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1、Grammar語法層次語法結(jié)構(gòu)的五個層次詞素 (Morpheme)詞 ( Word)詞組 (Phrase)分句 (Clause)句子 (Sentence)morphemes 詞素（morpheme)freeboundlexical (child)Functional(and) derivational(re-)Inflectional(s)詞(word)構(gòu)詞法簡單詞（Simple )派生詞（Derivative）復(fù)合詞（Compound）句法功能功能詞（Function）實義祠（Content)分句類型(Types of clauses) Independent (main; min S+V,

2、 complete) 獨立分句 ( 主干, 主謂齊全，完整） I love linguistics. You believe me.Dependent (subordinate; SUB CONJ, incomplete) 從屬子句 （從屬，需加連詞，不完整） when she entered the room who delivered the lecture句子類型(Types of sentences)簡單句簡單句Simple (one independent clause) She read the book.并列句并列句Compound (2 independent clauses

3、connected with co-ordinating conjunctions: 并列連詞) She read the book but she didnt like it。復(fù)合句復(fù)合句Complex (a combination of dependent (subordinate) and independent clauses：從屬連詞、連接代詞、連接副詞) She read the book while she was in college.并列復(fù)合句并列復(fù)合句Compound-Complex (2 independent clauses + 1() dependent clause

4、s) He jumped for joy and screamed very loudly when his team won the game. 簡單句：句子只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，且句子的各個成分都是由單詞或者短語表示。A school is an important place to students.Many people have a close relationship with their pets.The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.并列句：兩個或兩個以上互相獨立的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)、由并列連詞

5、連接。Oliver came to the party, but Rose did not.Every room in the house has its own function and it is difficult to imagine the life without one of them.Tip: 根據(jù)兩個簡單句之間的關(guān)系結(jié)合、選擇、轉(zhuǎn)折，因果， 選擇不同的并列連詞結(jié)合：and, bothand, as well as, not onlybut also選擇：or, eitheror, neithernor. or else. Otherwise轉(zhuǎn)折：but, yet, howev

6、er, nevertheless, while, whereas因果：for, so, therefore, 復(fù)合句：兩個或兩個以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其中一個(或多個)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)句子的某一(些)成分，如：主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、同位語。從屬連詞、連接代詞、連接副詞This is an interesting book. This is the book which they talked about.Everything depends on the weather. Whether well go on a picnic tomorrow depends on the weather.He

7、 came here at seven. He came here when we were about to leave. 主語從句從屬連詞：whether，that， That the driver was drunk is obvious. Whether you come or not doesnt concern me.連接代詞:which, who, whoever, whose, what, whatever Which team will win the championship is still not clear. Who will be the monitor makes

8、 no difference.連接副詞:how, when, where, why, How he did it puzzled us all. Why he was absent from class is a mystery.Tip: 主語從句后置表語從句從屬連詞：whether，that，as if He looks as if he didnt care. The question is whether they would like to help us.連接代詞:which, who, what, The problem is which road we should take.

9、What I want to know is who can finish it in one week.連接副詞:how, when, where, why, The question is when they will arrive. That is why they stayed there for two weeks.賓語從句從屬連詞：whether，that，if I think that you want to be a teacher is practical. I dont know whether/if his son is still living with them.連接

10、代詞:which, who, what, I really want to know what he did yesterday. Tell me which you like most.連接副詞:how, when, where, why, He told us where he found that missing boy. I asked him why he didnt show up at the party last night.Tip: 賓語從句后置定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞，除引導(dǎo)定語從句外，還在定語從句中承擔(dān)一個句子成分。關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, whi

11、ch, that The girl who got the first place in the English Competition is my roommate. The policeman is talking to a girl whose iphone has been robbed.These are the books that I bought through on-line purchasing關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why Do you still remember the days when we worked together？ She lived in

12、Beijing for five years, where she studied Chinese.These are the reasons why they dont like their boss.狀語從句時間狀語連詞或詞組：when/while/as, whenever, before after, since, till/until, as soon as/the moment/the minute,hardlywhen/scarcelywhen/no soonerthan/instantly/directly, once, every/each time I think that

13、you want to be a teacher is practical. I dont know whether/if his son is still living with them. Well leave the minute everything is ready. I had hardly sat down when the telephone rang. No sooner had he arrived home than it began to rain.地點狀語連詞：where, wherever, anywhere The police ordered the suspe

14、ct to stay where he was. He likes to make friends wherever he goes. Come in and sit anywhere you like.狀語從句條件狀語連詞或詞組：if, unless, as long as/so long as/so far as, in case, suppose/supposing/provided that/providing, on condition that If you can practice enough, you are sure to pass the driving test thi

15、s time. Id like to go swimming unless the water is too cold. Supposing that he doesnt help, what shall we do？原因狀語連詞：because/since/as/now that, considering that , seeing Since youre not interested in this TV play, lets change the channel. Now that you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents

16、.狀語從句結(jié)果狀語連詞或詞組：sothat/suchthat, so that/ This is such a heavy box that nobody can move it. His car broke down halfway to the company so that he had to take a taxi.目的狀語連詞：that/so that/in order that, lest, for fear that, in case The two boys were whispering so that they should no interrupt other stude

17、nts. We must check the car regularly so that it can run well. Ill show you the place on the map lest you should get lost. Youd better take an umbrella with you in case in rains.狀語從句方式狀語連詞或詞組：as, as if, as though, The little girl likes to do something as her mother tells her. He speaks Chinese as if

18、he were a Chinese. It looks as if it is going to rain.比較狀語連詞：than, as He studies much harder than his brother. This Park is far more beautiful than I expected.讓步狀語連詞：though/although/as/while, even if/even though, however/no matter how Although he is young, he has been in may countries. He wont go to

19、 see that kind of film even though he has time. Try as he might, he couldnt move this stone. 同位語從句從屬連詞：that There is truth in the old saying that necessity is the mother of invention. There is a rumor that Mr.Zhang has been dismissed.連接副詞:how, when, where, why, I have no idea how I can get the car g

20、oing in such cold weather. I have no idea why she dropped out of school.Summary: 句子類型簡單句(Simple Sentence)并列句(Compound Sentence)復(fù)合句(Complex Sentence)三種句子類型(結(jié)構(gòu))三種句子類型(用途)陳述句疑問句(一般/特殊/選擇/翻譯疑問)祈使句感嘆句句子結(jié)構(gòu)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語）+ Vi(謂語不及物動詞）主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語）+ Vi(謂語及物動詞)+ O(賓語）主系表結(jié)構(gòu): S(主語)+LV(系動詞)+P(表語)雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語)+Vt(謂語及物動詞+

21、InO(間 接賓語)+DO(直接賓語）復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語)+Vt(謂語及物動詞)+ O(賓語)+C(賓語補足語)五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)(一)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語）+ Vi(謂語不及物動詞）Everyone laughed.The price peaked in August.Views on the issue in question vary from person to person.Notions about euthanasia differ widely.The number of female professors dropped significantly in 1970.T

22、he number of female professors dropped significantly in 1970. (二)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語）+ Vi(謂語及物動詞)+O(賓語Liverpool won the game.Travelling broadens ones vision.We often hear about an overnight successInstead,they live in high-rise apartments complexes.We are all exposed to such advertisements every day.The trai

23、n is building up speed.The train is building up speed.(三)主系表結(jié)構(gòu): S(主語)+LV(系動詞)+P(表語)That car is mine.She is in good health.She looks beautiful.The primary purpose of a zoo is to educate.First of all, pig farming is still an important industry in China.In most countries, the most important animal is a

24、 national symbol.In most countries, the most important animal is a national symbol.Tip: 常用系動詞 be, feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear, become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come, run, remain, continue, stay, keep, rest, prove, turn outBack(四)雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語)+Vt(謂語及物動詞+InO(間接賓語)+DO(直接賓語Beckham lent

25、 me his car.Someone left you this note.Travelling to foreign countries gives us an opportunity to experience another culture and broaden our horizon.His mother in-law bought him a luxurious car as the marriage present.His mother in-law bought him a luxurious car as the marriage present.(五)復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主

26、語)+Vt(謂語及物動詞)+O(賓語)+C(賓語補足語)They elected him spokesman.Every scene on the screen keeps me up-to-date.She found it a little difficult to handle all these things on her own.Art funding may make artists shift the focus from creativity to pleasing funding bodies.Art funding may make artists shift the fo

27、cus from creativity to pleasing funding bodies.名詞(短語）作補語In English people name lazy people couch potato.英語中人們稱懶惰的人為 couch potato.We elect him our new chairman.我們選他當(dāng)我們的新主席。形容詞作補語We consider students evaluation of teachers emotionally Detrimental.不定式(短語)作補語I sincerely invite you to pay a visit to my hometown during the summer vacation.分詞(短語)作補語I find the employment situation frustrating.我發(fā)現(xiàn)就業(yè)形勢令人沮喪。We should have the nuclear waste well disposed of.我們要妥善處理核廢料