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1、英文原文The application of modern surveying technology in miningAbstract With the unceasing appearance and widespread application of new surveying technology, the present age mining survey has meet huge change. However, lots of problems occurred while using the new techniques since the number of mine is

2、 large in China and condition of the mine district in complex, it in some sense influenced the mine exploitation and management of China. Summarized the present situation of new technical application in mining survey, including the advanced instrumentation equipment,the”3S”technology,the information

3、 and the network technology and the information fusion technology and so on, and analyzed the problems which exists in the current mining survey, it also provided new ways to present age mining survey from the sustainable development angle.Keywords modern surveying technology, mining survey, informa

4、tion fusion, sustainable development Introduction As the important material elements for the development of society and economy, mineral resources have made outstanding to the economic development and social progress, and bring many problems as well. Especially in developing countries, the mine ente

5、rprise management is extensive, the technical equipment is backward and the labor productivity is low, major and extraordinarily serious accidents happen sometimes, resource and environment safety state deteriorated in mining district. Science and technology advancement is the key to resolve this ph

6、enomenon. At present, with the continuous appearance of modern surveying and mapping technology, particularly the widespread application of “3S” technology, the present age mining survey has changed essentially. The rapid development of information and network offers the wide space for the applicati

7、on of these new technologies. This article summarized the present situation of new technical application in mining survey, discussed the problem that exists in it and provides new ways to present age mining survey. 1 The application of modern surveying instrument Nowadays, the development of mine su

8、rveying instrument and its application mainly displays in the following aspects: the wide use of geodimeter and electronic tacheometer (e.g. total station) . As the most widely used surveying instrument at present, total station is a kind of photoelectric measuring instrument, which is integrated wi

9、th the advantage of range finder and electronic theodolite. Intelligentized total station is the maximum selling surveying instrument at the present time, and is the future development trend as well. It incorporates the latest scientific achievements of optics, electrics, magnetics and mechanics, an

10、d can measure distance and angle at the same time. Total station has been used widely in mining survey because of its obvious advantages just as follows: simultaneously have the function of theodolite and range finder; provides digital form surveying production; simple operation; with electronic boo

11、k. Besides of many common surveying instruments, a certain of special instrument must be used in mining survey because of the particularity of mine surveying environment, such as explosion-proof instrument (geodimeter, electronic theodolite, total station etc.), spatially in connection survey and un

12、derground mining survey.The appearance of new surveying instrument which fit to mine surveying (e.g. automatic observation gyro theodolite, single degree of freedom gyroscope) makes mining survey steps into a new period, that makes mining survey work toward to efficient, intellinent and automatic de

13、velopment direction. 2 The application of spatial information technology in mining survey With the development of the modern surveying technology, remote Sensing (RS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) which is abbreviated as “3S” technology, plays an important

14、role in resource and environment information acquisition, management and analysis evaluation in industrial and mining area. The RS technology application in mining survey has last very long period and have accumulated rich experiences. The main usage is to recognize ground feature and environment st

15、atus of mining area, select suited remote sensing data source and process data fusion, false color composite, geometric correction and so on to establish interpretation key and recognition model of remote sensing target. Compared with traditional mapping method, remote sensing technique shows its ex

16、cellent efficiency, low cost and high precision, it has been proved to be a good method. The key theoretics and technologies of space remote sensing used in mining survey are in researching. By using remote sensing data, we can obtain real-time, dynamic and compositive information of mining district

17、, monitor its environment and provide decision support of mining area environmental protection. At the same time, remote sensing data can also used for prospecting, the geological condition research of mining area and the coal seam roof and floor research and so on. RS technology provides a very imp

18、ortant guarantee to the successful accomplishment of modern mining survey tasks. The main use of GPS technology in mine surveying is to substitute the traditional ground surveying and mapping. For example, to establish, monitor and repair surveying control network of mining area, to monitor building

19、s and mining subsidence, to monitor the stability of open-pit slope etc. With the continuous increase of GPS receivers cost performance, the ground surface application of GPS in mining area has become a very important support technique during mine surveying. Coordinate with other conventional scienc

20、e and technology methods, GPS and RS technology used in the mining area geologic survey, the geological mapping and in the prospecting exploration shows better effect and high benefit.The mining area application of GIS already became an important development direction in mining survey. By establishi

21、ng the mining area resources and environment information system based on the GIS technology, we may process the mining area ground, the underground space and the resource & environment informations input, storage, processing, display and output. Mining map drawing, mines development and design, the

22、rational utilization of resources and the analysis appraisal of ecological environment, the regional planning and the sustainable development decision-making and so on.3 The application of information fusion technology in mining survey 3.1 The integration of “3S” technology In traditional mine manag

23、ement mode, the common way to monitor the mine development status and the mine environment due to mining is dynamic inspect method. The method needs long period and has poor timeliness and lower accuracy. At present, the integration of “3S” technology (RS, GPS and GIS) can realize the analysis of th

24、e implementation situation for mineral resources planning, and the effect evaluate of mineral environmental control projection. This technique can also provide evidence for administration management department and the corporations macroscopic decision department rapidly, effectively and economically

25、.3.2 The fusion of ISS and GPS technology At present, the appearance of Inertial Surveying System (ISS) technique provide us a new means of geodetic surveying, engineering surveying and mine surveying. As a navigation positioning technique, ISS has many advantages such as all-weather, autonomous, fa

26、st, multifunctional and flexible etc. This make it preliminary used in mining survey. The integration of GPS and ISS could be a perspective development technology to mine surveying.3.3 The fusion of GPS and INSAR technology During mining survey, most common works are involved with monitoring the ear

27、th surface deformation, especially in monitoring the mining subsidence and coast. It plays a very important roles in mine safety production. For monitoring mining subsidence, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and GPS technology are very strong complementary. Firstly, GPS belongs to po

28、int positioning, and the length of base line is usually tens to hundreds of kilometers. Such lower point density cannot meet the demand for high spatial resolution monitoring of the surface deformation. InSAR data can apply continuous information off the entire region surface. The spatial resolution

29、 can reach to 20 m. Secondly, InSAR (spatially differential InSAR) is sensitive to elevation information of the earth surface owing to the radar incidence angle effect, while GPS is unsubstantial in elevation precision. Thirdly, GPS has high temporal resolution (highest can be up to 1 Hz), while InS

30、AR data has a lower temporal resolution (more than 20 days generally, highest only can be 1 day) because of the loner revisiting period.3.4 The integration of TPS total station and GPS As a new instrument which integrate the GPS total station and GPS, Smart Stationa super total station theodolite is

31、 practicable. This instrument doesnt need ground control points, long traverse and resection operation. We can use the total station theodolite to survey and layout only by setting up the Smart Station and use the GPS to locate the occupied station accurately. It can abtain the position information

32、with centimeter level accuracy within very short time while the baseline is short than 50 km.3.5 The fusion of GIS and computer networkIn order to instruct the mine safety production efficiently, many countries are developing mine geographic information system (MGIS) and suing the advanced radio fre

33、quency identification device (RFID), computer network technology and Field Bus communication technology in this system, which solved the problem of underground operators accurate positioning and the miner work attendance check. The fusion of GIS and computer network technique provide a well guarante

34、e to mine safety production.4 New ideas to modern mining survey4.1 Setting up and making perfect of Web Mine GIS At present, the foremost task is to sep up the MGIS with integral and powerful functions in the mine construction. It is a management information system. We can exploit systematically, sy

35、nthetically, dynamicly and roundly ground and underground natural resources by regular and high and new technology, instruments and methods. Based on it, we can set up a mine resource and environmental information system. The system applied spatial information technology is an all-around achievement

36、 by integration of 3Stechnology, Total Station and other surveying instruments and technology in the mine surveying. MGIS has been the main aspect and inevitable tendency of the development of mine surveying. It mainly studys on the collection, save, process, analysis, simulation and reappearance of

37、 mine time and space data, which has a better editing map ability and connects automatically the spatial data with the attribute data, exploits mine excellently, uses resources reasonably, analyzes and appraises environment and decides regional plan and sustainable development and so on. According t

38、o the characteristics of mine plan and construction, MGIS should mainly include many subsystems as follows: mine geology and surveying information system, mine dispatching management information system, mine production management information system, mine destructions and accidents forecast system, m

39、ining district plan and mine shaft design information system, mine district land reclaimation management information system and mine subsidence forecast system etc. After setting up MGIS, we should build Web MGIS ulteriorly in order to make higher efficiency and convenient management. MGIS based on

40、web will play more important effect in mining production and researches at home abroad.4.2 The application of Personal Digital Assistant technology Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a kind of portable computer technology, which is developed rapidly during recent years. It integrates the function o

41、f calculator, phone, fax and the Internet. By using PDA, we could mange individual information, browse web sites and receive or send E-mail, send fax, even it can be used as a mobile phone. These functions could be carried out through wireless mode. Meanwhile, PDA embeds a windows CE operation syste

42、m, which can be use to communicate the outer computer and its correlative devices (such as GPS, total station etc.). PDA also embeds development environment and can process spatial data form surveying instrument and used in civil engineering. At the same time, it can connect to Internet through wire

43、d of people to acquire real-time information. Thus PDA is a ideal platform of removal GIS. To integrate 3S, wireless network (such as GPRS, GSM) and PDA technology, we could carry out remote sensing field investigation, environmental disaster investigation and the fast, real-time geological investig

44、ation, which including each geological, environment phenomenon spatial scope as well as the corresponding attribute information prompt input. If it combines with the vector topographic diagram, the remote sensing imagery as well as the DEM these-dimensional surface diagram, it is advantageous to eac

45、h kind of environment phenomenon recognition. The obvious advantages of PDA used in mining survey are as follows.(1) Its volume is so small and the weight is so light, that it is very easy to be carried about, and the low power dissipation characteristic makes it has better adaptability while operat

46、ing in mining field with adverse natural conditions.(2) It integrates the mobile communication technique, which makes the information exchange between the operators more conveniently.(3) Since PDA integrates GPS and remote sensing techniques, it can provide schedule exploration path to the operators

47、, thus, the positional data acquisition speed is increased.5 ConclusionsBy using modern surveying and mapping equipment (e.g. super total station theodolite), the information fusion technology, the PDA technology and the MGIS system, to investigate the mine geology environment present situation, can

48、 provide basic data and criterion for the reasonable development of mineral resource, the protection and surveillance management of mine geological environment, the control of mine environment and the mine ecology restores with the reconstruction. It is a modern mining survey new method and is worth

49、 wide application.In order to protect the mining area ecological environment and optimize mine resources mine resources mining, realize the historical mission of mine sustainable development, the modern mining survey new technology, specially the 3S integration technology application are facing with

50、 great new challenges. Meanwhile, it also provides more opportunities for the application of modern surveying technology will certainly be an important force to promote mine sustainable development, and provides the foundational technical support for the mine safety in production.中文譯文現(xiàn)代測量技術(shù)在采礦中的應用摘要

51、 隨著新測量技術(shù)的不斷出現(xiàn)和廣泛應用，當代礦山測量已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。但是，在中國還有很多煤礦的條件是極其復雜的，所以在應用新的測量技術(shù)進也出現(xiàn)了很多的問題。這在一定程度上影響了我國煤礦的開采和管理?，F(xiàn)總結(jié)測量新技術(shù)在采礦中的應用現(xiàn)狀，包括現(xiàn)進的挖掘設備，“3S”技術(shù)，信息、網(wǎng)絡技術(shù)和息融合技術(shù)等等，并分析了目前所存在的問題，也從可持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度提供了采礦測量的新方法。關(guān)鍵詞 現(xiàn)代測量技術(shù)，礦山測量，信息融合，可持續(xù)發(fā)展導言 作為社會和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，礦產(chǎn)資源為經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和社會的進步作出了突出的貢獻，但是也帶來諸多的問題。尤其在發(fā)展中國家，煤礦企業(yè)的管理較為粗放，技術(shù)裝備落后，勞動生產(chǎn)率

52、低，主要和特大事故時有發(fā)生，礦區(qū)的資源和環(huán)境安全狀況惡化。科學和技術(shù)的進步是解決這一問題的關(guān)鍵所在。目前，隨著現(xiàn)代測量技術(shù)的廣泛應用，特別是“3S”技術(shù)的應用，當代的礦山測量基本已經(jīng)改變。信息技術(shù)和網(wǎng)絡的飛速發(fā)展為這些新技術(shù)的應用提供了廣闊的突間。本文總結(jié)了新技術(shù)在礦山測量中的應用，討論了礦山測量中存在的問題，并為現(xiàn)代的礦山測量提供新的方法。1 現(xiàn)代測量儀器的應用 當今世界，礦山測量設備及其應用的發(fā)展主要表現(xiàn)在以下方面：光電測速儀和準距儀（如全站儀）的廣泛使用。 作為目前使用最為廣泛的測量儀器，全站儀是一種光電測量儀器，它集合了測距儀和電子經(jīng)緯儀的優(yōu)點。在現(xiàn)階段智能化全站儀是銷售量最大的測量儀

53、器，而且也是未來的發(fā)展趨勢。它融入了光學、電學、磁學和力學的最新科技成果，能同時測量距離和角度。全站儀已經(jīng)廣泛的應用于礦山的測量，它明顯的優(yōu)勢在于同時擁有如下的功能：經(jīng)緯儀和測距儀;提供數(shù)字化的測量結(jié)果;操作簡單并攜有電子的記錄。 除了這些常用的測量儀器外，由于礦山測量環(huán)境的特殊性，一定的特殊設備也將用于礦山的測量中，比如一些防爆的設備，尤其在空間方面的測量和地下礦山測量中。這些比較適合礦山測量的新設備（如自動觀測陀螺經(jīng)緯議、單自由度陀螺儀）的出現(xiàn)，把礦山測量推向一個新的階段，使礦山測量朝效率化、自動化的方向發(fā)展。2 空間信息技術(shù)在礦山測量中的應用 隨著現(xiàn)代測量技術(shù)的發(fā)展，被稱為“3S”技術(shù)的

54、遙感，全球定位系統(tǒng)和地理信息系統(tǒng)在工業(yè)和采礦領(lǐng)域的資源與環(huán)境信息獲取、管理和分析評價中發(fā)揮著極為重要的作用。 在過去很長一段時間內(nèi)遙感技術(shù)在礦山測量中已經(jīng)應用，并且積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗。其主要用途是認識礦區(qū)的地貌和周圍自然環(huán)境狀況，通過選擇適合的遙感數(shù)據(jù)來源和處理并融合數(shù)據(jù)，組合虛假的色彩，幾何校正等來建立模型認識遙感目標。相對于傳統(tǒng)繪制地圖的方法，遙感技術(shù)顯示出出色的效率、較低的成本和較高的精度，它已經(jīng)被證實是一種不錯的方法。應用于礦山測量的空間遙感關(guān)鍵理論和技術(shù)正在研究。利用遙感提供的數(shù)據(jù)，我們可以獲取一個實時、動態(tài)和綜合的采區(qū)信息，監(jiān)測采區(qū)環(huán)境并為采區(qū)的環(huán)境保護提供果斷的支持。同時，遙感也可

55、以用于勘探，地質(zhì)條件的研究和采區(qū)頂?shù)装宓难芯康鹊取＿b感技術(shù)為現(xiàn)代礦山測量任務的完成提供一個非常重要的保證。 在礦山測量中GPS的主要用途是替代傳統(tǒng)的實地勘察和測繪。例如，要建立、監(jiān)測和修復礦區(qū)的測量控制網(wǎng)，監(jiān)測建筑物和采空區(qū)的沉陷，監(jiān)測露天開采邊坡的穩(wěn)定性等。隨著GPS性價比的持續(xù)增長，地表GPS的應用已經(jīng)成為礦山測量的一個非常重要的技術(shù)支持。與其他常規(guī)科學技術(shù)方法相配合，GPS和RS用于礦區(qū)的地質(zhì)測量、地質(zhì)測繪和勘探表現(xiàn)出較好的效果和較高的效益。礦區(qū)地理信息系統(tǒng)的應用已經(jīng)成為礦山測量的一個重要發(fā)展方向。通過建立基于GIS的礦區(qū)資源的環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)，我們可以處理礦區(qū)地面，地下的空間和資源與環(huán)境信

56、息的輸入、存儲、處理、顯示和輸出，開采地圖的繪制，礦山的開采和設計，資源的合理利用和生態(tài)環(huán)境的分析評價，區(qū)域規(guī)劃和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的決策等等。3 信息整合技術(shù)在采礦測量中的應用3.1 一體化的“3S”技術(shù) 在傳統(tǒng)的煤礦管理模式下，監(jiān)測煤礦的發(fā)展狀態(tài)和開采所帶來的煤礦環(huán)境問題的方法就是不斷的檢查。這種方法需要較長的時間，而且具有較差的及時性和準確性。目前，一體化的“3S”技術(shù) (RS, GPS and GIS) 可以實現(xiàn)礦物資源規(guī)劃執(zhí)行情況的分析，礦務環(huán)境影響評價的管理方案，這項技術(shù)也可以為行政主管部門和公司的快速、有效和經(jīng)濟的宏觀決策提供依據(jù)。3.2 ISS和GPS技術(shù)的融合 現(xiàn)在，ISS技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)

57、為大地測量、工程測量和礦山測量提供了新的手段。作為一種導航定位技術(shù)，ISS有諸如全天侯、自治、快速、多功能、靈活等優(yōu)點。這使它初步用于礦山的測量中。GPS和ISS的融合可能給礦山的測量帶來一個有長遠發(fā)展的技術(shù)。3.3 GPS和InSAR技術(shù)的融合 在礦山的測量中，最常見的工作一般涉及到監(jiān)測地表的變形，特別是在監(jiān)測地表的沉陷和海岸。它在煤礦的安全生產(chǎn)中發(fā)揮著極其重要的作用。在監(jiān)測開采沉陷方面，GPS和InSAR有著很強的互補性。首先，GPS是點定位，但基線長度通常是幾十甚至幾百公里。這種較低的點密度不能滿足監(jiān)測地表變形的高空間分辨率的要求。InSAR可以適用于整個區(qū)域地表的連續(xù)信息，其空間分辨率

58、可達20米。其次，由于雷達的影響范圍角度的影響，InSAR對于地球表面的高程資料是十分靈敏的。而GPS在空間精度上是薄弱的。第三，GPS具有很高的時間分辨率（最高可達到1赫茲） ，而InSAR數(shù)據(jù)因為其較為封閉的循環(huán)周期而具有較低的時間分辨率（超過20天，一般情況下最高只能是1天）。 3.4 一體化的TPS全站儀和GPS 作為融合了TPS全站儀和GPS的全新工具，智能站-超級全站儀經(jīng)緯儀是可行的。該儀器并不需要地面控制點、長長的導線和切除活動。我們只有建立智能站才能使用全站儀經(jīng)緯儀來測量和布置，使用GPS準確找出事情發(fā)生的地點。在基線不超過50公里的情況下，它可以在很短的時間內(nèi)把位置準確到厘米

59、級的精度上。3.5 GIS和計算機網(wǎng)絡的融合為了指導煤礦更安全高效的生產(chǎn)，許多國家正在發(fā)展煤礦地理信息系統(tǒng)，并且在該系統(tǒng)中正在使用先進的射頻識別技術(shù)裝備，計算機網(wǎng)絡和現(xiàn)場總線通信技術(shù)，該系統(tǒng)解決了地下操作人員的準確配置和礦工出席檢查的問題。GIS和計算機網(wǎng)絡技術(shù)的融合為煤礦的安全生產(chǎn)提供了很好的保證。4 現(xiàn)代采礦測量的新思想4.1建立和完善網(wǎng)絡礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)（GIS） 目前，最重要的任務就是在礦山的建設中建立必需的和功能強大的礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)（MGIS）。這是一個信息管理系統(tǒng)。我們可以利用高新技術(shù)、儀器和方法綜合地、系統(tǒng)地、全面地、動態(tài)地開采地表和地下的自然資源。在此基礎(chǔ)上，我們可以建立一個

60、礦山資源和環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)。這種適用于空間信息技術(shù)的系統(tǒng)是一種通過整合礦山測量中的“3S”技術(shù)、全站儀和其他測量設備和技術(shù)的全方位的成果。MGIS已經(jīng)成為礦山測量發(fā)展的主要方向和必然趨勢。 它主要研究礦井時間和空間信息的收集、保存、處理、分析、模擬和再現(xiàn)。而且它有更好的編輯地圖能力，自動連接空間數(shù)據(jù)和屬性數(shù)據(jù)、突出的開采礦山、合理利用資源、分析和評估環(huán)境、決定區(qū)域規(guī)劃和環(huán)境的可持續(xù)發(fā)展等等。 根據(jù)煤礦規(guī)劃和建設的特點，礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)應該主要包括如下幾個子系統(tǒng)：礦井地質(zhì)和勘測信息系統(tǒng)、礦山調(diào)度管理信息系統(tǒng)、礦山的生產(chǎn)管理信息系統(tǒng)、礦井災害事故預測預報系統(tǒng)、礦區(qū)規(guī)劃和礦井設計信息系統(tǒng)、礦區(qū)復墾管理信

61、息系統(tǒng)和礦井塌陷預報系統(tǒng)等等。 建立礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)之后，為了更高的生產(chǎn)效率和更方便的管理我們可以修建網(wǎng)絡化礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)。建立在網(wǎng)絡化上的礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)將在國內(nèi)外的采礦生產(chǎn)和研究中發(fā)揮更重要的作用。4.2 個人數(shù)字處理技術(shù)的應用個人數(shù)字處理是一種近幾年迅速發(fā)展的便攜式計算機技術(shù)。它集合了計算器、電話、傳真和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。利用PDA我們可以管理個人信息，瀏覽網(wǎng)頁，接收和發(fā)送電子郵件、傳真，甚至還可以把它當作一部手機。這些功能可以通過無線模式實現(xiàn)。與次同時，PDA嵌入了 windows CE操作系統(tǒng)，它可以用來和外部計算機及相關(guān)設備（如GPS、全站儀等）進行交流。PDA嵌入了開發(fā)環(huán)境，而且能處理來

62、自測量儀器和土木工程中用過的空間數(shù)據(jù)。同時，它可以連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，通過有線的人獲得實時信息。因此，PDA是一種移動GIS的理想平臺。整合3S、無線網(wǎng)絡(如GPRS、GSM)及PDA技術(shù),我們可以進行遙感實地考察、環(huán)境災害研究和快速的、實時的地質(zhì)調(diào)查，其中包括每個地質(zhì)、環(huán)境現(xiàn)象的空間范圍以及相應屬性的快速輸入。如果結(jié)合矢量地形圖、遙感圖像以及這些數(shù)字高程模型的三維表面圖，它將有利于各種環(huán)境現(xiàn)象識別。在采礦測量中使用PDA最明顯的優(yōu)點為：（1）它體積小，重量輕，特別易于攜帶。由于低功耗的特性使它在自然條件惡劣的礦業(yè)領(lǐng)域中有更好的適用性。（2）集成了移動通信技術(shù)，這使得它與操作員之間的信息交換更加方便

63、。（3）由于PDA集成了GPS和遙感技術(shù)，這使得它能夠為操作員提供勘查時間安排的路線，因此用該方法獲取定位數(shù)據(jù)的速度加快。5 結(jié)論 利用現(xiàn)代測繪設備、信息融合技術(shù)、PDA技術(shù)和礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)來調(diào)查礦山地質(zhì)環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀，可以為礦務資源的合理開采、礦山環(huán)境的保護和監(jiān)督管理、礦山環(huán)境和生態(tài)恢復的控制管理提供基本的數(shù)據(jù)和準則。這是一個現(xiàn)代采礦測量新方法，并且值得推廣應用。 為了保護礦區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境和優(yōu)化礦產(chǎn)資源開采，實現(xiàn)煤礦可持續(xù)發(fā)展的歷史使命，現(xiàn)代采礦測量技術(shù)，特別是3S集成技術(shù)的應用面臨著巨大的新挑戰(zhàn)。同時，它也為運用現(xiàn)代測量技術(shù)提供更多的機會，必將為推動礦業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展發(fā)揮重要的作用，并且為煤礦的安全

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