需求響應(yīng)作為彼此接近，并到城市中心，如可能，從而使在現(xiàn)有的土地空間的巨大壓力。此外，因為它們形成鮮明的標(biāo)志性建筑，高商業(yè)樓宇，經(jīng)常制定了促進(jìn)企業(yè)組織的威信的象征的城市中心。此外，商業(yè)和旅游界與流動性日益增加，已

41、促使更多的，經(jīng)常的高層需要，市中心酒店住宿。城鎮(zhèn)人口的迅速增長和隨之而來的壓力有限的空間大大影響了城市住宅發(fā)展。土地成本高，為了避免出現(xiàn)連續(xù)的城市擴(kuò)張以及需要維護(hù)重要的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)都有助于推動住宅樓宇向上。理想情況下，在規(guī)劃建設(shè)的初期階段，整個設(shè)計團(tuán)隊，包括建筑師，結(jié)構(gòu)工程師，服務(wù)工程師，應(yīng)互相合作，在商定的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，以滿足功能，安全性和可維護(hù)性各自的需求，并提供服務(wù)。沖突的要求之間的妥協(xié)將是不可避免的。但在所有的結(jié)構(gòu)非常最高，但結(jié)構(gòu)安排將服從安排和空間美學(xué)的建筑要求。兩個垂直荷載抗高層建筑元素的主要類型列和墻壁，后者代理或者作為剪力墻或剪力墻作為核心組件獨(dú)立。該大樓的功能將導(dǎo)致自然提供的墻壁圍分

42、裂和空間，和內(nèi)核，以遏制和傳達(dá)，如電梯服務(wù)。專欄將提供，在每單不支持的地區(qū)，否則，傳輸重力負(fù)荷，并在某些類型的結(jié)構(gòu)，水平荷載也。不可避免的結(jié)構(gòu)因素的主要功能是抵抗建筑物及其內(nèi)容的重力負(fù)荷重量。由于不同的樓層負(fù)荷往往是相似的，該系統(tǒng)每單位樓面面積重量約不斷，不論建筑物的高度。由于對降低建筑物的高度，重量面積和重力負(fù)荷的增加而增加約與建筑的高度成正比。在極有可能垂直結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的第二個功能是抵制也是寄生風(fēng)荷載和可能的地震，其震級將由國家建筑守則或風(fēng)洞研究取得造成的。對這些側(cè)向力的增加造成的建設(shè)的彎矩至少高度廣場，和其效果會變得越來越重要，因為建筑物高度的增加。一旦結(jié)構(gòu)功能布局已經(jīng)確定，設(shè)計過程中普遍遵

43、循明確的迭代過程。會員規(guī)模初步測算，通常根據(jù)一個任意擴(kuò)充增量占風(fēng)力重力負(fù)荷。的跨垂直截面面積的成員將根據(jù)其相關(guān)地區(qū)的支流與積累負(fù)荷削減，以考慮到，并非所有的樓層將同時受到其最大的活荷載的概率。最初的梁，板的尺寸通常為基礎(chǔ)，在時刻剪一些簡單的我獲得需氧量重力負(fù)載分析，或從編纂中和年底跨度值。進(jìn)行檢查，然后做出的最高水平偏轉(zhuǎn)，并在主要結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的力量，使用一些快速近似性能分析技術(shù)。如果變形過大，或部分成員不足，調(diào)整，是為成員的大小或結(jié)構(gòu)安排。如果行政長官成員吸引過度勞累，工程師可減少其剛度重新分配負(fù)載量較低強(qiáng)調(diào)組件。初步分析程序，檢查和調(diào)整，直到滿意的解決辦法，得到重復(fù)?？偸且越ㄖ锏某醪讲季值母膭?/p>

44、需作為客戶端的建設(shè)和發(fā)展的建筑師的想法。這將調(diào)用結(jié)構(gòu)的修改，或者可能是激進(jìn)的重新安排，因此必須對結(jié)構(gòu)性的設(shè)計進(jìn)行全面審查。各種初級階段，因此可能要重復(fù)最終解決之前，多次到達(dá)。勃起速度是在獲得在這樣大規(guī)模的項目涉及投資回報的重要因素。大多數(shù)高層建筑都建在擁擠的城市用地，難以利用，因此仔細(xì)的規(guī)劃和施工順序組織是至關(guān)重要的。這個故事對大多數(shù)高層建筑的故事，鼓勵通過反復(fù)的統(tǒng)一行動和預(yù)制技術(shù)建設(shè)。在高大的能力建設(shè)已經(jīng)取得進(jìn)展的同時更高效的設(shè)備和施工方法的改進(jìn)發(fā)展手。地震斷層地震的起源據(jù)我國地震臺起源于軟弱的飛機(jī)或在地殼斷裂，稱為“錯誤”。關(guān)于一個斷層的一側(cè)地球幻燈片或單就在地球?qū)γ鏅M向和/或垂直，這會生

45、成一個向各個方向傳播向外震動。這構(gòu)成了地震震動。這次地震深度一般起源于對故障點(diǎn)的地球內(nèi)部的壓力下產(chǎn)生的支路是最長的。這一點(diǎn)被稱為震源或重點(diǎn)和地球表面的點(diǎn)上方這一點(diǎn)稱為震中。主要的或最大的震動，隨后通常是由眾多小的余震。這些余震在其他生產(chǎn)點(diǎn)的過失或在斷裂帶的延誤。地震斷層類型故障歸類按照方向和在斷層面上的地球相對位移的性質(zhì)?？赡苁亲畛Ｒ姷念愋褪亲呋瑪鄬?，其中相對斷層位移主要是在本質(zhì)上平面垂直斷層水平。偉大的圣安德烈亞斯斷層是在加利福尼亞州的類型。另一種是稱為正斷層-相對運(yùn)動時，在一個向上向下的方向，是一個幾乎垂直于斷層面上。在1964年阿拉斯加大地震顯然是屬于這一類。一個不太常見的類型是逆沖斷層

46、-當(dāng)?shù)厍蛏系臄鄬酉聣簯?yīng)力和滑移有上升和下跌態(tài)勢發(fā)展的方向沿傾斜斷層面。圣費(fèi)爾南多地震產(chǎn)生什么通常也被作為一個逆沖斷層機(jī)密，雖然沒有像過去那樣向上和向下滑動，由于整個飛機(jī)傾斜斷層側(cè)向推力延誤。有些機(jī)關(guān)是指一個斷層側(cè)向推力聯(lián)合行動。中的圣費(fèi)爾南多谷樓土壓應(yīng)變南邊的逆沖斷層是由反手表現(xiàn)在人行道和瀝青鋪路很多地方。由地震產(chǎn)生力量沿斷層滑動突然發(fā)生。這是一個強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，逐漸形成，在地球的地殼巖石釋放。雖然地球發(fā)生地震的振動，在所有的運(yùn)動方向的，水平組成部分是行政的重要性結(jié)構(gòu)工程師。這些運(yùn)動在結(jié)構(gòu)上施加的力量，因為他們加快。這種加速僅僅是在地球運(yùn)動速度的變化。自地震地面運(yùn)動的振動，加速度和力，它在結(jié)構(gòu)上施加

47、定期方向逆轉(zhuǎn)，在很短的時間間隔。結(jié)構(gòu)工程師有興趣的機(jī)構(gòu)施加的地球運(yùn)動的力量。這可能是決定從牛頓第二運(yùn)動定律可在下列表格中：F=ma在這F是一種力量，產(chǎn)生一種加速度1時1米的大機(jī)構(gòu)擔(dān)任這個方程無量綱。對于M是設(shè)置為等于為W計算/克，則：F =瓦/克* 1（1）其中F在磅，使每英尺每秒第二位，W是體重也磅，g是重力加速度，即三十二點(diǎn)二英尺每秒每秒。方程（1）經(jīng)驗。它只是國家的實驗事實，即自由落體加速度a等于克和加速度力F然后等于體重總統(tǒng)為方便起見，地震加速度一般表現(xiàn)為對重力加速度的比例。這個比例被稱為地震系數(shù)。該系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是，該部隊由加速人體產(chǎn)生僅僅是相應(yīng)的地震系數(shù)由體重成倍增加。這是在1 /克，

48、是地震系數(shù)與方程（1）條?；顒訑鄬铀械腻e誤是沒有考慮到目前相同的危險。有些被列為“積極的”，因為它相信，這些錯誤可能會經(jīng)歷不時在不久的將來地質(zhì)運(yùn)動?？上г谀壳盃顩r的最先進(jìn)的有一個潛在的活斷層識別大量的不確定性。例如，的過錯產(chǎn)生的圣費(fèi)爾南多地震甚至沒有出現(xiàn)在任何地區(qū)出版的地質(zhì)圖。這種故障是要積極發(fā)現(xiàn)只有在實際上下降和地表破裂。據(jù)此，確定活斷層和土地使用準(zhǔn)則地質(zhì)危險區(qū)和危險的特殊工程的減少可能是令人懷疑的。只有在非常近年來地質(zhì)學(xué)家開始嘗試評估故障，沒有活動的歷史記錄潛在活性。通過仔細(xì)觀察，當(dāng)出現(xiàn)故障，在一個戰(zhàn)壕的跨越斷層削減，有時可能以確定它是否已被近來活躍側(cè)壁可見。例如，如果跟蹤的故障已延長到

49、最近的沖積物質(zhì)，那么一定有延誤，因為這些材料沉積。但是斷層破裂可能很困難或不可能看到嵌、材料，如砂石。另外當(dāng)然是故障定位必須知道而且必須到達(dá)地面，以檢查它的挖坑。對出現(xiàn)故障的歷史活動的證據(jù)，有時會獲得通過觀察斷裂在一個戰(zhàn)壕暴露，地質(zhì)年輕的存款。這類存款一般層狀和良好的綜合，使斷層破裂可以很容易地看到。在出現(xiàn)故障破裂或形成陡坎近似的時間已經(jīng)被放射性碳在破裂或懸崖發(fā)現(xiàn)木頭分析確定在某些情況下。除了年輕的過失所取得的挖溝，但也可能是地形的證據(jù)年輕斷層活動的證據(jù)是顯而易見的，如沿圣安德烈斯斷層。垂直空中拍攝的照片是最重要的方法之一發(fā)現(xiàn)活斷層地形證據(jù)。這些證據(jù)包括削壁，抵消渠道，洼地，修長，山脊和山谷，是由斷層活動。這些地形特點(diǎn)的年齡，因此斷層的活動時間，可以通過他們被風(fēng)化侵蝕的程度估計。三、指導(dǎo)教師審核意見： 指導(dǎo)教師簽字 年 月 日