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1、第二部分第二部分 語法專題語法專題專題十四專題十四 復(fù)合句復(fù)合句精講必備考點(diǎn)精講必備考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)一一 賓語從句賓語從句考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)二 狀語從句狀語從句考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)三 定語從句定語從句考點(diǎn)一 賓語從句賓語從句在主從復(fù)合句中起賓語的作用，既可作謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語，也可作介詞、非謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語。. 賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞用法例句that本身無義，引導(dǎo)陳述意義的賓語從句。在口語或非正式文體中常省略。She said (that) she would come. 她說她會(huì)來。引導(dǎo)詞用法例句if whether意為“是否”，引導(dǎo)疑問意義的賓語從句。在句中不作句子成分

2、，但不能省略。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)“究竟是還是不”，可在句末加or not，此時(shí)的賓語從句 的 引 導(dǎo) 詞 只 能 用whether。Can you tell me if / whether you can come here tomorrow? 你能告訴我你明天能來這里嗎？Ill wait to see whether your words are true or not. 我會(huì)等著看你說的正確與否。w h o ，w h o m ，w h a t ，w h i c h ， whose特殊疑問詞，引導(dǎo)特殊疑問意義的賓語從句，在從句中可作主語、表語、賓語或定語，不能省略。I dont know who co

3、uld help me. 我不知道誰能幫我。引導(dǎo)詞用法例句how， when，where，why連接副詞，在賓語從句中作狀語，不能省略。Please tell me when you were born. 請(qǐng)告訴我你什么時(shí)候出生的。. 賓語從句的語序賓語從句的語序賓語從句的語序是陳述句語序，即主語在前，謂語在后。He said he could drive a car when he was 18. 他說他18歲的時(shí)候就會(huì)開車了。. . 賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)主句時(shí)態(tài)從句時(shí)態(tài)例句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)根據(jù)實(shí)際需 要的各種時(shí)態(tài)I remember he gave me a

4、book yesterday. 我記得他昨天給了我一本書。一般過去時(shí)過去的某種 時(shí)態(tài)He told me that he would take part in the long jump. 他說他將參加跳遠(yuǎn)。注意：當(dāng)賓語從句表示客觀真理時(shí)，無論主句是哪種時(shí)態(tài)，從句都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Our teacher told us that the earth travels around the sun. 老師告訴我們，地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。. 賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移當(dāng)主句的主語是第一人稱且謂語動(dòng)詞是think，believe，guess，suppose等時(shí)，賓語從句若要表示否定意義，則要通過將從

5、句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句來實(shí)現(xiàn)，即否定主句中的動(dòng)詞。I dont think he will come tomorrow. 我認(rèn)為他明天不會(huì)來。. 賓語從句的簡(jiǎn)化賓語從句的簡(jiǎn)化賓語從句在一定條件下，可以簡(jiǎn)化為“特殊疑問詞 + 不定式”或“it + 形容詞 + 不定式短語”，甚至名詞或名詞短語。He didnt know where he could go. = He didnt know where to go. 他不知道去哪里。The students found it was difficult to learn English well. = The students found it di

6、fficult to learn English well. 學(xué)生們發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語很難。I dont believe what Tom said. = I dont believe Toms words. 我不相信湯姆說的話。. 可以跟賓語從句的形容詞可以跟賓語從句的形容詞某些形容詞后面也可以跟賓語從句。這類形容詞主要有：sure，certain，glad，pleased，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied等。Im sure you can learn English well. 我確信你可以學(xué)好英語。【典例精析】1. I dont know _. Because

7、he has to look after his mother.A. why he is leavingB. why is he leavingC. whether he is leavingD. whether is he leaving解析：賓語從句的語序應(yīng)用陳述句語序，排除B、D；由答語中的because可知，問句中的賓語從句應(yīng)由why引導(dǎo)。答案：A。2. What a nice paper fish! Can you show us _ you make it? A. whetherB. howC. whyD. what 解析：根據(jù)第二句話的句意可知，句中需要表示“方式”的引導(dǎo)詞，只有

8、how符合。3. Could you tell me _? Look! He is playing basketball over there. A. where Scot isB. what is Scot doingC. how Scot did itD. why Scot is doing it解析：根據(jù)答語可知問話人想知道Scot在什么地方。答案：B。答案：A?？键c(diǎn)二 狀語從句狀語從句在主從復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞等。狀語從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，與主句連接。狀語從句位于句首時(shí)，常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開；位于句末時(shí)，其前一般不用逗號(hào)。從屬連詞在從句中不擔(dān)任任何句子成分。狀語從句的分類

9、及用法狀語從句的分類及用法目的狀語從句通常由that，so，so that，in order that等引導(dǎo)，且從句中的謂語一般含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may，might，can，could，will，would等。Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 說清楚點(diǎn)這樣他們才能理解你。時(shí)間狀語從句when / while / as 當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候when既可引導(dǎo)延續(xù)性動(dòng)作，又可引導(dǎo)非延續(xù)性動(dòng)作。它可表示主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，也可表示從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前。as引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。while引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，并且所表示的時(shí)

10、間范圍較大，指“在某一段時(shí)間里”或“在期間”，它強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動(dòng)作的同時(shí)發(fā)生，并側(cè)重主句和從句動(dòng)作的對(duì)比。When he comes, Ill tell him about it. 他來了我會(huì)告訴他（這件事）。When he came back, his mother was reading a newspaper. 他回來的時(shí)候，他媽媽正在看報(bào)紙。As we walked, we talked happily. 我們邊走邊愉快地交談。My father was reading a newspaper while my mother was cooking. 我媽媽做飯的時(shí)候，爸爸在看報(bào)紙。b

11、efore 在之前after 在之后通常用來表示動(dòng)作一前一后發(fā)生。Mike had finished his homework before his parents came back. 邁克在他父母回來前就已經(jīng)把作業(yè)寫完了。Tom left after turned off the lights. 湯姆關(guān)燈以后離開了。since 自從以來從句常用一般過去時(shí)，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Jerry has made many friends since he came to China. 杰瑞自從來中國(guó)以來交了很多朋友。as soon as 一就其引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句不能用任何將來時(shí)，只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表

12、將來。I will call you as soon as I get to Guangzhou. 我一到廣州就給你打電話。till / until 直到若主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，till或until引導(dǎo)的從句通常用肯定謂語，表示“直到為止”；若主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)作，則要用not . until，表示“直到才”My mother waited until I came back. 我媽媽一直等到我回來。My mother didnt go to bed until I came back. 我媽媽直到我回來才去睡覺。地點(diǎn)狀語從句where 的地方wherever 無論哪里They

13、 went where they could find work. 他們?nèi)チ怂麄兛梢哉业焦ぷ鞯牡胤?。Sit wherever you like. 隨便坐。（想坐哪兒就坐哪兒）原因狀語從句because 因?yàn)閍s / for 由于since 既然because語氣最強(qiáng)，用來說明別人不知道的原因；回答why提出的問題。如果原因顯而易見或已為人知，就用as，for或since。注意：because不能與so連用。He didnt catch the early bus because he got up late. 他起晚了，所以沒有趕上早班車。As he was in a hurry, he le

14、ft his bag at home. 他太匆忙了，把包落在了家里。Since you cant answer my questions, Ill have to ask someone else. 你回答不了我的問題，我只好去問其他人。He didnt catch the early bus because he got up late. 他起晚了，所以沒有趕上早班車。As he was in a hurry, he left his bag at home. 他太匆忙了，把包落在了家里。Since you cant answer my questions, Ill have to ask

15、someone else. 你回答不了我的問題，我只好去問其他人。比較狀語從句than 比as . as 和一樣not as / so . as 不如注意：此類從句通常省略與主語相同的成分。Tom is not taller than his mother. 湯姆沒有他媽媽高。Tom is (not) as tall as his father. 湯姆（不）像他爸爸一樣高。結(jié)果狀語從句if 如果，假如unless 如果不，除非條件狀語從句與時(shí)間狀語從句一樣，從句中不能用將來時(shí)態(tài)，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.

16、如果明天下雪，我們就堆個(gè)雪人。We wont go to the party unless we are free. 如果我們有空的話就去參加晚會(huì)。讓步狀語從句though / although 雖然，盡管 even if / though 即使 whatever / no matter what 無論什么however / no matter how 無亂怎樣whoever / no matter who 無論誰注意：although或though不能與but連用。Although they are poor, they are happy. 盡管他們很窮，但他們很開心。We wont gi

17、ve up even if we should fail ten times. 我們不會(huì)放棄，即使我們失敗十次。Whatever you say, I believe you. 不管你說什么，我都相信你。注意：在時(shí)間、條件、方式等狀語從句中，它們的謂語動(dòng)詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表一般將來時(shí)；一般過去時(shí)表過去將來時(shí)。If you go to the party, you will have a great time. 如果你去參加這個(gè)聚會(huì)，你會(huì)玩得開心。The teacher saidif it didnt rain tomorrow, we would go for a picnic. 老師說如果明天

18、不下雨的話，我們就去野餐?！镜淅觥?. _ I got back, I found my mother cooking for me. A. WhenB. BeforeC. SinceD. Although解析：when當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句；before在之前，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句；since自從，由于，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間或原因狀語從句；although雖然，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。根據(jù)句意可知，用when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句最符合語境和邏輯“我到家的時(shí)候，發(fā)現(xiàn)媽媽正在為我做飯。”答案：A。2. If our government _ pay attention to the safety of food,

19、 our health _ in danger. A.isnt; isB. doesnt; will beC. wont; isD. isnt; will be解析：if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句用一般將來時(shí)，排除A、C；pay是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，用doesnt否定。 答案：B。考點(diǎn)三 定語從句定語從句在主從復(fù)合句中起定語作用，修飾主句中的名詞或代詞。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語從句一般放在其所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。定語從句主要由關(guān)系代詞who，whom，whose，which，that和關(guān)系副詞when，where，why引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞位于先行詞和定語從句之間，既起連

20、接作用，又在定語從句中擔(dān)任某種成分。. . 關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞及其用法先行詞例句who在定語從句中作主語或賓語。人The tall boy who is standing over there is my brother. 站在那邊的那個(gè)高個(gè)子男生是我哥哥。whom在定語從句中作賓語，在非正式文體、口語中可省略。人The man who / whom you met just now is my father. 你剛才看見的那個(gè)人是我爸爸。關(guān)系代詞及其用法先行詞例句whose在定語從句中作定語，其先行詞為物時(shí)，可以與of which互換。人、物The boy

21、whose mother is a nurse studies hard. 那個(gè)媽媽是護(hù)士的男孩學(xué)習(xí)很刻苦。The room whose window is open is mine. 那個(gè)窗戶開著的房間是我的。that在定語從句中作主語或賓語。其先行詞為物時(shí)的用法與which的用法基本相同；作賓語時(shí)可省略。人、物Who is the man that is speaking at the meeting? 在會(huì)議上講話的那個(gè)人是誰？關(guān)系代詞及其用法先行詞例句which在定語從句中可以作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)可省略。物The assistant showed me the book (which

22、) I wanted to buy. 售貨員把我想要的書拿給了我。注意：1. 當(dāng)先行詞為one，those，anyone等表示人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要用who，不能用that。Is there anyone who can answer this question? 有人能回答這個(gè)問題嗎？2. 只可用that引導(dǎo)的定語從句當(dāng)先行詞為everything，nothing，something，anything等不定代詞時(shí)。We should do everything that is useful to the people. 我們應(yīng)該做一切對(duì)人們有用的事情。當(dāng)先行詞被all，every，no，some，

23、any，little，much等修飾時(shí)。You can take any seat that is free. 你可以坐任何一個(gè)空著的座位。當(dāng)先行詞被the only，the very，the right等詞修飾時(shí)。He is the very man that Im looking for. 他就是我要找的那個(gè)人。當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。This is the best novel that I have read. 這是我看過的最好的一部小說。當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。The first thing that we should do is to get some food. 我們首先

24、要做的是找點(diǎn)兒吃的。當(dāng)先行詞中同時(shí)含有人和物時(shí)。We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in. 我們談?wù)撝信d趣的人和物。當(dāng)主句是以疑問詞who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。Who is the boy that is playing basketball? 那個(gè)正在打籃球的男孩是誰？3. 只可用which引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞前使用介詞時(shí)。This is the train by which we went to Shenzhen. 這就是我們?nèi)ド钲跁r(shí)坐火車。在非限制性定語從句（通常用逗號(hào)將從句與主句隔開

25、，若去掉從句，整個(gè)句子的意思仍然完整）中。Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. 足球，這項(xiàng)非常有趣的運(yùn)動(dòng)，全世界都在玩。. . 關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系副詞及其用法 先行詞例句when在定語從句中作狀語。時(shí)間I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 我仍然記得我第一次來這所學(xué)校的那一天。where在定語從句中作狀語。地點(diǎn)The house where I lived ten years a

26、go has been pulled down. 我十年前住的那座房子被推倒了。why在定語從句中作狀語。原因I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天不高興的原因。注意：1. when，where，why引導(dǎo)的定語從句通?？膳c“介詞 + which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句互換。Zhongshan is the place where / in which I was born. 中山則我出生的地方。2. 當(dāng)先行詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因，但關(guān)系副詞在從句中作主語或賓語而不是狀語時(shí)，不可用when，where或why引導(dǎo)定語從句，而

27、應(yīng)用that或which。Ill never forget the day that / which we spent together. 我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我們一起度過的那一天。Beijing is a city that / which has a long history. 北京是一座有著悠久歷史的城市。【典例精析】1. A Wechat is an invention _ can help people talk to friends, share photos, ideas and feelings freely. A. whichB. whoC. whoseD. /解析：先行詞是物，

28、關(guān)系代詞用which或that。2. The Palace Museum is the best place _ Ive ever visited. A. thatB. whichC. whereD. what解析：先行詞place在定語從句中作賓語，所以應(yīng)選關(guān)系代詞，又先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)the best修飾，只能用關(guān)系代詞that。 答案：A。答案：A。3. She is the girl _ invention got the first prize in the school competition. A. whoB. thatC. whichD. whose解析：先行詞the girl和從句中的invention存在所屬關(guān)系，即先行詞在從句中作定語，只有whose符合。4. Linda, can you tell me something about Mo Yan? Sure. He is the writer _ won the Nobel Literature Prize. A. whichB. whoseC. whoD. whom解析：先行詞為人，且先行詞在從句中作主語，只有who符合。答案：D。答案：C。