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1、*第十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared CitiesA new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero LankaoShe is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 developmentShe warns thatmany of the worlds fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countrie

2、swill likely sufferfrom the impacts of changing climateHer work also concludes that most cities are failing to3emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 These gases are knownto affect the atmosphere”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of t

3、he world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their residents.Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gasesAnd urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankaos findingshighlight ways in which city-residen

4、ts are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential8associated with climate include storm surges andprolong

5、ed hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat9paved cities more than surrounding areasThe impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environmentFor example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existinglevels of air pollution，causingwidespre

6、ad health problemsPoorer neighborhoods thatmay10basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disastersMany residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.Local go

7、vernments, 12 ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses,Romero Lankao writes, ” They dont impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They dont emphasize mass transit and reduce 1

8、4 use. In fact, many localgovernmentsare takinga handsoffapproach.” Thus, she urges them tochangetheir 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.詞匯：vulnerable / vlnrbl / adj 易受傷害的infrastructure / infr,strkt / n 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施sociologist /,susildist /n社會學(xué)家s

9、ubstandard / ,sbstndd / adj標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以下的dioxide / daiksaid / 二氧化物floodplain /fldplein / n 泛濫平原注釋：1. likely：很可能，或許。在本句中用作副詞。2. be likely to：很可能。likely 在本句中是形容詞，用作表語。3. findings：調(diào)查結(jié)果4. storm surges：風(fēng)暴潮5. paved cities：鋪上瀝青路面的城市6. spring up：涌現(xiàn)7. rhetoric . . . responses：修辭反應(yīng)。這個(gè)詞的意思是：（地方政府）話講得很漂亮，但內(nèi)容空洞。8. a hand

10、s-off approach：一種不插手的政策練習(xí)：1A carry alongB carried awayC carried outD carried back2A economicB industrialCruralD urban3A reduceB increaseC studyD measure4A cropsB gasesC fruitsD Plant55A educateB evaluateC protectD identify6A doubtfulB possibleC repeatableD major7A usesB chancesC curesD benefits8A th

11、reatsB interestsC functionsD differences9A locallyB heavilyC suddenlyD mildlyl0A provideB improveC lackD update11A withoutB withC inD on12AmoreoverB thereforeC howeverD though13A other thanB more thanC less thanD rather than14A trainBautomobileCbusDbike15A idleB smartC busyD secure答案與題解：1. C 本題的答案是c

12、arried out（執(zhí)行；完成）?！癆 new examination of urban policies has beencarried out” 意思上配得上。carried along（攜帶）、carried away（運(yùn)走）和carried back（運(yùn)回）與下文的意思搭配不上。2.D通篇文章討論的是氣候變化對城市的影響及其應(yīng)對措施，并沒有涉及economic （經(jīng)濟(jì)的）、industrial （工業(yè)的）和rural （農(nóng)村的）的話題。所以，這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不可能是答案，urban才是答案。3.A前面一句談到，發(fā)展中國家的飛速成長的城市備受氣候變化的折磨。本句緊接上一句的意思，大多數(shù)城市沒

13、有做到減少二氧化碳的排放量。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，要選reduce。4. B 減少的不僅是二氧化碳，還有g(shù)reenhouse gases （溫室氣體）。gases 是答案。5. C 城市應(yīng)該采取有效的措施應(yīng)對氣候變化。采取措施的目的當(dāng)然是為了保護(hù)城市居民?？墒荓ankao 發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣做的城市太少了。本題選protect 最合適。6.D前面說到大多數(shù)城市沒有做到減少或控制二氧化碳的排放量。這說明“Cities are majorsources of greenhouse gases”（城市是溫室氣體的主要來源），不會是doubtful sources （不能確定的來源）, possible sources（

14、可能的來源），更不會是repeatable sources（不斷重復(fù)的來源）。7.D城市居民最易受氣候變化的傷害，所以 Lankao 建議地方政府要進(jìn)行政策介入以降低居民因氣候變化受到的傷害，而這會帶來立即的和長期的益處。因此，uses 、 chances 和cures可以排除。benefits（益處）才是答案。8.A 由climate change 引發(fā)的storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 給城市居民造成傷害。interests 、functions 和differences 這三個(gè)詞與storm surges 和prolonged hot weather

15、 造成的傷害掛不上號，不會是答案。storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 對城市居民會構(gòu)成威脅。因此threats 才是答案。9. B 為什么prolonged hot weather 對城市居民造成的傷害超過對其周邊地區(qū)居民造成的傷害？因?yàn)槌鞘械缆肥谴罅夸佋O(shè)瀝青的道路。heavily 是答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不符合上述意思。10.C 貧窮社區(qū)更易受到傷害，句子給出有關(guān)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的各個(gè)方面。貧窮社區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施一定是不盡如人意的。所以要選lack。1LA貧窮國家許多人住在不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的房子里。下面提到reliable thinking water、roads 和basic

16、 services 這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，從上下文判斷，貧窮居民不會享有這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。所以選without 比較合理。12.B 本題的答案是therefore。上文說的是氣候變化給城鎮(zhèn)居民帶來的種種問題。下文說的是地方政府應(yīng)該采取相應(yīng)的對策以保護(hù)城鎮(zhèn)居民。兩部分的敘述是一種因果關(guān)系，所以要選therefore。13.D rhetoric responses （言辭反應(yīng)，即用言語予以搪塞的反應(yīng)）和meaningful responses （有意義的反應(yīng)）是兩種截然不同的反應(yīng)。地方政府的反應(yīng)是前者還是后者？隨后的句子，特別是a hands-off approach，說明地方政府作出的是rhetoric r

17、esponses，而不是meaningfulresponses 。所以本題要選rather than（而不是）。14.B 句中的“emphasize mass transit”提示，要減少的運(yùn)輸工具不會是大眾交通工具，因此選項(xiàng)中的train 和bus便可排除。bike 是人力驅(qū)動，不會釋放二氧化碳，也可排除。答案是automobile 。私人汽車排放大量的二氧化碳，是城市主要的污染源之一。15. A “. . many local governments are taking a hands-off approach” 中的a hands-off approach 提示， Lankao 敦促地

18、方政府改變的一定是他們無所作為（ idle) 的政策。idle 是正確的選擇。*第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 ina newstudyStatins reduce the 3 of

19、 unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trialdata has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack 4 .In a paper published in theAmerican Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a stat

20、in is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 acheeseburger and drinking a milkshakeDr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins dont cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French friesIt

21、s better to avoid fatty food altogetherBut weve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same9as a fast food meal increases it.”“Its ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets asth

22、ey 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makessense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that arel 1free of chargeIt would cost less than 5 pence per1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis sai

23、d When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, theyre encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal詞匯：statin/st tIn! n降膽固醇藥物outlet/autlit/ n銷售點(diǎn)ch

24、olesterol/ klestrl / n膽固醇o(jì)ffset /,fset/ V. 抵消，補(bǔ)償cheeseburger/ ti:z,b: / n芝士漢堡包milkshake! milkeik / n奶昔condiment /kndimnt! n 調(diào)味品sachet /stei / ii 小袋，小包rational / rnl / adj合理的注釋：1. Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一種委婉表達(dá)建議的用詞，意為“可以”。2. Imperial College London: 帝國理工學(xué)院。該學(xué)院于1907 年由

25、城市和行會學(xué)校、皇家礦業(yè)學(xué)校以及皇家科學(xué)學(xué)院合并組成。學(xué)院于2007 年7月正式脫離倫敦大學(xué)成為一所獨(dú)立大學(xué)。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四個(gè)學(xué)院，工程學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院、自然科學(xué)院和生命科學(xué)院3. LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白膽固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的縮寫形式。4. a wealth of trial data: 大量的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。a wealth of意為“大量的，許多”。5. American Journal of Cardiology: 美國心臟病學(xué)雜志6. French fries:炸薯?xiàng)l7.It makes sense.

26、: make sense 意為“說得通，合情合理”。8. a sachet of sugar: 一小袋糖?？觳偷暌话銈溆写牵╋嬁Х然驘崮痰念櫩兔赓M(fèi)取用。練習(xí)：1A changeB chargeC chain D chance2A trustB decideCsuggest Dcalculate3AnumberBamountCvolume D product4AfrequencyB treatmentC diagnosis Drisk5A severeBenoughC weak D active6A buyingB preparingC eatingD cooking7AunhealthyB

27、strongC different D doubtful8AexaminationBsufferingC determination D possibility9A degreeB dimensionC angle D range10A useB hateC reject D like11A transportedB providedC preserved Dconvened12AcookB patientCcustomer Dvisitor1 3AmeasuresBcareCadvantages D turns14A buyingB wearingC cleaning D changing1

28、 5A increasingBfindingC lowering D taking答案與題解：1. B本文介紹說，吃漢堡包等快餐食品容易引發(fā)心臟病，而服用statin能降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，一正一負(fù)正好抵消。statin 價(jià)格便宜，文章建議快餐店像免費(fèi)供應(yīng)調(diào)味品那樣免費(fèi)供應(yīng)statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意為“免費(fèi)”。選擇charge 是對的。2. C 本題要選suggest ，因?yàn)槠渌齻€(gè)選項(xiàng)在意思上都不合適。此外，本句主句的謂語動詞用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有“建議”的意思。所以suggest 是個(gè)不二的選擇。3.B 與降低unhealthy

29、LDL cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number（數(shù)字）、volume（體積）或product （乘積）。4.D從上下文判斷，要降低（lower）的當(dāng)然是risk。lower frequency（降低頻率）、lowertreatment（降低治療）或lower diagnosis （降低診斷）與上下文的意思都不匹配。5. B 本句表達(dá)的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的論文中說，經(jīng)過計(jì)算，一粒statin 降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)足以抵消吃一個(gè)奶酪漢堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所以本題的答案是enough。6. C 顧客不可能在快餐

30、店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buyingcheeseburger不會增加心臟病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下文的意思。7.A從上下文判斷，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本題的答案。8.D本句中的in terms of 意為“就而言”，要與后半句“一正一負(fù)相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心臟病的可能性而言”。possibility 是答案。9. A本句的意思與第五題的意思相同，即statin降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)

31、險(xiǎn)與快餐增加的心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在程度（degree）上大致相當(dāng)。如果選擇其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，意思變成了，“尺寸(dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范圍（range）上大致相當(dāng)”，就說不通了。1O.D 填詞所在的句子的意思告訴我們，具有諷刺意味的一點(diǎn)是：顧客可以隨心所欲地免費(fèi)享用不健康的調(diào)味品。as one likes 是固定用法，意為“隨某人所愿，隨某人所喜歡”。所以，like 是答案。其余三個(gè)選項(xiàng)用在本句中都不合適。11.B transported （運(yùn)輸）、preserved （保存）或converted （轉(zhuǎn)換）填人句子中，意思都不順。只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。pro

32、vided 是答案。12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人當(dāng)然是customer。13.A 為了降低開車和吸煙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，人們被鼓勵(lì)要采取一些安全措施。作者借此說明為了降低食用快餐的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，我們也要采取措施。根據(jù)這層意思，選擇measures是正確的。takemeasure的意思是“采取措施”。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不合適：take care是“注意，小心”，takeadvantage 是“利用”，take turns 是“輪流，依次”。14.B 本題很明顯要選wearing，因?yàn)樯舷挛牡囊馑际恰跋瞪习踩珟А?。buying a seatbelt,cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都與上下文的意思相去太遠(yuǎn)。15. C通篇文章都在闡述statin能降低患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所以，lowering（降低）是答案。