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1、時(shí) 態(tài) 和 語(yǔ) 態(tài)一、時(shí)態(tài)1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(1)表述客觀真理和客觀存在及自然現(xiàn)象；表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作，或經(jīng)常存在的狀態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：often，usually，always，sometimes，now and then等。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太陽(yáng)從東方升起，從西邊落下。(自然現(xiàn)象)We have meals three times a day.我們一日三餐。(現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣)He is always ready to help others.他總是樂(lè)于助人。(現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài))(2)用于時(shí)間、條件、方式、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，表

2、示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。If you work hard，you will succeed next year.如果你工作努力，明年你就會(huì)成功。What are you going to be when you grow up?你長(zhǎng)大后干什么？(3)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。There goes the bell. 鈴響了。2一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常常給出過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如yesterday，last night，at that time等。3一般將來(lái)時(shí)(1)be going to動(dòng)詞原形，表示打算、計(jì)劃、準(zhǔn)備要做某事。Im going to learn Japan

3、ese next year.明年我打算學(xué)習(xí)日語(yǔ)。(2)beto do，表示擬定或計(jì)劃將發(fā)生的行為或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)必須去做的事情。The meeting is to be held at 9:00 a.m.會(huì)議預(yù)定上午九點(diǎn)開(kāi)始舉行。You are to hand in your homework this afternoon.今天下午你們必須交上作業(yè)。(3)be about to do表示即將發(fā)生的事，句中不使用表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。I am about to go to bed when the telephone rings.我正要睡覺(jué), 這時(shí)電話鈴響了。(4)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示安排或

4、計(jì)劃好的將來(lái)的行為，只限少數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如go，come，leave，start，begin，arrive，return等。The train leaves the station at 7:15 a.m.火車在上午7:15 開(kāi)。Mr.Wang is leaving for Hangzhou tomorrow.王先生明天出發(fā)去杭州。(5)be going to和will比較will表示說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為、相信、希望或假定要發(fā)生的事，不含任何具體時(shí)間，可以指遙遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái); 而be going to指有跡象表明某事即將發(fā)生或很有可能會(huì)發(fā)生某事，通常表示很快就要發(fā)生的事情。I believe China will

5、become one of the richest countries in the world.我相信，中國(guó)將會(huì)變成世界上最富有的國(guó)家之一。There is going to be a quarrel between them，I think.我認(rèn)為他們之間將有一場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)吵。be going to和will均可表示“意圖”：事先考慮過(guò)的意圖用be going to，不是事先考慮的意圖即臨時(shí)決定用will。Im going to Qingdao this weekend.這個(gè)周末我要去青島。Sorry，I forgot to buy the book you need.對(duì)不起，我忘了去買你要的書了

6、。It doesnt matter. I will go myself.沒(méi)關(guān)系，我自己去買就行了。4. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示就過(guò)去某一時(shí)間而言，將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。He said he would never come back again.他說(shuō)他再也不回來(lái)了。5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(1)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在發(fā)生著的一個(gè)動(dòng)作；表示現(xiàn)階段，但不一定是講話時(shí)發(fā)生著的動(dòng)作；表近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃；go，come等趨向性動(dòng)作可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。He is teaching English and learning Chinese.他正教英語(yǔ)和學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)。(2)表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，往往含有贊賞、厭惡、遺憾等情緒，常與alw

7、ays，continually，constantly等連用。He is always thinking of others first.他總是先想到他人。He is always making the same mistake.他總是犯同一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。6過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(1)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。He was watching TV at 9 oclock last night.昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘他正在看電視。(2)某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，其中一個(gè)在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中。持續(xù)性動(dòng)作用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，短暫性動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。My brother fe

8、ll while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我弟弟騎自行車時(shí)從車子上摔了下來(lái)，傷了自己。As she was reading the newspaper，Granny fell asleep.她讀著報(bào)紙，奶奶就睡著了。The reporter said that the UFO was traveling from east to west when he saw it.那位記者說(shuō)，當(dāng)他看到時(shí)，不明飛行物正在自東向西飛行。7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(1)表示過(guò)去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，著眼點(diǎn)在現(xiàn)在。通常與下列狀語(yǔ)連用，如yet，

9、just，before，lately，often，never，now，today等，但不能同特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(in 1993，last year等)。Ive forgotten his telephone number.我忘了他的電話號(hào)碼了。(2)表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常同表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如so far，up to now，since，for the past (last) few years等。He has worked here for over twenty years.他在這里工作已有20多年了。Up to now，we hav

10、e received no news from her.直到現(xiàn)在，我們還沒(méi)收到她的消息。(3)This/It is the first/second timethat從句，that從句謂語(yǔ)要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。This is the first time I have come here.這是我第一次來(lái)這里。(4)在條件、時(shí)間、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某時(shí)以前已完成的動(dòng)作。I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.只有我親自看到，我才會(huì)相信你的話。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“看完”)I will go with you as soon a

11、s I have finished my work.我干完了工作就和你一起去。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“干完”)8. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)(1)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。句中常用by，before，until，when等詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。By the end of last year，we had built five new houses.到去年年底，我們已建了五座新房子。I had learnt 5,000 words before I entered the university.在我上大學(xué)前就學(xué)了5000個(gè)單詞。(2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作還可表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的

12、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。Before he slept，he had worked for 12 hours.他工作了12個(gè)小時(shí)才睡覺(jué)。(3)常用于下列情況This/It is the first/second timethat從句，that從句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如果把前邊的is改為was，則that從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.這是他第三次犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。intend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect，think等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可用來(lái)

13、表示一個(gè)本來(lái)打算做而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做的事。這種用法也可表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的設(shè)想或希望，含有某種惋惜之意。I had intended to call on you yesterday，but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.我昨天本來(lái)要去看你的，但是剛要出門就有人來(lái)訪。I had meant to help you，but I was too busy at the moment.我本想去幫你的，但當(dāng)時(shí)確實(shí)太忙了。I had thought you would come tomorrow.我原以為你明天才來(lái)呢。Hardly/

14、Scarcely/Barely had.done.when.；No sooner had.done.than.。when和than從句里用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表示“剛剛就”。Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.我剛到家，大雨就傾盆而下。Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.我們才剛剛動(dòng)身，汽車的輪胎就漏氣了。9將來(lái)完成時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間，某一動(dòng)作將會(huì)完成。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為：by將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間。By this time of nex

15、t year，all of you will have begun your own life.到明年的這個(gè)時(shí)候，你們大家就開(kāi)始了自己的生活。10. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去，并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行。完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)的組合，因此，它具備完成時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)的一些因素，如：它具備進(jìn)行時(shí)的“未完性、暫時(shí)性、感情色彩”等的特點(diǎn)。語(yǔ)法精講He has been learning English for 6 years.他已經(jīng)學(xué)英語(yǔ)六年了。(從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)到現(xiàn)在還在學(xué))It has been raining for 3 days.雨已經(jīng)下三天了。(

16、強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話者“抱怨”的感情色彩)時(shí)間、條件、程度狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)在if 、unless等詞引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，when till/until 、as soon as 、the time等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，以及the more the more 結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的程度狀語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)主句中的動(dòng)詞用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句中的動(dòng)詞通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(1)His wallet got stolen on the bus to the office. (2) Street lights are often turned on at six in winter. (3) This kind of

17、 bicycle is not sold in our shop.(4) The pupils were given some advice by the pianist. Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.(5)The boss made them work ten hours a day. They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.(6) Paper is known to have been first made in China. It is known th

18、at paper was first made in China. (7)These books are going to be posted (post) tomorrow.(8) We havent been invited to the party.(9)The problem is being discussed by the students.(10)Your composition must be handed in tomorrow.(11)These novels wont sell well.(12)The house requires cleaning (clean) at

19、 once. (13)The girl isnt easy to get along with.(14)He is seated on a bench. He seats (seat) himself on a bench.(15)He was hidden behind the door. He hid himself behind the door.(16)The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The book is well sold. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞be/get及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。用法：(1)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不知道是誰(shuí)或難

20、以說(shuō)明時(shí)常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：(2)。(2) 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：(3)?！咀⒁狻?1) 帶雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，若將間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)則保留不變；若將直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)前則需加介詞to 或for，如：(4)。(2) 動(dòng)詞make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to；但他們變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)后面的不定式都須加上to，如：(5)。(3) 當(dāng)句子的謂語(yǔ)為say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report

21、, suggest, think等時(shí)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式： 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，動(dòng)詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。 用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)在后面，用主語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示，如：(6)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)：(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 系動(dòng)詞am/is/are 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如：(2)、(3)。(2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)系動(dòng)詞was/were 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如：(4)。(3) 一般將來(lái)時(shí) will 或be going to be 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如：(7)。(4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 助動(dòng)詞have/has been 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如：(8)。(5) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) be being 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如：(9)。(6) 帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

22、 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 be 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如：(10)?！咀⒁狻?.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義(1) cut, read, sell, wear, write, cook, lock, wash等表示主語(yǔ)性質(zhì)功用的動(dòng)詞接狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，如：(11)。(2) want / require / need doing中的doing(也可用to be done)用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義，如：(12)。(3) 在“be 形容詞 to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)，如：(13)。(4)系動(dòng)詞feel, look, smell, taste, sound等。(5) 表示“開(kāi)始、發(fā)生、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)

23、、啟動(dòng)”等動(dòng)詞。(6) 在be worth doing中，doing用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。(7) 不定式 to blame (受譴責(zé))，to rent(出租)作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。2. 被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義 be seated 坐著；be hidden 躲藏；be lost 迷路；be drunk 喝醉；be dressed 穿著，如：(14)、(15)。3. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語(yǔ)的特征或狀態(tài)，如：(16)。 不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況：(1)所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(2) 表示狀態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如：hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist of等。(3) 表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞，如have, own, belong to等。(4) 表示“希望， 意圖”的動(dòng)詞，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。(5) 賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(6) 賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ)，不定式、動(dòng)名詞等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。