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1、本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文參考文獻(xiàn)譯文及原文學(xué) 院 信息工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 信息工程 年級(jí)班別 學(xué) 號(hào) 學(xué)生姓名 指導(dǎo)教師 2013年 # 月 目 錄譯文1基于單片機(jī)的開(kāi)關(guān)電源11、用途12、簡(jiǎn)介13、分類24、開(kāi)關(guān)電源的分類35、技術(shù)發(fā)展動(dòng)向46、原理簡(jiǎn)介67、電路原理78、DC/DC變換89、AC/DC變換8原文10The design Based onsingle chip switching power supply101、uses102、Introduction103、classification114、the switching power supply.135、technology

2、developments146、the principle of Introduction177、the circuit schematic188、the DC / DC conversion199, AC / DC conversion20譯文基于單片機(jī)的開(kāi)關(guān)電源1、用途開(kāi)關(guān)電源產(chǎn)品廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)自動(dòng)化控制、軍工設(shè)備、科研設(shè)備、LED照明、工控設(shè)備、通訊設(shè)備、電力設(shè)備、儀器儀表、醫(yī)療設(shè)備、半導(dǎo)體制冷制熱、空氣凈化器，電子冰箱，液晶顯示器，LED燈具，通訊設(shè)備，視聽(tīng)產(chǎn)品，安防，電腦機(jī)箱，數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品和儀器類等領(lǐng)域。2、簡(jiǎn)介隨著電力電子技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展，電力電子設(shè)備與人們的工作、生活的關(guān)系日益密切，而

3、電子設(shè)備都離不開(kāi)可靠的電源，進(jìn)入80年代計(jì)算機(jī)電源全面實(shí)現(xiàn)了開(kāi)關(guān)電源化，率先完成計(jì)算機(jī)的電源換代，進(jìn)入90年代開(kāi)關(guān)電源相繼進(jìn)入各種電子、電器設(shè)備領(lǐng)域，程控交換機(jī)、通訊、電子檢測(cè)設(shè)備電源、控制設(shè)備電源等都已廣泛地使用了開(kāi)關(guān)電源，更促進(jìn)了開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展。 開(kāi)關(guān)電源是利用現(xiàn)代電力電子技術(shù)，控制開(kāi)關(guān)晶體管開(kāi)通和關(guān)斷的時(shí)間比率，維持穩(wěn)定輸出電壓的一種電源，開(kāi)關(guān)電源一般由脈沖寬度調(diào)制（PWM）控制IC和開(kāi)關(guān)器件（MOSFET、BJT等）構(gòu)成。開(kāi)關(guān)電源和線性電源相比，二者的成本都隨著輸出功率的增加而增長(zhǎng)，但二者增長(zhǎng)速率各異。線性電源成本在某一輸出功率點(diǎn)上，反而高于開(kāi)關(guān)電源。隨著電力電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展和創(chuàng)

4、新，使得開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)在不斷地創(chuàng)新，這一成本反轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)日益向低輸出電力端移動(dòng)，這為開(kāi)關(guān)電源提供了廣泛的發(fā)展空間。 開(kāi)關(guān)電源高頻化是其發(fā)展的方向，高頻化使開(kāi)關(guān)電源小型化，并使開(kāi)關(guān)電源進(jìn)入更廣泛的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，特別是在高新技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，推動(dòng)了高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品的小型化、輕便化。另外開(kāi)關(guān)電源的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用在節(jié)約能源、節(jié)約資源及保護(hù)環(huán)境方面都具有重要的意義。3、分類現(xiàn)代開(kāi)關(guān)電源有兩種：一種是直流開(kāi)關(guān)電源；另一種是交流開(kāi)關(guān)電源。這里主要介紹的只是直流開(kāi)關(guān)電源，其功能是將電能質(zhì)量較差的原生態(tài)電源（粗電），如市電電源或蓄電池電源，轉(zhuǎn)換成滿足設(shè)備要求的質(zhì)量較高的直流電壓（精電）。直流開(kāi)關(guān)電源的核心是DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器。因此直流

5、開(kāi)關(guān) 電源的分類是依賴DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器分類的。也就是說(shuō)，直流開(kāi)關(guān)電源的分類與DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器的分類是基本相同的，DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器的分類基本上就是直 流開(kāi)關(guān)電源的分類。 直流DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器按輸入與輸出之間是否有電氣隔離可以分為兩類：一類是有隔離的稱為隔離式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器；另一類是沒(méi)有隔離的稱為非隔離 式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器。 隔離式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器也可以按有源功率器件的個(gè)數(shù)來(lái)分類。單管的DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器有正激式（Forward）和反激式（Feedback）兩種。雙管DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器 有雙管正激式（Double Transistor Forward Converter），雙管反激式（Double

6、Transistor Feedback Converter）、推挽式（Push-Pull Converter） 和半橋式（Half-Bridge Converter）四種。四管DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器就是全橋DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器（Full-Bridge Converter）。 非隔離式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器，按有源功率器件的個(gè)數(shù)，可以分為單管、雙管和四管三類。單管DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器共有六種，即降壓式（Buck）DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器 ，升壓式（Boost）DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器、升壓降壓式（Buck Boost）DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器、Cuk DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器、Zeta DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器和SEPIC DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器。在這六種 單

7、管DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器中，Buck和Boost式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器是基本的，Buck-Boost、Cuk、Zeta、SEPIC式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器是從中派生出來(lái)的。雙管DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換 器有雙管串接的升壓式（Buck-Boost）DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器。四管DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器常用的是全橋DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器（Full-Bridge Converter）。 隔離式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器在實(shí)現(xiàn)輸出與輸入電氣隔離時(shí)，通常采用變壓器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，由于變壓器具有變壓的功能，所以有利于擴(kuò)大轉(zhuǎn)換器的輸出應(yīng)用 范圍，也便于實(shí)現(xiàn)不同電壓的多路輸出，或相同電壓的多種輸出。 在功率開(kāi)關(guān)管的電壓和電流定額相同時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)換器的輸出功率通常與所用開(kāi)關(guān)管的數(shù)量

8、成正比。所以開(kāi)關(guān)管數(shù)越多，DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器的輸出功率越大，四管式比兩管式輸出功率大一倍，單管式輸出功率只有四管式的1/4。 非隔離式轉(zhuǎn)換器與隔離式轉(zhuǎn)換器的組合，可以得到單個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換器所不具各的一些特性。 按能量的傳輸來(lái)分，DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器有單向傳輸和雙向傳輸兩種。具有雙向傳輸功能的DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器，既可以從電源側(cè)向負(fù)載側(cè)傳輸功率，也可以從負(fù)載側(cè)向電源側(cè)傳輸功率。 DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器也可以分為自激式和他控式。借助轉(zhuǎn)換器本身的正反饋信號(hào)實(shí)現(xiàn)開(kāi)關(guān)管自持周期性開(kāi)關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)換器，叫做自激式轉(zhuǎn)換器，如洛耶爾 （Royer）轉(zhuǎn)換器就是一種典型的推挽自激式轉(zhuǎn)換器。他控式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器中的開(kāi)關(guān)器件控制信號(hào)，是由外部專門(mén)

9、的控制電路產(chǎn)生的。 4、開(kāi)關(guān)電源的分類人們?cè)陂_(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)領(lǐng)域是邊開(kāi)發(fā)相關(guān)電力電子器件，邊開(kāi)發(fā)開(kāi)關(guān)變頻技術(shù)，兩者相互促進(jìn)推動(dòng)著開(kāi)關(guān)電源每年以超過(guò)兩位數(shù)字的增長(zhǎng)率向著輕、小、薄、低噪聲、高可靠、抗干擾的方向發(fā)展。開(kāi)關(guān)電源可分為AC/DC和DC/DC兩大類，也有AC/AC DC/AC 如逆變器 DC/DC變換器現(xiàn)已實(shí)現(xiàn)模塊化，且設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)工藝在國(guó)內(nèi)外均已成熟和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，并已得到用戶的認(rèn)可，但AC/DC的模塊化，因其自身的特性使得在模塊化的進(jìn)程中，遇到較為復(fù)雜的技術(shù)和工藝制造問(wèn)題。以下分別對(duì)兩類開(kāi)關(guān)電源的結(jié)構(gòu)和特性作以闡述。 自激式：是無(wú)須外加信號(hào)源能自行振蕩，自激式完全可以把它看作是一個(gè)變壓器反饋

10、式振蕩電路。 它激式：則完全依賴于外部維持振蕩，在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中它激式應(yīng)用比較廣泛。根據(jù)激勵(lì)信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)分類；可分為脈沖調(diào)寬和脈沖調(diào)幅兩種，脈沖調(diào)寬是控制信號(hào)的寬度，也就是頻率，脈沖調(diào)幅控制信號(hào)的幅度，兩者的作用相同都是使振蕩頻率維持在某一范圍內(nèi)，達(dá)到穩(wěn)定電壓的效果。變壓器的繞組一般可以分成三種類型，一組是參與振蕩的初級(jí)繞組，一組是維持振蕩的反饋繞組，還有一組是負(fù)載繞組。比如在家用電器中使用的上海正藝科技生產(chǎn)的開(kāi)關(guān)電源，將220V的交流電經(jīng)過(guò)橋式整流，變換成300V左右的直流電，濾波后進(jìn)入變壓器后加到開(kāi)關(guān)管的集電極進(jìn)行高頻振蕩，反饋繞組反饋到基極維持電路振蕩，負(fù)載繞組感應(yīng)的電信號(hào)，經(jīng)整流、濾波、穩(wěn)壓得

11、到的直流電壓給負(fù)載提供電能。負(fù)載繞組在提供電能的同時(shí)，也肩負(fù)起穩(wěn)定電壓的能力，其原理是在電壓輸出電路接一個(gè)電壓取樣裝置，監(jiān)測(cè)輸出電壓的變化情況，及時(shí)反饋給振蕩電路調(diào)整振蕩頻率，從而達(dá)到穩(wěn)定電壓的目的，為了避免電路的干擾，反饋回振蕩電路的電壓會(huì)用光電耦合器隔離。5、技術(shù)發(fā)展動(dòng)向開(kāi)關(guān)電源高頻化是其發(fā)展的方向，高頻化使開(kāi)關(guān)電源小型化，并使開(kāi)關(guān)電源進(jìn)入更廣泛的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，特別是在高新技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，推動(dòng)了開(kāi)關(guān)電源的發(fā)展前進(jìn)，每年以超過(guò)兩位數(shù)字的增長(zhǎng)率向著輕、小、薄、低噪聲、高可靠、抗干擾的方向發(fā)展。開(kāi)關(guān)電源可分為AC/DC和DC/DC兩大類，DC/DC變換器現(xiàn)已實(shí)現(xiàn)模塊化，且設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)工藝在國(guó)內(nèi)外均

12、已成熟和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，并已得到用戶的認(rèn)可，但AC/DC的模塊化，因其自身的特性使得在模塊化的進(jìn)程中，遇到較為復(fù)雜的技術(shù)和工藝制造問(wèn)題。另外，開(kāi)關(guān)電源的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用在節(jié)約能源、節(jié)約資源及保護(hù)環(huán)境方面都具有重要的意義。 開(kāi)關(guān)電源中應(yīng)用的電力電子器件主要為二極管、IGBT和MOSFET。 SCR在開(kāi)關(guān)電源輸入整流電路及軟啟動(dòng)電路中有少量應(yīng)用，GTR驅(qū)動(dòng)困難，開(kāi)關(guān)頻率低，逐漸被IGBT和MOSFET取代。開(kāi)關(guān)電源的發(fā)展方向是高頻、高可靠、低耗、低噪聲、抗干擾和模塊化。由于開(kāi)關(guān)電源輕、小、薄的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是高頻化，因此國(guó)外各大開(kāi)關(guān)電源制造商都致力于同步開(kāi)發(fā)新型高智能化的元器件，特別是改善二次整流器件的損耗，并在功率

13、鐵氧體材料上加大科技創(chuàng)新，以提高在高頻率和較大磁通密度（Bs)下獲得高的磁性能，而電容器的小型化也是一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。SMT技術(shù)的應(yīng)用使得開(kāi)關(guān)電源取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)展，在電路板兩面布置元器件，以確保開(kāi)關(guān)電源的輕、小、薄。開(kāi)關(guān)電源的高頻化就必然對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的PWM開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新，實(shí)現(xiàn)ZVS、ZCS的軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)已成為開(kāi)關(guān)電源的主流技術(shù)，并大幅提高了開(kāi)關(guān)電源的工作效率。對(duì)于高可靠性指標(biāo)，美國(guó)的開(kāi)關(guān)電源生產(chǎn)商通過(guò)降低運(yùn)行電流，降低結(jié)溫等措施以減少器件的應(yīng)力，使得產(chǎn)品的可靠性大大提高。 模塊化是開(kāi)關(guān)電源發(fā)展的總體趨勢(shì)，可以采用模塊化電源組成分布式電源系統(tǒng)，可以設(shè)計(jì)成N+1冗余電源系統(tǒng)，并實(shí)現(xiàn)并聯(lián)方式的容量擴(kuò)展。針對(duì)

14、開(kāi)關(guān)電源運(yùn)行噪聲大這一缺點(diǎn)，若單獨(dú)追求高頻化其噪聲也必將隨著增大，而采用部分諧振轉(zhuǎn)換電路技術(shù)，在理論上即可實(shí)現(xiàn)高頻化又可降低噪聲，但部分諧振轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用仍存在著技術(shù)問(wèn)題，故仍需在這一領(lǐng)域開(kāi)展大量的工作，以使得該項(xiàng)技術(shù)得以實(shí)用化。 電力電子技術(shù)的不斷創(chuàng)新，使開(kāi)關(guān)電源產(chǎn)業(yè)有著廣闊的發(fā)展前景。要加快我國(guó)開(kāi)關(guān)電源產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展速度，就必須走技術(shù)創(chuàng)新之路，走出有中國(guó)特色的產(chǎn)學(xué)研聯(lián)合發(fā)展之路，為我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)。開(kāi)關(guān)電源的發(fā)展和趨勢(shì)1955年美國(guó)羅耶（Roger)發(fā)明的自激振蕩推挽晶體管單變壓器直流變換器，是實(shí)現(xiàn)高頻轉(zhuǎn)換控制電路的開(kāi)端，1957年美國(guó)查賽（Jen Sen)發(fā)明了自激式推挽雙

15、變壓器，1964年美國(guó)科學(xué)家們提出取消工頻變壓器的串聯(lián)開(kāi)關(guān)電源的設(shè)想，這對(duì)電源向體積和重量的下降獲得了一條根本的途徑。到了1969年由于大功率硅晶體管的耐壓提高，二極管反向恢復(fù)時(shí)間的縮短等元器件改善，終于做成了25千赫的開(kāi)關(guān)電源。 目前，開(kāi)關(guān)電源以小型、輕量和高效率的特點(diǎn)被廣泛應(yīng)用于以電子計(jì)算機(jī)為主導(dǎo)的各種終端設(shè)備、通信設(shè)備等幾乎所有的電子設(shè)備，是當(dāng)今電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)飛速發(fā)展不可缺少的一種電源方式。目前市場(chǎng)上出售的開(kāi)關(guān)電源中采用雙極性晶體管制成的100kHz、用MOSFET制成的500kHz電源，雖已實(shí)用化，但其頻率有待進(jìn)一步提高。要提高開(kāi)關(guān)頻率，就要減少開(kāi)關(guān)損耗，而要減少開(kāi)關(guān)損耗，就需要有高速開(kāi)

16、關(guān)元器件。然而，開(kāi)關(guān)速度提高后，會(huì)受電路中分布電感和電容或二極管中存儲(chǔ)電荷的影響而產(chǎn)生浪涌或噪聲。這樣，不僅會(huì)影響周?chē)娮釉O(shè)備，還會(huì)大大降低電源本身的可靠性。其中，為防止隨開(kāi)關(guān)啟-閉所發(fā)生的電壓浪涌，可采用R-C或L-C緩沖器，而對(duì)由二極管存儲(chǔ)電荷所致的電流浪涌可采用非晶態(tài)等磁芯制成的磁緩沖器。不過(guò)，對(duì)1MHz以上的高頻，要采用諧振電路，以使開(kāi)關(guān)上的電壓或通過(guò)開(kāi)關(guān)的電流呈正弦波，這樣既可減少開(kāi)關(guān)損耗，同時(shí)也可控制浪涌的發(fā)生。這種開(kāi)關(guān)方式稱為諧振式開(kāi)關(guān)。目前對(duì)這種開(kāi)關(guān)電源的研究很活躍，因?yàn)椴捎眠@種方式不需要大幅度提高開(kāi)關(guān)速度就可以在理論上把開(kāi)關(guān)損耗降到零，而且噪聲也小，可望成為開(kāi)關(guān)電源高頻化的一

17、種主要方式。當(dāng)前，世界上許多國(guó)家都在致力于數(shù)兆Hz的變換器的實(shí)用化研究。6、原理簡(jiǎn)介開(kāi)關(guān)電源的工作過(guò)程相當(dāng)容易理解，在線性電源中，讓功率晶體管工作在線性模式，與線性電源不同的是，PWM開(kāi)關(guān)電源是讓功率晶體管工作在導(dǎo)通和關(guān)斷的狀態(tài)，在這兩種狀態(tài)中，加在功率晶體管上的伏-安乘積是很小的（在導(dǎo)通時(shí)，電壓低，電流大；關(guān)斷時(shí)，電壓高，電流?。?功率器件上的伏安乘積就是功率半導(dǎo)體器件上所產(chǎn)生的損耗。 與線性電源相比，PWM開(kāi)關(guān)電源更為有效的工作過(guò)程是通過(guò)“斬波”，即把輸入的直流電壓斬成幅值等于輸入電壓幅值的脈沖電壓來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。脈沖的占空比由開(kāi)關(guān)電源的控制器來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)。一旦輸入電壓被斬成交流方波，其幅值就可以通過(guò)

18、變壓器來(lái)升高或降低。通過(guò)增加變壓器的二次繞組數(shù)就可以增加輸出的電壓組數(shù)。最后這些交流波形經(jīng)過(guò)整流濾波后就得到直流輸出電壓。 控制器的主要目的是保持輸出電壓穩(wěn)定，其工作過(guò)程與線性形式的控制器很類似。也就是說(shuō)控制器的功能塊、電壓參考和誤差放大器，可以設(shè)計(jì)成與線性調(diào)節(jié)器相同。他們的不同之處在于，誤差放大器的輸出（誤差電壓）在驅(qū)動(dòng)功率管之前要經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)電壓/脈沖寬度轉(zhuǎn)換單元。 開(kāi)關(guān)電源有兩種主要的工作方式：正激式變換和升壓式變換。盡管它們各部分的布置差別很小，但是工作過(guò)程相差很大，在特定的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合下各有優(yōu)點(diǎn)。7、電路原理所謂開(kāi)關(guān)電源，顧名思義，就是這里有一扇門(mén)，一開(kāi)門(mén)電源就通過(guò)，一關(guān)門(mén)電源就停止通過(guò)，那

19、么什么是門(mén)呢，開(kāi)關(guān)電源里有的采用可控硅，有的采用開(kāi)關(guān)管，這兩個(gè)元器件性能差不多，都是靠基極、（開(kāi)關(guān)管）控制極（可控硅）上加上脈沖信號(hào)來(lái)完成導(dǎo)通和截止的，脈沖信號(hào)正半周到來(lái)，控制極上電壓升高，開(kāi)關(guān)管或可控硅就導(dǎo)通，由220V整流、濾波后輸出的300V電壓就導(dǎo)通，通過(guò)開(kāi)關(guān)變壓器傳到次級(jí)，再通過(guò)變壓比將電壓升高或降低，供各個(gè)電路工作。振蕩脈沖負(fù)半周到來(lái)，電源調(diào)整管的基極、或可控硅的控制極電壓低于原來(lái)的設(shè)置電壓，電源調(diào)整管截止，300V電源被關(guān)斷，開(kāi)關(guān)變壓器次級(jí)沒(méi)電壓，這時(shí)各電路所需的工作電壓，就靠次級(jí)本路整流后的濾波電容放電來(lái)維持。待到下一個(gè)脈沖的周期正半周信號(hào)到來(lái)時(shí)，重復(fù)上一個(gè)過(guò)程。這個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)變壓器

20、就叫高頻變壓器，因?yàn)樗墓ぷ黝l率高于50HZ低頻。那么推動(dòng)開(kāi)關(guān)管或可控硅的脈沖如何獲得呢，這就需要有個(gè)振蕩電路產(chǎn)生，我們知道，晶體三極管有個(gè)特性，就是基極對(duì)發(fā)射極電壓是0.65-0.7V是放大狀態(tài)，0.7V以上就是飽和導(dǎo)通狀態(tài)， -0.1V- -0.3V就工作在振蕩狀態(tài)，那么其工作點(diǎn)調(diào)好后，就靠較深的負(fù)反饋來(lái)產(chǎn)生負(fù)壓，使振蕩管起振，振蕩管的頻率由基極上的電容充放電的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短來(lái)決定，振蕩頻率高輸出脈沖幅度就大，反之就小，這就決定了電源調(diào)整管的輸出電壓的大小。那么變壓器次級(jí)輸出的工作電壓如何穩(wěn)壓呢，一般是在開(kāi)關(guān)變壓器上，單繞一組線圈，在其上端獲得的電壓經(jīng)過(guò)整流濾波后，作為基準(zhǔn)電壓，然后通過(guò)光電耦合

21、器，將這個(gè)基準(zhǔn)電壓返回振蕩管的基極，來(lái)調(diào)整震蕩頻率的高低，如果變壓器次級(jí)電壓升高，本取樣線圈輸出的電壓也升高，通過(guò)光電耦合器獲得的正反饋電壓也升高，這個(gè)電壓加到振蕩管基極上，就使振蕩頻率降低，起到了穩(wěn)定次級(jí)輸出電壓的穩(wěn)定，太細(xì)的工作情況就不必細(xì)講了，也沒(méi)必要了解的那么細(xì)的，這樣大功率的電壓由開(kāi)關(guān)變壓器傳遞，并與后級(jí)隔開(kāi)，返回的取樣電壓由光耦傳遞也與后級(jí)隔開(kāi)，所以前級(jí)的市電電壓，是與后級(jí)分離的，這就叫冷板，是安全的，變壓器前的電源是獨(dú)立的，這就叫開(kāi)關(guān)電源。8、DC/DC變換DC/DC變換是將固定的直流電壓變換成可變的直流電壓，也稱為直流斬波。斬波器的工作方式有兩種，一是脈寬調(diào)制方式Ts不變，改變

22、ton(通用)，二是頻率調(diào)制方式，ton不變，改變Ts（易產(chǎn)生干擾）。其具體的電路由以下幾類：Buck電路降壓斬波器，其輸出平均電壓U0小于輸入電壓Ui，極性相同。Boost電路升壓斬波器，其輸出平均電壓 開(kāi)關(guān)電源及電路圖U0大于輸入電壓Ui，極性相同。 BuckBoost電路降壓或升壓斬波器，其輸出平均電壓U0大于或小于輸入電壓Ui，極性相反，電感傳輸。 Cuk電路降壓或升壓斬波器，其輸出平均電 壓U0大于或小于輸入電壓Ui，極性相反，電容傳輸。 上述為非隔離型電路，隔離型電路有正激電路、反激電路、半橋電路、全橋電路、推挽電路。 當(dāng)今軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)使得DC/DC發(fā)生了質(zhì)的飛躍，美國(guó)VICOR公司

23、設(shè)計(jì)制造的多種ECI軟開(kāi)關(guān)DC/DC變換器，其最大輸出功率有300W、600W、800W等，相應(yīng)的功率密度為(6.2、10、17)W/cm3，效率為（8090）%。日本Nemic Lambda公司最新推出的一種采用軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)的高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源模塊RM系列，其開(kāi)關(guān)頻率為（200300)kHz，功率密度已達(dá)到27W/cm3，采用同步整流器（MOSFET代替肖特基二極管），使整個(gè)電路效率提高到90%。9、AC/DC變換AC/DC變換是將交流變換為直流，其功率流向可以是雙向的，功率流由電源流向負(fù)載的稱為“整流”，功率流由負(fù)載返回電源的稱為“有源逆變”。AC/DC變換器輸入為50/60Hz的交流電，因必須經(jīng)

24、整流、濾波，因此體積相對(duì)較大的濾波電容器是必不可少的，同時(shí)因遇到安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（如UL、CCEE等）及EMC指令的限制（如IEC、FCC、CSA），交流輸入側(cè)必須加EMC濾波及使用符合安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的元件，這樣就限制AC/DC電源體積的小型化，另外，由于內(nèi)部的高頻、高壓、大電流開(kāi)關(guān)動(dòng)作，使得解決EMC電磁兼容問(wèn)題難度加大，也就對(duì)內(nèi)部高密度安裝電路設(shè)計(jì)提出了很高的要求，由于同樣的原因，高電壓、大電流開(kāi)關(guān)使得電源工作損耗增大，限制了AC/DC變換器模塊化的進(jìn)程，因此必須采用電源系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法才能使其工作效率達(dá)到一定的滿意程度。 AC/DC變換按電路的接線方式可分為，半波電路、全波電路。按電源相數(shù)可分為，單相

25、、三相、多相。按電路工作象限又可分為一象限、二象限、三象限、四象限。 開(kāi)關(guān)電源的選用 開(kāi)關(guān)電源在輸入抗干擾性能上，由于其自身電路結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)（多級(jí)串聯(lián)），一般的輸入干擾如浪涌電壓很難通過(guò)，在輸出電壓穩(wěn)定度這一技術(shù)指標(biāo)上與線性電源相比具有較大的優(yōu)勢(shì)，其輸出電壓穩(wěn)定度可達(dá)(0.51）%。開(kāi)關(guān)電源模塊作為一種電力電子集成器件，要注意選擇。原文The design Based onsingle chip switching power supply1、uses The switching power supply products are widely used in industrial automa

26、tion and control, military equipment, scientific equipment, LED lighting, industrial equipment,communications equipment,electrical equipment,instrumentation, medical equipment, semiconductor cooling and heating, air purifiers, electronic refrigerator, LCD monitor, LED lighting, communications equipm

27、ent, audio-visual products, security, computer chassis, digital products and equipment and other fields.2、Introduction With the rapid development of power electronics technology, power electronics equipment and peoples work, the relationship of life become increasingly close, and electronic equipmen

28、t without reliable power, into the 1980s, computer power and the full realization of the switching power supply, the first to complete the computer Power new generation to enter the switching power supply in the 1990s have entered into a variety of electronic, electrical devices, program-controlled

29、switchboards, communications, electronic testing equipment power control equipment, power supply, etc. have been widely used in switching power supply, but also to promote the rapid development of the switching power supply technology . Switching power supply is the use of modern power electronics t

30、echnology to control the ratio of the switching transistor to turn on and off to maintain a stable output voltage power supply, switching power supply is generally controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) ICs and switching devices (MOSFET, BJT) composition. Switching power supply and linear power

31、compared to both the cost and growth with the increase of output power, but the two different growth rates. A power point, linear power supply costs, but higher than the switching power supply. With the development of power electronics technology and innovation, making the switching power supply tec

32、hnology to continue to innovate, the turning points of this cost is increasingly move to the low output power side, the switching power supply provides a broad space for development. The direction of its development is the high-frequency switching power supply, high frequency switching power supply

33、miniaturization, and switching power supply into a wider range of application areas, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the miniaturization of high-tech products, light of. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource c

34、onservation and environmental protection are of great significance.3、classification Modern switching power supply, there are two: one is the DC switching power supply; the other is the AC switching power supply. Introduces only DC switching power supply and its function is poor power quality of the

35、original eco-power (coarse) - such as mains power or battery power, converted to meet the equipment requirements of high-quality DC voltage (Varitronix) . The core of the DC switching power supply DC / DC converter. DC switching power supply classification is dependent on the classification of DC /

36、DC converter. In other words, the classification of the classification of the DC switching power supply and DC/DC converter is the classification of essentially the same, the DC / DC converter is basically a classification of the DC switching power supply. DC /DC converter between the input and outp

37、ut electrical isolation can be divided into two categories: one is isolated called isolated DC/DC converter; the other is not isolated as non-isolated DC / DC converter. Isolated DC / DC converter can also be classified by the number of active power devices. The single tube of DC / DC converter Forw

38、ard (Forward), Feedback (Feedback) two. The double-barreled double-barreled DC/ DC converter Forward (Double Transistor Forward Converter), twin-tube feedback (Double Transistor Feedback Converter), Push-Pull (Push the Pull Converter) and half-bridge (Half-Bridge Converter) four. Four DC / DC conver

39、ter is the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Non-isolated DC / DC converter, according to the number of active power devices can be divided into single-tube, double pipe, and four three categories. Single tube to a total of six of the DC / DC converter, step-down (Buck) DC / DC c

40、onverter, step-up (Boost) DC / DC converters, DC / DC converter, boost buck (Buck Boost) device of Cuk the DC / DC converter, the Zeta DC / DC converter and SEPIC, the DC / DC converter. DC / DC converters, the Buck and Boost type DC / DC converter is the basic buck-boost of Cuk, Zeta, SEPIC, type D

41、C / DC converter is derived from a single tube in this six. The twin-tube cascaded double-barreled boost (buck-boost) DC / DC converter DC / DC converter. Four DC / DC converter is used, the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter). Isolated DC / DC converter input and output electrical

42、 isolation is usually transformer to achieve the function of the transformer has a transformer, so conducive to the expansion of the converter output range of applications, but also easy to achieve different voltage output , or a variety of the same voltage output.Power switch voltage and current ra

43、ting, the converters output power is usually proportional to the number of switch. The more the number of switch, the greater the output power of the DC / DC converter, four type than the two output power is twice as large, single-tube output power of only four 1/4. A combination of non-isolated con

44、verters and isolated converters can be a single converter does not have their own characteristics. Energy transmission points, one-way transmission and two-way transmission of two DC / DC converter. DC / DC converter with bi-directional transmission function, either side of the transmission power fr

45、om the power of lateral load power from the load-lateral side of the transmission power. DC / DC converter can be divided into self-excited and separately controlled. With the positive feedback signal converter to switch to self-sustaining periodic switching converter, called self-excited converter,

46、 such as the the Luo Yeer (Royer,) converter is a typical push-pull self-oscillating converter. Controlled DC / DC converter switching device control signal is generated by specialized external control circuit.4、the switching power supply.People in the field of switching power supply technology side

47、 of the development of power electronic devices, while the development of the switching inverter technology, the two promote each other to promote the switching power supply annual growth rate of more than two digits toward the light, small, thin, low-noise, high reliability, the direction of develo

48、pment of anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, AC / AC DC / AC, such as inverters, DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardization, and has been recognized b

49、y the user, but AC / DC modular, its own characteristics make the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. Hereinafter to illustrate the structure and characteristics of the two types of switching power supply. Self-excited: no external signal source can be self-

50、oscillation, completely self-excited to see it as feedback oscillation circuit of a transformer. Separate excitation: entirely dependent on external sustain oscillations, excited used widely in practical applications. According to the excitation signal structure classification; can be divided into p

51、ulse-width-modulated and pulse amplitude modulated two pulse width modulated control the width of the signal is frequency, pulse amplitude modulation control signal amplitude between the same effect are the oscillation frequency to maintain within a certain range to achieve the effect of voltage sta

52、bility. The winding of the transformer can generally be divided into three types, one group is involved in the oscillation of the primary winding, a group of sustained oscillations in the feedback winding, there is a group of load winding. Such as Shanghai is used in household appliances art technol

53、ogical production of switching power supply, 220V AC bridge rectifier, changing to about 300V DC filter added to the collector of the switch into the transformer for high frequency oscillation, the feedback winding feedback to the base to maintain the circuit oscillating load winding induction signa

54、l, the DC voltage by the rectifier, filter, regulator to provide power to the load. Load winding to provide power at the same time, take up the ability to voltage stability, the principle is the voltage output circuit connected to a voltage sampling device to monitor the output voltage changes, and

55、timely feedback to the oscillator circuit to adjust the oscillation frequency, so as to achieve stable voltage purposes, in order to avoid the interference of the circuit, the feedback voltage back to the oscillator circuit with optocoupler isolation.5、technology developmentsThe high-frequency switc

56、hing power supply is the direction of its development, high-frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into the broader field of application, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the development and advancement of the switching power supply, an annual more th

57、an two-digit growth rate toward the light, small, thin, low noise, high reliability, the direction of the anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, the DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad ha

58、ve already matured and standardized, and has been recognized by the user, but modular AC / DC, because of its own characteristics makes the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in term

59、s of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.The switching power supply applications in power electronic devices as diodes, IGBT and MOSFET. SCR switching power supply input rectifier circuit and soft start circuit, a small amount of applicat

60、ions, the GTR drive difficult, low switching frequency, gradually replace the IGBT and MOSFET. Direction of development of the switching power supply is a high-frequency, high reliability, low power, low noise, jamming and modular. Small, thin, and the key technology is the high frequency switching

61、power supply light, so foreign major switching power supply manufacturers have committed to synchronize the development of new intelligent components, in particular, is to improve the secondary rectifier loss, and the power of iron Oxygen materials to increase scientific and technological innovation

62、 in order to improve the magnetic properties of high frequency and large magnetic flux density (Bs), and capacitor miniaturization is a key technology. SMT technology allows the switching power supply has made considerable progress, the arrangement of the components in the circuit board on both side

63、s, to ensure that the light of the switching power supply, a small, thin. High-frequency switching power supply is bound to the traditional PWM switching technology innovation, realization of ZVS, ZCS soft-switching technology has become the mainstream technology of the switching power supply, and a

64、 substantial increase in the efficiency of the switching power supply. Indicators for high reliability, switching power supply manufacturers in the United States by reducing the operating current, reducing the junction temperature and other measures to reduce the stress of the device, greatly improve the reliability of products. Modularity is the overall trend of switching power supply, distributed power systems can be composed of modular power supply, can be designed to N +1 redundant power syst