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1、 系 （院）： 機(jī)械工程系 專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及自動(dòng)化 姓 名： 劉俊 學(xué) 號(hào)： 10311437 外文出處： English Reading In (用外文寫) Mechanical Engineering 附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 計(jì)算機(jī)與制造業(yè) 計(jì)算機(jī)正在將制造業(yè)帶入信息時(shí)代。 她作為一種新的工具,在商業(yè)和管理中的被長(zhǎng)期使用,現(xiàn)在它正逐步進(jìn)入工廠,而且它的來(lái)到來(lái)就像蒸汽機(jī)在 100 年以前的到來(lái)一樣，為制造業(yè)帶來(lái)的翻天覆地的變化。 雖然基本的機(jī)械加工程序不會(huì)發(fā)生根本的改變，但是由于

2、計(jì)算機(jī)的加入，制造業(yè)中的組織和控制過(guò)程必將發(fā)生改變。 從某一方面可以說(shuō)，早期的制造業(yè)是一種家庭工業(yè): 設(shè)計(jì)者同時(shí)也是制造者,產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思和制造一次完成。 后來(lái)，零配件的可互換性的概念被推廣出來(lái), 生產(chǎn)按其專業(yè)功能被分開生產(chǎn)，由此以來(lái)，同樣的零配件每次可以被數(shù)以千計(jì)的生產(chǎn)出來(lái)。 今天，雖然設(shè)計(jì)者和制造者不可能再是一個(gè)人，但是，設(shè)計(jì)和制造這兩種功能正在被一個(gè)趨向于整合的制造業(yè)的系統(tǒng)的過(guò)程中逐漸融合。 可能最具有嘲諷意義的是,每當(dāng)市場(chǎng)需求一個(gè)產(chǎn)品高度多元化市場(chǎng)的時(shí)候，增加生產(chǎn)率并且減少成本的需求促使制造業(yè)向集成與一個(gè)緊密的系統(tǒng)的方向發(fā)展。這是一個(gè)連續(xù)過(guò)程的過(guò)程，某個(gè)零配件不需要在運(yùn)輸和等待加工這

3、些環(huán)節(jié)上多浪費(fèi)95%的生產(chǎn)時(shí)間。 計(jì)算機(jī)正是這兩個(gè)中需求滿足的關(guān)鍵。 它是能夠提供快速反映，柔韌和速度的唯一工具, 是去迎合一個(gè)多元化的市場(chǎng)的最好工具。 而且它是唯一的對(duì)制造業(yè)的系統(tǒng)集成進(jìn)行必需的詳細(xì)分析和能利用其精準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)的最佳工具。 在未來(lái)，計(jì)算機(jī)可能對(duì)公司的生存是很重要的。當(dāng)今大部分生產(chǎn)力低下的企業(yè)都將會(huì)被生產(chǎn)力更高的企業(yè)所代替。 生產(chǎn)力如此高的企業(yè)的結(jié)合成就了更高生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量，具有更高生產(chǎn)力的工廠。這樣的工廠的最終目標(biāo)就是設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)行一個(gè)會(huì)以高生產(chǎn)力生產(chǎn) 100% 合格的零配件的工廠。 一個(gè)復(fù)雜又競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的世界正是需要制造業(yè)開始創(chuàng)造更多的工作，使它本身變的更為復(fù)雜。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，為了適應(yīng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，一

4、家公司將會(huì)必須滿足對(duì)比較好的產(chǎn)品多元化的略微相矛盾的要求，較高的性質(zhì)，改良的生產(chǎn)力和更低的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格。 尋求符合這些需求的公司將會(huì)需要一個(gè)復(fù)雜的工具,它將能夠更快地對(duì)客戶的需要做出反應(yīng)，并利用它從制造資源中獲得利益。 計(jì)算機(jī)就是那種工具。 想要成為 "超高質(zhì)量, 超高生產(chǎn)力"的工廠需要對(duì)一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行集成 。計(jì)算機(jī)可能就是用來(lái)完成整合所有制造業(yè)的元素——設(shè)計(jì)，制造和組合，質(zhì)量保證，管理和操作事物的最好工具了。 在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中, 舉例來(lái)說(shuō), 交互式計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)能夠讓部分樣機(jī)測(cè)試的進(jìn)程的得到提高，從而更進(jìn)一步加速設(shè)計(jì)程序。 在制造工業(yè)的規(guī)劃中，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助編程工藝程序可以從

5、數(shù)以千計(jì)的設(shè)計(jì)的可能順序和預(yù)定計(jì)劃中選取最適合的程序來(lái)選用。 在工廠中，分布著許多微型計(jì)算機(jī)去用做控制機(jī)器,操控自動(dòng)化載入和卸貨設(shè)備和收集工廠車間的資料信息。 但是計(jì)算機(jī)所帶來(lái)的這些好處還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。在本質(zhì)上，我們需要計(jì)算機(jī)集成得以廣泛的運(yùn)用，及時(shí)并且全方位的從生產(chǎn)開始到結(jié)束全面的提高生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的效率。 改進(jìn)的交流信息技術(shù)可以使設(shè)計(jì)有更好的可制造性。 數(shù)控程序設(shè)計(jì)者和工具設(shè)計(jì)者可以有機(jī)會(huì)給產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)者提出建議, 反之亦然。 因此可以減少工程學(xué)的改變, 而且使那些犯了本質(zhì)錯(cuò)誤的地方可以更加快速的改進(jìn)。 同時(shí)它也能夠?yàn)閿?shù)據(jù)的后來(lái)使用者做出詳細(xì)的改進(jìn)說(shuō)明，并給予提醒。 生產(chǎn)控制數(shù)據(jù)的隨時(shí)更新，幫

6、助管理層制定更好的工作規(guī)劃和更有效率的工作進(jìn)度。因此,昂貴的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備能得以更好的利用, 它不僅增加了產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)時(shí)的運(yùn)送效率, 同時(shí)還減少加工的花費(fèi)。 產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也被同時(shí)改良。 例如，生產(chǎn)控制數(shù)據(jù)不只能夠幫助工人更加正確的生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品,還能保證質(zhì)量部門利用這些數(shù)據(jù)，消除生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中所產(chǎn)生的錯(cuò)誤。 人們能夠更好的做好他們的工作。 計(jì)算機(jī)的加入幫助人們除去沉悶的計(jì)算和文書工作——不用再浪費(fèi)時(shí)間去搜索信息—— 它不但允許勞動(dòng)者更有效的生產(chǎn)，而且還能釋放他們?nèi)プ鲋挥腥祟惒拍茏龅氖? 有創(chuàng)造力地思考。 計(jì)算機(jī)集成也可能吸引新人進(jìn)入制造業(yè)。 因?yàn)樗麄兿胍谝粋€(gè)充滿科技現(xiàn)代化的環(huán)境中去工作。 在制造工程學(xué)中,

7、 CAD/ CAM 減少了用來(lái)工裝設(shè)計(jì)，收集控制和編寫工作規(guī)劃的時(shí)間。而且同時(shí)加快了響應(yīng)速度,甚至能使公司內(nèi)部人員在多余的時(shí)間中可以完成公司外部人的工作。 在繪圖室里,計(jì)算機(jī)更為廣泛地運(yùn)用于設(shè)計(jì)和工程成分細(xì)化。運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)制造工程圖形為制造商帶來(lái)了利潤(rùn)。 （1）單一設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)； （2）成分一致性說(shuō)明； （3）去除了手工繪圖的非一致性的所產(chǎn)生的不確定因素； （4）易于圖形的修正； （5）類似零件只需較小的改動(dòng)就可生成簡(jiǎn)單的圖形； （6）工作效率的提高。 對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)者而言，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)是描繪的好幫手，它可以進(jìn)行基本的設(shè)計(jì)，并對(duì)修正結(jié)果做出非?？焖俚脑u(píng)估。對(duì)于繪圖員而言，消除了工作的

8、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性，轉(zhuǎn)而使得人們更關(guān)注于繪圖的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和類型。繪圖的速度也得到增長(zhǎng)。使用傳統(tǒng)的繪圖技術(shù)一年只能繪制250張圖。而其中50張的主要圖就將占據(jù)一半的時(shí)間。如果使用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)就可以甚至將三倍于前面的工作量都可以完成。當(dāng)然，它的價(jià)值體現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)制造的產(chǎn)品性質(zhì)。 對(duì)于大多數(shù)繪圖員而言，最大的敵人是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的工作和重復(fù)工作所帶來(lái)的疲勞。這將導(dǎo)致繪圖的錯(cuò)誤和對(duì)圖形的修正。在計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)中，繪圖員可以逐漸地學(xué)習(xí)掌握新的技術(shù)。這引起了人們的關(guān)注，而不是拘泥于傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方法。最終，取得了利潤(rùn)，同時(shí)，生產(chǎn)效率提高了。 與工程制圖一樣，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)能夠生成零件制造清單，諸如材料需求和規(guī)劃等。它還能進(jìn)行

9、計(jì)算，例如面積，重心，幾何運(yùn)算以及進(jìn)行有限元分析。這種分析計(jì)算無(wú)須深入的努力，只需繪制簡(jiǎn)單的圖形就可以同時(shí)完成上述功能分析。 因?yàn)檩^容易生成變量和儲(chǔ)存它們，所以，使用以上提及的技術(shù)對(duì)任意一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的材料進(jìn)行細(xì)化分析是可能的，這將節(jié)省大量的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)資金，同時(shí)，在賦予實(shí)踐時(shí)，某些系統(tǒng)可以旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械零件和模擬運(yùn)動(dòng)。 因此計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)多功能的工具，它不僅能夠消除惱人的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性工作，還能提高設(shè)計(jì)者和繪圖員的設(shè)計(jì)輸出的質(zhì)量。 與車間控制進(jìn)行交流對(duì)于辦公設(shè)計(jì)者來(lái)說(shuō)是至關(guān)重要的。通過(guò)工程圖紙進(jìn)行討論交流。通過(guò)這些圖紙可以生成制造零件的細(xì)化的建設(shè)性規(guī)劃表。然后通過(guò)技術(shù)工人的設(shè)置進(jìn)行零件的生產(chǎn)制造。通

10、過(guò)它可以預(yù)測(cè)出可能導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤的工藝。 隨著計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)，工藝得到了長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展，工程師可以根據(jù)圖紙編寫詳盡的代碼。這些編碼被重新編制然后反饋給紙帶再組合成可以識(shí)別的指令輸給數(shù)控機(jī)床控制刀具的運(yùn)動(dòng)，切削刀具根據(jù)指令進(jìn)行切削加工，通過(guò)刀具的機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)生產(chǎn)出零件。 基于計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)可以通過(guò)繪圖員繪出的圖形生成機(jī)器指令，然后直接將編碼信息輸入到紙帶機(jī)器上通過(guò)紙帶上的打洞表示信息，并將其傳輸給數(shù)控機(jī)床切削刀具。產(chǎn)品工程師一旦生成工藝規(guī)劃表，通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)工程師將能夠理解繪圖需求和加工工藝之間的關(guān)系。 市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的高競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性使得工程公司希望售出他們的產(chǎn)品以挑戰(zhàn)他們的產(chǎn)品功能和設(shè)計(jì)能力，然后通過(guò)快速的

11、足夠發(fā)展與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者進(jìn)行基于價(jià)格和交貨期限的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。由于使用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致關(guān)于工程的快速投標(biāo)成為一種可能的趨勢(shì)，這將允許工程師接觸到較多的產(chǎn)品，從而可以即興地想出最佳產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的可行性方案以及賺取最低的成本投入。  The computer and manufacturing The computer is bringing manufacturing into the information Age. This new tool, long a familiar one in business and

12、 management operations, is moving into the factory, and its advent is changing manufacturing as certainly as the steam engine changed it 100 years ago. The basic metalworking processes are not likely to change fundamentally, but their organization and control definitely will. In one respect, manuf

13、acturing was a cottage industry: the designer was also the manufacturer, conceiving and fabricating products one at a time. Eventually, the concept of the interchangeability of parts was developed, production was separated into speciakized functions, and identical parts were produced thousands at a

14、time. Today, although the designer and manufacturer may not become one again, the functions are being drawn close in the movement toward an integrated manufacturing system. It is perhaps ironic that, at a time when the market demands a high degree of product diversification, the necessity for incr

15、easing productivity and reducing costs is diving manufacturing toward integration into a coherent system, a continuous process in which parts do not spend as much as 95% of production time being moved around or waiting to be worked on. The computer is the key to each of these twin requirements. It

16、is the only tool that can provide the quick reflexes, the flexibility and speed, to meet a diversified market. And it is the only tool that enables the detailed analysis and the accessibility of accurate data necessary for the integration of the manufacturing system. It may well be that, in the fut

17、ure, the computer may be essential to a company’s survival. Many of today’s businesses will fade away to be replaced by more-productive combinations. Such more-productive combinations are superquality, superproductivity plants. The goal is to design and operate a plant that would produce 100% satisf

18、actory parts with good productivity. A sophisticated, competitive world is requiring that manufacturing begin to settle for more, to become itself sophisticated. To meet competition, for example, a company will have to meet the somewhat conflicting demands for greater product diversification, highe

19、r quality, improved productivity, and low prices. The company that seeks to meet these demands will need a sophisticated tool, one that will allow it to respond quickly to customer needs while getting the most out of its manufacturing resources. The computer is that tool. Becoming a “superquality

20、, superproductivity” plant requires the integration of an extremely complex system. This can be accomplished only when all elements of manufacturing-design, fabrication and assembly, quality assurance, management, materials handling- are computer integrated. In product design, for example, interact

21、ive computer-aided-design(CAD)systems allow the drawing and analysis tasks to be performed in a fraction of the prototype testing and evaluation further speed the design process. In manufacturing planning, computer-aided process planning permits the selection, from thousands of possible sequences a

22、nd schedules, of the optimum process. On the shop floor, distributed intelligence in the form of microprocessors controls machines, runs automated loading and unloading equipment, and collects data on current shop conditions. But such isolated revolutions are not enough. What is needed is a totall

23、y automated system, linked by common software from front door to back. The benefits range throughout the system. Essentially, computer integration provides widely and instantaneously available, accurate information, improving communication between departments, permitting tighter control, and gener

24、ally enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of the entire system. Improved communication can mean, for example, designs that are more producible. The NC programmer and the tool designer have a chance to influence the product designer, and vice versa. Engineering changes, thus, can be educed,

25、 and those that are required can be handled more efficiently. Not only dose the computer permit them to be specified more quickly, but it also alerts subsequent users of the data to the fact that a change has been made. The instantaneous updating of production-control data permits better planning a

26、nd more-effective scheduling. Expensive equipment, therefore, is used more productively, and parts move more efficiently through production, reducing work-in-process costs. Product quality, too, can be improved. Not only are more-accurate designs produced, for example, but the use of design data by

27、 the quality-assurance department helps eliminate errors due to misunderstandings. People are enabled to do their jobs better. By eliminating tedious calculations and paperwork-not to mention time wasted searching for information-the computer not only allows workers to be more productive but also f

28、rees them to do what only human beings can do: think creatively. Computer integration may also lure new people into manufacturing. People are attracted because they want to work in a modern, technologically sophisticated environment. In manufacturing engineering, CAD/CAM decreases tool-design. NC-

29、programming, and planning times while speeding the response rate, which will eventually permit in-house staff to perform work that is currently being contracted out. Computer are being used increasingly for both design and detailing of engineering components in the drawing office.. The creation of

30、 engineering drawings using a CAD system offers a manufacturer the following advantages: (1) uniform design standards; (2) consistent specification of components; (3) Elimination of inaccuracies caused by hand-copying of drawings and inconsistency between drawings;

31、 (4) Easier modification to drawings; (5) Simpler production of si

32、milar drawings having minor changes; (6) Increased productivity. To the designer, the CAD system becomes the sketch pad, allowing the facility to draw the basic design, evaluate and modify very quickly. To the draughtsman, repetitive work is eliminated, and it allows concentration on improving sta

33、ndards and styles of drawing. The rate at which drawings are produced increases. It has been estimated that using conventional draughting techniques a detail draughtsman produces 250 drawings annually. About 50 of these are major drawings occupying about half the time. Using a CAD system it has bee

34、n shown that an improvement of over 3 times this work output can be achieved. This value, of course, depends on the nature of the product. The main enemy of most draughtsmen is the repetitive work and the resulting boredom. This results in drawing errors and the need to modify drawings. With a CAD

35、system the draughtsman is continually learning new techniques on the system. Attention is held more acutely than it is with conventional draughting methods. Consequently, interest is held and, hence, productivity goes up. As well as engineering drawings, the CAD system can produce parts lists, mate

36、rial requirements and planning charts, etc. it can also be used to perform basic calculations such as areas, work out centres of gravity, do geometric calculations and Carry out stress analysis using finite element techniques. These calculations are done during normal access to the drawing with litt

37、le effort and almost instantaneous response. Because it is easy to produce design variants and store them, it is possible to analyse the structural and functional aspects of any design in great detail using techniques just mentioned. This can save a great deal of money in developing a product, an

38、d on some systems it is possible to rotate machine parts and simulate their actual operation when put into service. The CAD system therefore is a versatile tool, able to assist the designer and draughtsman to improve their work output, remove repetitive boring work, and give consistent, quality dra

39、wings. It has always been an essential part of the drawing office to communicate with the shop floor. This was always done through discussions and reference to engineering drawings. From these drawings were produced planning sheets giving details of the method proposed to manufacture the component.

40、 The machines were then set by skilled workers to produce the part. It can be envisaged that this process could lead to mistakes and hence incorrect components. With the advent of the CAD system a process has developed whereby engineers write simple coded programmes of the details contained on the

41、engineering drawings, and then feed thee into the computer. These coded instructions are re-arranged and then fed back to a punched tape machine which is programmed to accept coded instructions suitable for feeding into a numerical controlled(NC) machine tool. The machine tool is then capable of con

42、verting these instructions into machining operations and the component is produced by the robotic action of the tools. Also, it is now possible to create machining instructions by the draughtsman producing a drawing on the CAD system, and coded information being fed directly to a tape machine where

43、 punched tape is produced ready for inserting into the NC machine tool. The job of the production engineer who once produced the planning sheets is now largely superseded by a design engineer capable of understanding the relationship between drawing requirements and the machining process. With the

44、highly competitive marketplace that exists in the world today, engineering companies wishing to sell their products need to complete their specifications and designs fast enough to compete with their rivals on price ad delivery dates, etc. By using a CAD system, rapid tendering on projects is possible and it allows the engineers the facility to look at many options and hence come up with the ideal solution regarding feasibility, design excellence and cost.