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1、 模具設計與制造模具是制造業(yè)的重要工藝基礎，在我國，模具制造屬于專用設備制造業(yè)。中國雖然很早就開始制造模具和使用模具，但長期未形成產業(yè)。直到20世紀80年代后期，中國模具工業(yè)才駛入發(fā)展的快車道。近年，不僅國有模具企業(yè)有了很大發(fā)展，三資企業(yè)、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（個體）模具企業(yè)的發(fā)展也相當迅速。 雖然中國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，但與需求相比，顯然供不應求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、復雜、長壽命模具領域。由于在模具精度、壽命、制造周期及生產能力等方面，中國與國際平均水平和發(fā)達國家仍有較大差距，因此，每年需要大量進口模具。 中國模具產業(yè)除了要繼續(xù)提高生產能力，今后更要著重于行業(yè)內部結構的調整和技術發(fā)展水平的提高。結構調

2、整方面，主要是企業(yè)結構向專業(yè)化調整，產品結構向著中高檔模具發(fā)展，向進出口結構的改進，中高檔汽車覆蓋件模具成形分析及結構改進、多功能復合模具和復合加工及激光技術在模具設計制造上的應用、高速切削、超精加工及拋光技術、信息化方向發(fā)展。 近年，模具行業(yè)結構調整和體制改革步伐加大，主要表現(xiàn)在，大型、精密、復雜、長壽命、中高檔模具及模具標準件發(fā)展速度高于一般模具產品；塑料模和壓鑄模比例增大；專業(yè)模具廠數(shù)量及其生產能力增加；“三資”及私營企業(yè)發(fā)展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。從地區(qū)分布來看，以珠江三角洲和長江三角洲為中心的東南沿海地區(qū)發(fā)展快于中西部地區(qū)，南方的發(fā)展快于北方。目前發(fā)展最快、模具生產最為集中的省份

3、是廣東和浙江，江蘇、上海、安徽和山東等地近幾年也有較大發(fā)展。 雖然我國模具總量目前已達到相當規(guī)模，模具水平也有很大提高，但設計制造水平總體上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工業(yè)發(fā)達國家許多。當前存在的問題和差距主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面：（1）總量供不應求 國內模具自配率只有70%左右。其中低檔模具供過于求，中高檔模具自配率只有50%左右。 （2）企業(yè)組織結構、產品結構、技術結構和進出口結構均不合理 我國模具生產廠中多數(shù)是自產自配的工模具車間（分廠），自產自配比例高達60%左右，而國外模具超過70%屬商品模具。專業(yè)模具廠大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的組織形式，而國外大多是“小而?！薄ⅰ靶《?。國內大型、

4、精密、復雜、長壽命的模具占總量比例不足30%，而國外在50%以上。2004年，模具進出口之比為3.7:1，進出口相抵后的凈進口額達13.2億美元，為世界模具凈進口量最大的國家。（3）模具產品水平大大低于國際水平，生產周期卻高于國際水平 產品水平低主要表現(xiàn)在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、壽命及結構等方面。 （4）開發(fā)能力較差，經濟效益欠佳 我國模具企業(yè)技術人員比例低，水平較低，且不重視產品開發(fā)，在市場中經常處于被動地位。我國每個模具職工平均年創(chuàng)造產值約合1萬美元，國外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達國家大多是1520萬美元，有的高達2530萬美元，與之相對的是我國相當一部分模具企業(yè)還沿用過去作坊式管理，真正實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化

5、企業(yè)管理的企業(yè)較少。 造成上述差距的原因很多，除了歷史上模具作為產品長期未得到應有的重視，以及多數(shù)國有企業(yè)機制不能適應市場經濟之外，還有下列幾個原因： （1）國家對模具工業(yè)的政策支持力度還不夠 雖然國家已經明確頒布了模具行業(yè)的產業(yè)政策，但配套政策少，執(zhí)行力度弱。目前享受模具產品增值稅的企業(yè)全國只有185家，大多數(shù)企業(yè)仍舊稅負過重。模具企業(yè)進行技術改造引進設備要繳納相當數(shù)量的稅金，影響技術進步，而且民營企業(yè)貸款十分困難。 （2）人才嚴重不足，科研開發(fā)及技術攻關投入太少 模具行業(yè)是技術、資金、勞動密集的產業(yè)，隨著時代的進步和技術的發(fā)展，掌握并且熟練運用新技術的人才異常短缺，高級模具鉗工及企業(yè)管理人

6、才也非常緊張。由于模具企業(yè)效益欠佳及對科研開發(fā)和技術攻關重視不夠，科研單位和大專院校的眼睛盯著創(chuàng)收，導致模具行業(yè)在科研開發(fā)和技術攻關方面投入太少，致使模具技術發(fā)展步伐不大，進展不快。 （3）工藝裝備水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低 近年來我國機床行業(yè)進步較快，已能提供比較成套的高精度加工設備，但與國外裝備相比，仍有較大差距。雖然國內許多企業(yè)已引進許多國外先進設備，但總體的裝備水平比國外許多企業(yè)低很多。由于體制和資金等方面的原因，引進設備不配套，設備與附件不配套現(xiàn)象十分普遍，設備利用率低的問題長期得不到較妥善的解決。 （4）專業(yè)化、標準化、商品化程度低，協(xié)作能力差 由于長期以來受“大而全”“小而全

7、”影響，模具專業(yè)化水平低，專業(yè)分工不細致，商品化程度低。目前國內每年生產的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其余為自產自用。模具企業(yè)之間協(xié)作不暢，難以完成較大規(guī)模的模具成套任務。模具標準化水平低，模具標準件使用覆蓋率低也對模具質量、成本有較大影響，特別是對模具制造周期有很大影響。 （5）模具材料及模具相關技術落后 模具材料性能、質量和品種問題往往會影響模具質量、壽命及成本，國產模具鋼與國外進口鋼材相比有較大差距。塑料、板材、設備性能差，也直接影響模具水平的提高。 隨著全球經濟的發(fā)展，新的技術革命不斷取得新的進展和突破，技術的飛躍和發(fā)展已經成為推動世界經濟增長的重要因素。市場經濟的不斷發(fā)展，促使工業(yè)

8、產品越來越向多品種、小批量、高質量、低成本的方向發(fā)展，為了保持和加強產品在市場上的競爭力，產品的開發(fā)周期、生產周期越來越短，于是對制造各種產品的關鍵工藝裝備模具的要求越來越苛刻。一方面企業(yè)為追求規(guī)模效益，使得模具向著高速、精密、長壽命方向發(fā)展；另一方面企業(yè)為了滿足多品種、小批量、產品更新?lián)Q代快、贏得市場的需要，要求模具向著制造周期短、成本低的快速經濟的方向發(fā)展。計算機、激光、電子、新材料、新技術的發(fā)展，使得快速經濟制模技術如虎添翼，應用范圍不斷擴大，類型不斷增多，創(chuàng)造的經濟效益和社會效益越來越顯著。快速經濟制模技術與傳統(tǒng)的機械加工相比，具有制模周期短、成本低、精度與壽命又能滿足生產上的使用要求

9、，是綜合經濟效益比較顯著的一類制造模具的技術，概括起來，有以下幾種類別。 1快速原型制造技術快速原型制造技術簡稱RPM，是80年代后期發(fā)展起來的一種新型制造技術。美國、日本、英國、以色列、德國、中國都推出了自己的商業(yè)化產品，并逐漸形成了新型產業(yè)。RPM是電腦、激光、光學掃描、先進的新型材料、計算機輔助設計(CAD)、計算機輔助加工(CAM)、數(shù)控(CNC)綜合應用的高新技術。在成型概念上以平面離散、堆積為指導，在控制上以計算機和數(shù)控為基礎，以最大柔性為總體目標。它摒棄了傳統(tǒng)的機械加工方法，對制造業(yè)的變革是一個重大的突破，利用RPM技術可以直接或間接地快速制模，該技術已被汽車、航空、家電、船舶、

10、醫(yī)療、模具等行業(yè)廣泛應用。 2表面成型制模技術表面成型制模技術，主要是利用噴涂、電鑄、化學腐蝕等新的工藝方法形成型腔表面及精細花紋的一種工藝技術，實際應用中包括以下幾種類型。電弧噴涂成型制模技術電弧噴涂成型技術的原理是：利用2根通電的金屬絲之間產生電弧的熱量將金屬絲熔化，依靠高壓氣體將其充分霧化，并給予一定的動能，高速噴射在樣模表面，層層鑲嵌，形成一金屬殼體，即型腔的內表面，再用充填基體材料(一般為金屬粉粒與樹脂的復合材料)加以支撐加固，提高其強度和剛性，連同金屬模架組合成模具。這種制模技術工藝簡單、成本低，制造周期非常短，型腔表面的成型僅需幾個小時，節(jié)省能源和金屬材料，一般型腔表面僅2-3m

11、m厚，仿真性極強，花紋精度可達到0.5m。目前該技術被廣泛地用于飛機、汽車的內飾件模具、家電、家俱、制鞋、美術工藝品等表面形狀復雜及花紋精細的各種聚氨酯制品的吹塑、吸塑、PVC注射、PU發(fā)泡及各類注射成型模具中。 電鑄成型技術電鑄成型技術的原理同電鍍一樣，是依樣模(現(xiàn)成制品或按制品圖紙制成的母模)為基準(陰極)，置放在電鑄液中(陽極)，使電鑄液中的金屬離子還原后一層一層地沉積在樣模上，形成金屬殼體，將其剝離后，與樣模接觸的表面即為模具的型腔內表面。該技術主要特點是節(jié)省材料、模具制造周期短，電鑄層硬度可達40HRC，提高了耐磨性和壽命，粗糙度、尺寸精度與樣模完全一致，適用于注射、吸塑、吹塑、搪塑

12、、膠木模、玻璃模、壓鑄模等模具型腔及電火花成型電極的制造。型腔表面精細花紋成型的蝕刻技術蝕刻技術是光學、化學、機加工綜合應用的一種技術，它的基本原理是先把花紋圖案制成膠片，再把膠片上的花紋圖案復制在已涂上光敏材料的模具型腔表面上，經過化學處理，模具型腔表面形成不被蝕刻部分的保護層，再根據(jù)模具材質，選擇相應蝕刻工藝，將花紋圖案蝕刻在模具內表面上。該技術的主要特點是時間短、費用低，修補破損花紋圖案可做到天衣無縫。3澆鑄成型制模技術澆鑄成型制模技術的共同特點是依樣件為基準，澆鑄出凸、凹模，型腔表面不需要機械加工。4擠壓成型技術利用鈹銅合金的良好的導熱性和穩(wěn)定性，經固熔時效處理后，采用冷擠壓制造模具凹

13、模型腔。其特點是制造周期短，型腔精度高(IT7級)，表面粗糙度Ra=0.025m,強度高，壽命可達50萬次，無環(huán)境污染。該技術是利用金屬材料在細化晶粒、一定成型溫度、低變形速率條件下，材料具有最佳超塑性時，將事先制作好的凸模，用較小的力便可擠壓出凹模的一種快速經濟制模技術。超塑成型材料的典型代表是Zn-22%AL。 5無模多點成形技術無模多點快速成形技術是以CAD/CAM/CAT技術為主要手段，利用計算機控制高度可調基本體群形成上下成形面，代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)模具對板料進行三維曲面成形的又一現(xiàn)代先進制造技術。此項技術可以隨意改變變形路徑與受力狀態(tài)，提高材料的成形極限，可反復成形，以此消除材料內部的殘余應力

14、，實現(xiàn)無回彈成形。 6凱維朗(KEVRON)鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術新型鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術是一種不同于一般具有凸、凹模結構的鋼帶模，它是由單刃鋼帶與特制墊板組成的新型快速經濟制模技術。這種模具重量輕，一般只有200kg，加工精度為0.35-0.50mm，可適合各種黑色和有色金屬的0.5-0.65mm厚的板料加工。壽命可達到5-25萬次，制造成本低。 7模具毛坯的快速制造技術實型鑄造由于大量的模具是屬于單件或小批量生產，模具毛坯的制造質量和周期及成本對最終的模具質量和周期及成本的影響是至關重要的。現(xiàn)代模具毛坯已廣泛地采用子實型鑄造技術，所謂實型鑄造就是利用泡沫塑料(聚苯乙烯PS或聚甲基丙烯酸酯PM

15、MA)制作代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的木?；蚪饘倌?，造型后不需取出模型，便可以澆鑄，泡沫塑料模型的高溫液體金屬作用下，迅速燃燒氣化而消失，金屬液取代原來泡沫塑料模型所占有的位置，冷凝后形成鑄件。 8 其它方面技術為了簡化模具的結構設計，降低模具成本，縮短模具制造周期，在國內外也先后出現(xiàn)了一些其它方面新技術的應用，如快換模架、沖壓單元、刃口堆焊、鑲塊鑄造、氮氣彈簧等。 氮氣彈簧在模具上的應用氮氣彈簧是一種新型彈性功能部件，用它代替彈簧、橡膠、聚氨酯或者氣墊，它能夠準確地提供壓邊力，在較小空間便可產生較大初始彈壓力，不需預緊，在模具整個工作過程中彈壓力基本恒定。彈壓力大小及受力點位置可隨時、準確、方便地調整，簡化模

16、具拉伸、壓邊、卸料等結構，簡化模具設計，縮短制模周期，調試模具方便，縮短更換模具時間，提高生產效率。 快速換模技術由于產品品種的增多，使模具在生產中更換變得十分頻繁，于是如何縮短沖壓設備的停機時間，提高生產效率，快速換模技術受到了人們的關注。目前發(fā)達工業(yè)國家的一些大公司換模速度達到了驚人的程度，是否具有快速換模技術已成為企業(yè)技術進步的一項標志?？偟内厔菥褪菧p少模具在設備上安裝、固定、調整的時間，這既要在設備結構設計上予以考慮，又要在模具的結構設計、標準化方面予以考慮，將機上的作業(yè)盡可能地放在機下做。 沖壓單元組合技術沖壓單元組合技術是將常規(guī)的沖模分解為一個個簡單的單元沖模，根據(jù)工序件的要求，排

17、列組合，在同一次沖程內完成多種沖壓工序的新型工藝裝備，工作時沖壓單元不與沖床滑塊聯(lián)接，只需滑塊打擊即可完成沖壓工作。單獨使用時它就是1副完整模具。它可以用來加工板料或型材的沖孔、落料、切角、切槽、切斷及淺拉伸等。具有組裝快捷、使用方便、通用性強、經濟性好等特點，特別適合多品種、中小批量生產。 可加工塑料在模具制造中的應用可加工塑料在發(fā)達的工業(yè)國家應用較普遍，特別是在汽車、飛機等制造業(yè)中，主要代替木材或金屬制作汽車車身主模型、靠模、檢具和鑄造模型等。可加工塑料的主要特點是兼?zhèn)淠静暮徒饘俚膬?yōu)良加工性能，制作工藝簡捷(可采用模塑、澆注、拼粘、雕塑等方法)、尺寸穩(wěn)定性好、不變形、耐潮濕、耐腐蝕、易修復

18、、易改型、重量輕、制作周期短、成本低?？焖俳洕颇＜夹g種類很多，其所具有的特點、應用范圍各不相同，本文僅能概括地做一些簡單介紹，每種技術在具體應用和實施過程中尚有許多具體的工藝過程、工藝參數(shù)及其技術特性。模具是基礎工業(yè)之一，在全球化市場經濟和各種高新技術的迅猛發(fā)展形勢下，快速經濟模具賦予了新的使命和全新的內涵，分類不斷增加，快速經濟制模材料向著多品種系列化邁進，工藝不斷有新的創(chuàng)新和突破，與之配套設備相繼問世，服務領域在不斷地拓寬，創(chuàng)造的經濟效益越來越顯著。隨著商品經濟的發(fā)展，激烈的市場競爭，產品更新?lián)Q代的加速，對快速經濟制模技術在縮短周期、降低成本，提高精度和延長壽命方面的要求勢必會越來越高。

19、由于它能使企業(yè)贏得市場，創(chuàng)造顯著的經濟效益，越來越受到企業(yè)家的青睞和有關領導部門的極大關注與政策資金的支持。各種快速經濟制模技術在推廣應用過程中也會不斷完善成熟和發(fā)展，由于高新技術的發(fā)展，各種技術的復合與滲透，為適應生產中的不同需求，今后必定會形成一些新型、節(jié)約能源、節(jié)約材料的快速制模技術。Mold Design and ManufactureThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special

20、purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80s later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only th

21、e state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprises development also quite rapidly. Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand

22、, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore,

23、 needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity; from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise

24、structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing

25、and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed i

26、n, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase;

27、 The three investments and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development

28、quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable

29、scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) The t

30、otal quantity falls short of demand Domestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.(2) The enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does n

31、ot gatherIn our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold fact

32、ory mostly is large and complete, small and entire organization form, but overseas mostly is small but, is specially small and fine. Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, rat

33、io of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is h

34、igher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowThe level

35、 is lower, also does not take the product development, and frequently is in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach a

36、s high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages few To create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-ter

37、m has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .(1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficientlyAlthough t

38、he country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185; the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold ent

39、erprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult.(2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research deve

40、lopment and the technical attack investment too urine Mold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mol

41、d fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at

42、is creating income, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step not to be big, progresses not quick.(3) The craft equipment level to be low, also necessary is not good, the use facto

43、r low Recent years our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipme

44、nt, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not necessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common, the equipment utilization rate l

45、ow question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time .(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperation ability Because receives large and complete small and entire the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized lab

46、or division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% about, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the molds enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with dif

47、ficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence.(5) To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlation technology fall.The mold materi

48、al performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold

49、level enhancement.Along with the global economy development, the new technological revolution made the new progress and the breakthrough unceasingly, the technical leap development already becomes the important attribute which the impetus world economics grew. The market economy unceasing developmen

50、t, urges the industry product more and more to the multi- varieties, high grade, the low cost direction to develop, in order to maintain and strengthens the product in market competitive power, product development cycle, production cycle more and more short, thereupon to makes each kind of product t

51、he essential craft equipment mold request to be more and more harsh. On the one hand the enterprise for the pursue scale benefit, causes the mold to turn towards high speed, is precise, the long life direction develops; On the other hand enterprise in order to satisfy the multi- varieties, the produ

52、ct renewal quickly, wins the market the need, requests the mold to turn towards the manufacture cycle to be short, the cost low fast economy direction develops. The computer, the laser, electronic, the new material, the new technical development, causes the fast economical pattern making technology

53、even more powerful, the application scope expands unceasingly, the type increases unceasingly, the creation economic efficiency and the social efficiency are more and more remarkable. The fast economical pattern making technology and the traditional machine-finishing compares, has the pattern making

54、 cycle short, the cost is low, the precision and the life can satisfy in the production the operation requirements, is synthesizes an economic efficiency quite remarkable kind to make the mold the technology, summarizes below, has several types to leave. 1 Fast prototype manufactures technology The

55、fast prototype manufacture technology is called RPM, is one kind of new manufacture technology which the 80s later period develops. US, Japan, England, Israel, Germany, China have all promoted own commercialization product, and has formed the new industry gradually. RPM is the computer, the laser, t

56、he optical scanning, the advanced new material, the computer-aided design (CAD), the computer assistance processing (CAM), the numerical control (CNC) synthesizes the application the high technology and new technology. In takes shape in the concept take the plane separate, piles up as the instructio

57、n, in the control take the computer and the numerical control as the foundation, and take biggest flexibility as general goals. It has abandoned the traditional machine-finishing method, to the manufacturing industry transformation is a significant breakthrough, uses the RPM technology to be possibl

58、e directly or indirectly the fast pattern making, this technology already by profession widespread application and so on automobile, aviation, electrical appliances, ships, medical service, and mold.2 Surfaces take shape the pattern making technology The surface takes shape the pattern making techno

59、logy, mainly is the use spurts spreads, the electrolytic casting, chemistry corrosion and so on the new technique formation cavity surface and the fine pattern one kind of craft technology, in the practical application including following several kind of types.Electric arcs spurt spread take shape t

60、he pattern making technology The electric arc spurts spreads takes shape the technical principle is: Has the electric arc quantity of heat using between 2 circular telegrams tinsel to melt the tinsel, depends upon the compressed gas its full atomization, and gives the certain kinetic energy, high sp

61、eed sprays in the type mold surface, layer upon layer mounts, forms a metal shell, namely the cavity internal surface, uses to fill the substrate material again (generally for metal silt and resin compound materials) performs to support the reinforcement, enhances its intensity and the rigidity, com

62、bines the mold together with the metal pattern frame. This kind of pattern making technology craft simple, cost low, manufacture cycle extremely short, the cavity surface takes shape only needs for several hours, saves the energy and the metal material, general cavity surface 2-3mm is only thick, si

63、mulation greatly strengthened, the pattern precision may achieve 0.5 mu m. At present this technology widely uses in superficial shape and so on airplane, automobile mold, electrical appliances, furniture, shoemaking, fine arts handicraft is complex and the pattern fine each kind of polyurethane pro

64、duct blow molding, attracts models, the PVC injection, PU becomes spongy and each kind of injection takes shape in the mold. Electrolytic castings take shape the technology The electrolytic casting takes shape the technical principle to be same with the galvanization, is according to model the mold

65、(ready-made product or female mold which makes according to product blueprint) is the datum (negative pole), places in the electrolytic casting fluid (anode), causes in the electrolytic casting fluid the metallic ion to return to original state a latter place deposition on the type mold, forms the metal shell, after strips it, contacts the surface with the type mold namely for the mold the cavity internal surface. This technical main characteristic is saves m