喜歡這套資料就充值下載吧。。。資源目錄里展示的都可在線(xiàn)預(yù)覽哦。。。下載后都有，，請(qǐng)放心下載，，文件全都包含在內(nèi)，圖紙為CAD格式可編輯，【有疑問(wèn)咨詢(xún)QQ:414951605 或 1304139763】 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告書(shū) 課 題 名 稱(chēng) 機(jī)械式雙頭套皮輥機(jī)設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué) 生 姓 名 鄧 偉 平 學(xué) 號(hào) 0440816083 系、年級(jí)專(zhuān)業(yè) 機(jī)械與能源工程系、04機(jī)制本科 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 陳 志 剛 2008 年 3 月 24 日 一、 課題的來(lái)源、目的意義（包括應(yīng)用前景）、國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀及水平 課題是以JT－SA808G型雙頭套皮輥機(jī)為依據(jù)，通過(guò)分析對(duì)其機(jī)身質(zhì)量、體積和傳動(dòng)方面進(jìn)行改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)計(jì)出體積小、重量輕、操作靈活、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單合理、維修方便、生產(chǎn)率和作業(yè)質(zhì)量高的雙頭套皮輥機(jī)。 根據(jù)實(shí)際工作需要對(duì)雙頭套皮輥機(jī)的要求，其主要已知條件有：采用JT—SA808G型機(jī)械式雙頭套皮輥機(jī)，JT—SA808G型雙頭套皮輥機(jī)主要由定位滑塊、上頂頭、滑桿、皮輥定位架、傳動(dòng)橫臂、絲桿、蝸輪、蝸桿、滑動(dòng)座臂、絲桿螺母、機(jī)架等組成。JT—SA808G型雙頭套皮輥機(jī)為立式，機(jī)械蝸輪、蝸桿傳動(dòng)，其操作簡(jiǎn)便，能適應(yīng)棉紡廠的精梳機(jī)、粗紗和細(xì)紗機(jī)、并條機(jī)、條卷機(jī)等紡織設(shè)備使用的各種規(guī)格丁氰皮輥的套入和壓出。 目前在國(guó)內(nèi)外JT—SA808G型機(jī)械雙頭套皮輥機(jī)主要為立式，采用機(jī)械蝸輪—蝸桿傳動(dòng)，其操作簡(jiǎn)便，能適應(yīng)棉紡廠的精梳機(jī)、粗紗和細(xì)紗機(jī)、并條機(jī)、條卷機(jī)等紡織設(shè)備使用的各種規(guī)格丁氰皮輥的套入和壓出。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外主要采用蝸輪—蝸桿傳動(dòng)的原因是：1、其傳動(dòng)比比其他形式傳動(dòng)大，傳遞動(dòng)力大，一般傳動(dòng)比在8到100之間；2、蝸桿傳動(dòng)相當(dāng)于螺旋傳動(dòng)，為多齒嚙合，故傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)，振動(dòng)小，噪音低；3、蝸桿在導(dǎo)程角小于當(dāng)量摩擦角時(shí)，可實(shí)現(xiàn)反向自鎖，即具有自鎖性。 套皮輥機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，目前國(guó)內(nèi)外的套皮輥機(jī)主要不同的地方有傳動(dòng)方式不同、傳遞導(dǎo)軌不同等。在傳動(dòng)方式上主要有機(jī)械式和液壓式兩種。液壓式套皮輥機(jī)采用液壓泵、閥實(shí)現(xiàn)液壓傳動(dòng)，其主要特點(diǎn)有：結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，傳遞功率大，結(jié)構(gòu)小、有利于節(jié)省材料，傳動(dòng)控制靈敏度高等。機(jī)械式套皮輥機(jī)除了有蝸輪—蝸桿傳動(dòng)外還有絲桿傳動(dòng)，絲桿傳動(dòng)一般大都采用螺紋絲桿，其也是螺旋傳動(dòng)，在利用絲桿傳動(dòng)同時(shí)，大都采用調(diào)整絲桿間隙的措施。在傳動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌上，一般都采用熱扎等邊角鋼來(lái)作為導(dǎo)軌，其結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，并且能夠滿(mǎn)足傳動(dòng)要求，其它導(dǎo)軌還有：1、矩形導(dǎo)軌，其承載能力大，導(dǎo)軌垂直和水平方向誤差相互沒(méi)有影響，制造與維修方便，但側(cè)面存在誤差，影響導(dǎo)向精度，適應(yīng)于載荷較大、導(dǎo)向精度要求不太高的場(chǎng)合；2、三角形導(dǎo)軌，支承件導(dǎo)軌為凸形時(shí)，稱(chēng)為山形導(dǎo)軌，反之稱(chēng)為V形導(dǎo)軌，這種導(dǎo)軌在磨損后，能自行補(bǔ)償磨損量，不產(chǎn)生間隙，導(dǎo)向精度較好，但垂直與水平方向的誤差相互影響，制造與維修困難；3、燕尾形導(dǎo)軌，其高度尺寸較小，結(jié)果緊湊，能承受顛覆力矩。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外套皮輥機(jī)上的導(dǎo)軌所用的形式主要就是以上幾種形式。同時(shí)也要采用調(diào)整導(dǎo)軌間隙的裝置，在調(diào)整間隙的裝置上，目前國(guó)內(nèi)外主要有：1、壓板，壓板用螺釘緊固在運(yùn)動(dòng)部件上，可用刮研、墊片或平鑲條來(lái)調(diào)整間隙；2、鑲條，鑲條有平鑲、楔形鑲條和壓板鑲條等。大多數(shù)機(jī)械式皮輥機(jī)在傳動(dòng)上都設(shè)計(jì)有傳動(dòng)箱，傳動(dòng)箱是簡(jiǎn)化了的傳動(dòng)減速器，傳動(dòng)箱的設(shè)計(jì)都要求結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，滿(mǎn)足傳動(dòng)要求，節(jié)約成本等。 二、 課題研究的主要內(nèi)容、研究方法或工程技術(shù)方案和準(zhǔn)備采取的措施 機(jī)械式雙頭套皮輥機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)，主要是完成整臺(tái)機(jī)器的生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)，套皮輥機(jī)是紡織行業(yè)常用的機(jī)械，用來(lái)完成紡織皮輥的套入和壓出，是棉紡織行業(yè)的必備配套設(shè)備。所設(shè)計(jì)的套皮輥機(jī)靠傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械方式傳動(dòng)（例如蝸輪-蝸桿傳動(dòng)），為了提高生產(chǎn)效率，套皮輥機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)成雙頭套皮輥機(jī)，能同時(shí)完成兩個(gè)皮輥的壓入、套出。 機(jī)械式雙頭套皮輥機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的技術(shù)線(xiàn)路主要是根據(jù)皮輥的技術(shù)參數(shù)，皮輥的壓入、套出參數(shù)（如壓力、運(yùn)動(dòng)速度，功率等）來(lái)確定選擇電機(jī)，進(jìn)而選擇傳動(dòng)形式（如蝸輪—蝸桿傳動(dòng)），計(jì)算傳動(dòng)件參數(shù)，設(shè)計(jì)傳動(dòng)箱體。同時(shí)在設(shè)計(jì)傳動(dòng)箱體是考慮整臺(tái)輥機(jī)的體積大小，使傳動(dòng)箱的大小與整機(jī)體的大小協(xié)調(diào)一致。傳動(dòng)箱設(shè)計(jì)完成后根據(jù)實(shí)際要求設(shè)計(jì)整機(jī)體。在設(shè)計(jì)整機(jī)體時(shí)主要考慮機(jī)體采用何種結(jié)構(gòu)，（如鑄體式、角鋼式、焊接式等），其次考慮采用導(dǎo)軌的形式以及傳動(dòng)件的結(jié)構(gòu)，在考慮機(jī)體設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)候要考慮導(dǎo)軌、傳動(dòng)件、運(yùn)動(dòng)件等部件的固定等。完成總體機(jī)體的設(shè)計(jì)、導(dǎo)軌、傳動(dòng)件、運(yùn)動(dòng)件的設(shè)計(jì)固定后，考慮各部件的密封要求及密封措施，考慮導(dǎo)軌、傳動(dòng)件、運(yùn)動(dòng)件的 間隙調(diào)整等問(wèn)題。再次，考慮電機(jī)的固定與距離調(diào)整問(wèn)題，設(shè)計(jì)電機(jī)固定板、滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌以及旋轉(zhuǎn)件等。接下來(lái)考慮電路板、電氣線(xiàn)路的設(shè)計(jì)。最后作總體設(shè)計(jì)、修改，主要使機(jī)體結(jié)構(gòu)合理，造型美觀。 第一步：結(jié)合我的課題查閱相關(guān)的資料 我將在學(xué)校及公司資料室借閱大量與之有關(guān)的資料。來(lái)吸收相關(guān)的知識(shí)。利用當(dāng)今網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源廣泛收集有用的資料。通過(guò)社會(huì)調(diào)查和人際交往來(lái)獲得有關(guān)信息。 第二步：信息整理通過(guò)第一步的準(zhǔn)備。我將收集到大量而無(wú)序的信息。在這個(gè)階段我將篩選和整理有用信息，使之系統(tǒng)法。 第三步：方案制訂與分析在這個(gè)階段我將根據(jù)需要和我查的有關(guān)資料來(lái)制訂幾套原理方案。并通過(guò)驗(yàn)證對(duì)比選取最佳方案確定下來(lái)。 第四步：完成機(jī)械式皮輥機(jī)的各種傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)。 第五步：實(shí)驗(yàn)總結(jié)，論文寫(xiě)作。 通過(guò)以上工作。裝置制作完成。最后將通過(guò)論文發(fā)布我的設(shè)計(jì)情況。 三、現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)和具備的條件 1 已學(xué)AUTOCAD等軟件和機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)方面的理論基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)； 2 部分設(shè)計(jì)參考圖； 3 學(xué)校及公司資料室部分相關(guān)書(shū)籍、資料； 4 可上網(wǎng)查閱相關(guān)電子文獻(xiàn) 1 ．陳秀寧. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì). 第1版. 浙江：浙江大學(xué)出版社，2001.10. 2． 徐錦康．機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).第2版. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2001年8月 3． 姚永明. 非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)．第2版．上海：上海交通大學(xué)出版社，1999.10 4． 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè). 第3版. 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2002.1 5． 劉小年．機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制圖簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)．第1版．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2002.3 6． 朱富元. 機(jī)械制造工藝設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)．第2版．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1995 7． 王伯平. 互換性與測(cè)量技術(shù)基礎(chǔ). 第1版. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1999 8． 雷天覺(jué)．機(jī)械工程手冊(cè)．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1992 9． 許杏根．簡(jiǎn)明機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1997 10．揚(yáng)培元．機(jī)械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1997 四、總的工作任務(wù)，進(jìn)度安排以及預(yù)期結(jié)果 先確定機(jī)械傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，機(jī)身的設(shè)計(jì)，以及其他部件的設(shè)計(jì)等, 并最終完成機(jī)械式雙頭套皮輥機(jī)設(shè)計(jì) 以下是我的進(jìn)度安排： 2008年3月17日至3月20日 查閱，熟悉資料，方案對(duì)比分析，選定方案并確定技術(shù)參數(shù)，完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告。 2008年3月21日至3月28日 結(jié)構(gòu)功能分析并設(shè)定相關(guān)參數(shù) 2008年3月29日至4月30日 繪制零件圖及裝配圖 2008年5月1日至5月27日 完成設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū) 2008年5月28日至6月6日 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)文件打印， 畢業(yè)答辯 五、指導(dǎo)教師審查意見(jiàn) 指導(dǎo)教師（簽名） 年 月 日 六、教研室審查意見(jiàn) 教研室主任（簽名） 年 月 日 七、院（系）審查意見(jiàn) 院（系）主任（簽名） 年 月 日 備 注 邵陽(yáng)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 內(nèi)容提要 本設(shè)計(jì)針對(duì)機(jī)械式雙頭套皮輥機(jī)進(jìn)行研究，它的目的主要是完成整臺(tái)機(jī)器的生產(chǎn)，提高生產(chǎn)效率，可以同時(shí)完成多個(gè)皮輥的壓入和套出?？梢詫⑵ぽ仚C(jī)做成雙套頂頭和定位架供工人操作，它的工作原理是由電機(jī)帶動(dòng)蝸輪、蝸桿轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，使絲桿升降、帶動(dòng)橫臂升降，從而使滑桿上下移動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)皮輥的套入、壓出。采用這個(gè)可以大大降低工作人員的勞動(dòng)負(fù)荷。皮輥機(jī)主要通過(guò)帶傳動(dòng)、齒輪傳動(dòng)、蝸桿蝸輪傳動(dòng)和絲桿傳動(dòng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)傳動(dòng)。并完成了傳動(dòng)箱的箱體、傳動(dòng)箱附件、絲桿及搖臂的設(shè)計(jì)。本設(shè)計(jì)以JT－SA808G型機(jī)械式雙頭套皮輥機(jī)為例。 機(jī)械式雙頭套皮輥機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的技術(shù)線(xiàn)路主要是根據(jù)皮輥的技術(shù)參數(shù)，皮輥的壓入、套出參數(shù)來(lái)確定選擇電機(jī)，進(jìn)而選擇傳動(dòng)形式，如蝸輪－蝸桿設(shè)計(jì)，計(jì)算傳動(dòng)件參數(shù)，并設(shè)計(jì)傳動(dòng)箱體。同時(shí)在設(shè)計(jì)傳動(dòng)箱體是考慮整臺(tái)輥機(jī)的體積大小，使傳動(dòng)箱的大小與整機(jī)體的大小協(xié)調(diào)一致。傳動(dòng)箱設(shè)計(jì)完成后根據(jù)實(shí)際要求設(shè)計(jì)整機(jī)體。在設(shè)計(jì)整機(jī)體時(shí)主要考慮機(jī)體采用何種結(jié)構(gòu)，其次考慮采用導(dǎo)軌的形式以及傳動(dòng)件的結(jié)構(gòu)，在考慮機(jī)體設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)候要考慮導(dǎo)軌、傳動(dòng)件、運(yùn)動(dòng)件等部件的固定等。完成總體機(jī)體的設(shè)計(jì)、導(dǎo)軌、傳動(dòng)件、運(yùn)動(dòng)件的設(shè)計(jì)固定后，考慮各部件的密封要求及密封措施，考慮導(dǎo)軌、傳動(dòng)件、運(yùn)動(dòng)件的間隙調(diào)整等問(wèn)題。最后作總體設(shè)計(jì)，主要使機(jī)體結(jié)構(gòu)合理，造型美觀，并產(chǎn)生一定的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。 Summary With study of the double-headed sets of mechanical Paper roll, its main purpose is to complete the production of whole machine, to improve the efficiency of production, to complete embed and extrusion of the multi-paper rolls. Paper roll machine can be made into double sets of pinnacle and frame for workers to operate, its working principle, is motor driven by the worm, the worm running, the screw movements driven arm movements, made slider to move up or down, which can made the Paper Roll embed or extrude. This can greatly reduce the use of staff work. The Paper roll to achieve transmission mainly by the belt drive, gear drive, worm wheel drive and the screw worm drive. Finish the design of transmission trunk body, the transmission trunk accessory , the lever and the cranking arm. This design take the JT-SA808G mechanical type double headgear top roller machine as an example. The mechanical type double headgear top roller machine design's technical line is mainly according to top roller's technical parameter, the top roller presses, draws out the parameter to determine the choice electrical machinery, then choice transmission form, if the worm gear - worm bearing adjuster design, the computation passes on the moving parts parameter, and designs the gearbox body. Meanwhile in the design gearbox body is considered that the entire table roll machine volume size, causes gearbox's size with the complete machine body's size coordination. After the gearbox design completes, acts according to the actual request design complete machine body. When designs the complete machine body main consideration organism uses what kind of structure, next considered that uses guide rail's form as well as passes on the moving parts the structure, in consideration body design time must consider that the guide rail, the biography moving parts, transport parts fixedly and so on moving parts and so on. After completing overall organism the design, the guide rail, the biography moving parts, transport the moving parts fixedly the design, considered that various parts' seal requests and seals the measure, considered that the guide rail, the biography moving parts, transport moving parts questions and so on gap adjustment. Finally makes the system design, mainly causes the body structure to be reasonable, the handsome appearance, and has certain economic efficiency and the social efficiency. III 邵陽(yáng)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 目 　錄 內(nèi)容提要. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II 1 緒論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 1 1.1我國(guó)紡織機(jī)械的發(fā)展概況. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.2 雙頭套皮輥機(jī)的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 課題來(lái)源、目的和意義. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3 1.4 雙頭套皮輥機(jī)的特點(diǎn)參數(shù). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3 2 傳動(dòng)方案設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 2.2蝸輪、蝸桿的設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 2.3軸的設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4軸承的選擇. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.5V帶及帶輪的設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3 傳動(dòng)箱的箱體設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 3.1箱體的結(jié)構(gòu)型式. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.2鑄造箱體的結(jié)構(gòu)分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.3箱體的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 22 4 傳動(dòng)箱附件的設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...23 4.1軸承蓋. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2軸承套杯. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.3調(diào)整墊片組 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.4油標(biāo). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.5排油孔螺塞. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5 總機(jī)體的設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 6 導(dǎo)軌及間隙調(diào)整裝置設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 6.1導(dǎo)軌結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 6.2間隙調(diào)整裝置設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28 7 傳動(dòng)絲桿及橫臂設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7.1絲桿設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 7.2橫臂設(shè)計(jì). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 8 潤(rùn)滑的選擇. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 8.1潤(rùn)滑的作用. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 8.2潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)和方法的分類(lèi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 8.3潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)的選擇原則. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 9 其它. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 9.1支角. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 9.2行程開(kāi)關(guān)的選擇. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 總結(jié). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 參考文獻(xiàn). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 致謝. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 附錄： 1、英文原著 2、英文翻譯 3、相關(guān)圖紙 邵陽(yáng)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 工藝規(guī)程制訂與機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)是用于產(chǎn)品,及它的部件裝配的計(jì)劃. 為了把產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)換成一個(gè)實(shí)際物體 ,這需要一個(gè)制造計(jì)劃。而制訂一個(gè)這樣的計(jì)劃的行動(dòng)就叫做工藝規(guī)程制訂。它是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和制造之間的連接.工藝規(guī)程制訂包括決定加工順序和制造產(chǎn)品所必須完成的裝配步驟.在以下文章中,我們將解釋工藝規(guī)程制訂和他的一些相關(guān)主題。 文章開(kāi)始, 我們應(yīng)該區(qū)別在下列文章中被反復(fù)提到的工藝規(guī)程制訂和生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃。工藝規(guī)程制訂與如何制造產(chǎn)品和它的零件等工程技術(shù)問(wèn)題有關(guān).制造零件和裝配產(chǎn)品需要什么樣的設(shè)備和工具? 工藝規(guī)程制訂與產(chǎn)品制造物流管理有關(guān)系。它在工藝規(guī)程制訂后面與原料分類(lèi)及獲得滿(mǎn)足制造充分?jǐn)?shù)量產(chǎn)品要求的資源有關(guān). 工藝規(guī)程制訂包括決定最適當(dāng)?shù)闹圃旒把b配步驟和順序,在這些順序和步驟中他們必須根據(jù)所提出的詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)規(guī)范完成給定零件或產(chǎn)品制造. 能夠被計(jì)劃的工藝范圍和多樣性通常由于公司車(chē)間可用設(shè)備和技術(shù)能力而受到限制.在公司內(nèi)部不能夠制造的零件必須到外部市場(chǎng)購(gòu)買(mǎi). 工藝規(guī)程制訂所提及的工藝選擇同樣也受到詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)資料的限制.我們稍后將會(huì)回到這一點(diǎn). 工藝規(guī)程制訂通常是由制造工程師完成的.( 工業(yè)工程師擁有其他權(quán)利.) 工藝制訂者必須熟悉工廠中詳細(xì)可用的制造流程并且能夠說(shuō)明工程圖。基于制訂者的知識(shí)，技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn), 用于制造每個(gè)零件的工藝步驟以最合乎邏輯的順序被發(fā)展制訂。下列各項(xiàng)是在工藝規(guī)程制訂范圍里的許多決定和詳細(xì)資料: 設(shè)計(jì)圖的說(shuō)明 在工藝規(guī)程制訂的開(kāi)始,產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的這一部分( 材料，尺寸，公差 ,表面處理,等等)必須進(jìn)行分析。 工藝和順序 工藝制訂者必須選擇哪一個(gè)工藝是必需的及必需工藝的序列。此外還必須準(zhǔn)備好一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的工藝步驟描述. 設(shè)備選擇 大體上,工藝制訂者必須逐步展開(kāi)利用工廠現(xiàn)有機(jī)器的計(jì)劃.另外,組件必須被購(gòu)買(mǎi)或在新設(shè)備上的投資必須被制定. 工具,沖模,鑄模,夾具,量具工藝必須決定每個(gè)工序需要什么工具.這些工具的實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)和制造通常通過(guò)委派工具設(shè)計(jì)部門(mén)和工具庫(kù)或者聯(lián)系專(zhuān)攻那種工具制造的外面廠商來(lái)完成. 方法分析 車(chē)間規(guī)劃,小工具,提升重物的提升間,甚至在一些人工操作情景中的肢體動(dòng)作也被指定. 操作步驟 工作測(cè)量技術(shù)被用來(lái)為每個(gè)操作設(shè)定時(shí)間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 切削工具和切削條件 這些必須對(duì)加工操作通過(guò)推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手冊(cè)來(lái)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)說(shuō)明. 對(duì)于單個(gè)零件,加工順序通過(guò)一種被稱(chēng)為進(jìn)路表的表格來(lái)進(jìn)行文件證明備份. ( 不是所有的公司使用進(jìn)路表這個(gè)名字；另外的一個(gè)名字是 " 操作說(shuō)明書(shū)?！?就如工程圖被用于詳細(xì)說(shuō)明設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品一樣,進(jìn)路表被用于詳細(xì)說(shuō)明工藝計(jì)劃. 他們是類(lèi)似的, 一個(gè)用于產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì) , 另一個(gè)用于制造。 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門(mén)通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來(lái)滿(mǎn)足人類(lèi)需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本構(gòu)思，還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷(xiāo)售和使用等方面的問(wèn)題。 進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱(chēng)為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。 如前所訴，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿(mǎn)足人類(lèi)需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類(lèi)帶來(lái)好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。 應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。 一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí)，就使用原來(lái)的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來(lái)成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過(guò)程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來(lái)。 新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問(wèn)題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問(wèn)題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒(méi)有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。 在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常，要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來(lái)適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來(lái)說(shuō)都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過(guò)程。 通常 ，在制造過(guò)程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問(wèn)題。可能會(huì)要求對(duì)某個(gè)零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是，工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn)，以保證不會(huì)損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí)，在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說(shuō)明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程?？偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉?lái)完成設(shè)計(jì)工作，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。 近些年來(lái)，工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外，選擇過(guò)程應(yīng)該是一個(gè)對(duì)材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn)，而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)量可能會(huì)減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會(huì)對(duì)材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源，可能會(huì)要求使用不同的材料。來(lái)自國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、對(duì)產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力，都會(huì)促使人們對(duì)材料進(jìn)行重新評(píng)價(jià)。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外，材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴(lài)關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識(shí)得更清楚。因此，為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿(mǎn)意的結(jié)果，設(shè)計(jì)工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。 制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)通?？梢苑譃閹讉€(gè)明確的階段：（a）初步設(shè)計(jì)；（b）功能設(shè)計(jì)；（c）生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段，設(shè)計(jì)者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個(gè)方案，然后決定這種思想是否可行；如果可行，則應(yīng)該對(duì)其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。在此階段，關(guān)于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問(wèn)題是：是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇；如果沒(méi)有的話(huà)，是否有較大的把握在成本和時(shí)間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。 在功能設(shè)計(jì)和工程設(shè)計(jì)階段，要做出一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的設(shè)計(jì)。在這個(gè)階段要繪制出相當(dāng)完整的圖紙，選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機(jī)或者實(shí)物模型，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗(yàn)可能會(huì)表明，在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前，應(yīng)該更換某些材料，但是，絕對(duì)不能將這一點(diǎn)作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能，認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個(gè)很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機(jī)時(shí)，所選用的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中使用的材料相同，并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。這樣對(duì)公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機(jī)如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷(xiāo)售量經(jīng)濟(jì)地制造出來(lái)，或者是樣機(jī)與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同，則這種樣機(jī)就沒(méi)有多大的價(jià)值。設(shè)計(jì)工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作，而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段去做。因?yàn)?，在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段材料的更換是由其他人進(jìn)行的，這些人對(duì)產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計(jì)工程師。 在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段中，與材料有關(guān)的主要問(wèn)題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來(lái)，使它們與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng)，能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行加工，而且材料的數(shù)量能夠比較容易保證供應(yīng)。 在制造過(guò)程中，不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而，在大多數(shù)情況下，在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換材料要比在開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費(fèi)的代價(jià)要高。在設(shè)計(jì)階段做好材料選擇工作，可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情況。在生產(chǎn)制造開(kāi)始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見(jiàn)的原因。當(dāng)然，這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是，必須對(duì)新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評(píng)價(jià)，以確保其所有性能都滿(mǎn)足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前，沒(méi)有真正了解它們的長(zhǎng)期使用性能而引起的。 產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，采用最好的程序。在材料過(guò)程中，五個(gè)最常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題為：（a）不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見(jiàn)和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來(lái)的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其長(zhǎng)期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時(shí)候；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱(chēng)職的人員選擇材料。 通過(guò)對(duì)上述五個(gè)問(wèn)題的分析，可以得出這些問(wèn)題是沒(méi)有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的研究分析可以為避免這些問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。 從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。 參考文獻(xiàn) ： 1.A.Y.C.Nee. A heuristic algorithm for optimum layout of metal stamping blanks. Ann.CIRP,1984,33:317～320 2. A.Y.C.Nee, K.Y.Foong. Some considerations in the design and automatic staging of progressive dies. International journal of materials processing technology,1992,29:147～158 3．林好轉(zhuǎn).平行線(xiàn)分割一步平移法排樣算法的研究。鍛壓技術(shù)，1994，（5）：33～35 4．孫友松，羅月參。沖裁件優(yōu)化排樣的頂點(diǎn)算法。鍛壓技術(shù)，1995，（4）：23～25 5． 華剛，肖祥芷，肖景容。沖裁件排樣的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。華中工學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，1987，6. H.S.Ismail,K.K.B.Hon. New approaches for the nesting of two-dimensional shapes for press tool design. International journal of production research,1992,30(4):825～837 7.周雄輝,彭穎紅. 現(xiàn)代模具設(shè)計(jì)制造理論與技術(shù). 上海：上海交通大學(xué)出版社，2000 8.趙震. 實(shí)用型沖壓毛坯優(yōu)化排樣系統(tǒng)的研究與開(kāi)發(fā),機(jī)械科學(xué)與技術(shù),2002,21(2):312～314 9.金曉淮. 沖壓毛坯優(yōu)化排樣CAD系統(tǒng)的研制 上海交通大學(xué)碩士論文，1998 Process Planning and Machine design The product design is the plan for the product and its components and subassemblies.To convert the product design into a physical entity ,a manufacturing plan is needed .The activity of developing such a plan is called process planning .It is the link between product design and manufacturing .Process planning involves determining the sequence of processing and assembly steps that must be accomplished to make the product .In the present chapter ,we examine processing planning and several related topics. At the outset ,we should distinguish between process planning and production planning ,which is covered in the following chapter. Process planning is concerned with the engineering and technological issues of how to make the products and its parts. What types of equipment and tooling are required to fabricate the parts and assemble the product ? Process planning is concerned with the logistics of making the product .After process planning is concerned with ordering the materials and obtaining the resources required to make the product in sufficient quantities to satisfy demand for it. Process planning involves determining the most appropriate manufacturing and assembly processes and the sequence in which they should be accomplished to produce a given part or product according to specifications set forth in the product design documentation.The scope and variety of processes that can be planned are generally limited by the available processing equipment and technological capabilities of the company of plant .Parts that cannot be made internally must be purchased from outside vendors. It should be mentioned that the choice of processes is also limited by the details of the product design.This is a point we will return to later. Process planning is usually accomplished by manufacturing engineers .(Other titles include in industrial engineer.) The process planner must be familiar with the particular manufacturing processes available in the factory and be able to interpret engineering drawings .Based on the planner’s knowledge,skill,and experience ,the processing steps are developed in the most logical sequence to make each part .Following is a list of the many decisions and details usually include within the scope of process planning : Interpretation of design drawings The part of product design must be analyzed (materials,dimensions,tolerances ,surface finished,etc.) at the start of the process planning procedure. Process and sequence The process planner must select which processes are required and their sequence.A brief description of processing steps must be prepared. Equipment selection In general , process planners must develop plans that utilize existing equipment in the plant .Otherwise ,the component must be purchased ,or an investment must be made in new equipment . Tools,dies,molds,fixtures,and gages The process must decide what tooling is required for each processing step.The actual design and fabrication of these tools is usually delegated to a tool design department and tool room ,or an outside vendor specializing in that type of tool is contacted. Methods analysis. Workplace layout ,small tools ,hoists for lifting heavy parts ,even in some cases hand and body motions must be specified for manual operations .The industrial engineering department is usually responsible for this area. Work standards Work measurement techniques are used to set time standards for each operation . Cutting tools and cutting conditions These must be specified for machining operations ,often with reference to standard handbook recommendations. For individual parts,the processing sequence is documented on a form called a route sheet .(Not all companies use the name route sheet ;another name is “operation sheet .”)Just as engineering drawings are used to specify the product design ,route sheets are used to specify the process plan .They are counterparts,one for product design ,the other for manufacturing . The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question. Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly. A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel's basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker's health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer's aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material. In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable