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1、Guangdong Institute of EducationBTEC CenterProgram: HND in Applied Chemistry Unit Title: Industrial Chemistry Unit No: 14 Assignment Title: Sulfonation and Drying Processes in Synthetic Detergents Assignment No.: II Issue Date: May 25, 2010 Submission Deadline: June 28, 2010 Assessor/Tutor: Zuoyi Ch

2、en and Zhaoxia Deng Internal Verifier: Wei Yin Student:Qianying Wu Students Reg. No: B876546 NOTES TO STUDENTSl Check carefully the submission date and the instructions given with the assignment. Late assignments will not be accepted.l Ensure that you give yourself enough time to complete the assign

3、ment by the due date.l You must take responsibility for managing your own time effectively.l If you are unable to hand in your assignment on time and have valid reasons such as illness, you may apply (in writing) for an extension. l Failure to achieve a PASS grade will results in a REFERRAL grade be

4、ing given.l Take great care that if you use other peoples work or ideas in your assignment, you properly reference them in your text and any bibliography.l When you refer to the work of other authors in your assignment, you must practice citation by following Harvard System for Referencing.l If you

5、are caught plagiarizing, you could have your grade reduced to zero, or at worst, you could be excluded from the course.STUDENTS DECLARATION:推薦精選I confirm that this is all my own work.Student Signature: Qianying Wu ASSESSMENTOutcome/SkillCriteriaEvidenceFeedbackAssessPass AssessmentP14.2 Discuss fact

6、ors affecting the selection of a chemical process for the productP14.2.1 Evaluate the parameters of the chemical reaction which determine the choice of route to the productEvaluate the key parameters of the reaction which determine the choice of sulfonation to the linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in m

7、anufacturing synthetic detergents (e.g. temperature, acid strength, reaction time, and ratio of oleum-to-alkylate etc.)P14.2.2 Describe and analyse the influence of required post-reaction separation and purification processes Describe and analyse the influence of required post-reaction separation an

8、d purification processes(e.g. dilution, phase separation, neutralization)P14.2.3 Evaluate the impact of co- and side-products on the overall profitability of the processEvaluate the impact of co- and side-products on the overall profitability of the process(e.g. nonlinear/branched alkyl sulfonates)P

9、14.3 Examine physico-chemical aspects of an industrial processP14.3.1 Explain how energetics equilibrium and yield, rates, phase equilibrium and separations influence the selected industrial processExplain the spray-drying process in manufacturing detergents forementioned in detail 推薦精選P14.3.2 Descr

10、ibe their impact on resource demands Describe the spray-drying process how to impact on resource demands (e.g. fine detergent particles, the use of dry cyclones)Advanced GradingM1 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutionsM1.1 Effective judgements have been made.M1.2 Complex problem

11、s with more than one variable have been exploredM1.3 an effective approach to study and research has been appliedEffective judgements have been made, or complex problems have been explored, oran effective approach has been appliedM2 Select/design and apply appropriate methods/techniquesM2.1 Relevant

12、 theories and techniques have been applied.M2.2 a range of methods and techniques have been applied.M2.3 a range of sources of information has been used.M2.4 the selection of methods and techniques/sources has been justified.M2.5 the design of methods/techniques has been justified.M2.6 complex infor

13、mation has been synthesised andprocessed.M2.7 appropriate techniques have been applied.Relevant theories, methods and techniques have been applied and justified, or complex information has been used, or appropriate techniques have been applied.推薦精選M3 Present and communicate appropriate findingsM3.1

14、The appropriate structure and approach has been used.M3.2 coherent, logical development of principles/concepts for the intended audience.M3.3 a range of methods of presentation have been used and technical language has been accurately used.M3.4 communication has taken place in familiar and unfamilia

15、r contexts.M3.5 the communication is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar audiences and appropriate media have been used.M3.1 the appropriate structure and approach has been used.M3.3 a range of methods of presentation have been used and technical language has been accurately used.D1 Use critical

16、 reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusionsD1.1 Conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified.D1.2 the validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria.D1.3 self-criticism of approach has taken place.D1.4 realistic improvements ha

17、ve been proposed against defined characteristics for success.D1.1 conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified.D1.2 the validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria.推薦精選D2 Take responsibility for managing and organising activitiesD2.1 autonomy

18、or independence has been demonstrated.D2.2 substantial activities, projects or investigations have been planned, managed and organised.D2.3 activities have been managed.D2.4 the unforeseen has been accommodated.D2.5 the importance of interdependence has been recognised and Achieved.D2.1 autonomy or

19、independence has been demonstrated.D2.3 activities have been managed.D3 demonstrateconvergent/lateral/ creative thinkingD3.1 ideas have been generated and decisions taken.D3.2 self-evaluation has taken place.D3.3 convergent and lateral thinking have been applied.D3.4 problems have been solved.D3.5 i

20、nnovation and creative thought have been applied.D3.6 receptiveness to new ideas is evident.D3.7 effective thinking has taken place in unfamiliar contexts.D3.4 problems have been solved.D3.5 innovation and creative thought have been applied. Assessors signature: IV agreement: Yes No IV signature: St

21、udents Feedback推薦精選 Students signature: Qianying WuNotes:Assignment DescriptionScenarioOriginal soap was an ancient detergent, which was a mixture of melted animal fat or tallow and wood ashes into the clay soil along the Tiber River. The early soap used for treating skin diseases, as well as for wa

22、shing. For the sake of improving scourability and enhancing other performance, chemists researched synthetic detergent for soaps substitute.Synthetic detergents are used for household cleaners, such as washing powder, cleanser essence or sanitary ware agent. Certainly, Synthetic detergents are essen

23、tial for electroplating, metal surface treatment, oil drilling, leather treatment etc. The world production of laundry detergents amounted to 21,500,000,000 kg in 1998. And the worldwide total produced volume remained increasing steadily. A number of undesirable problems come with largely using of s

24、ynthetic detergents. For example, phosphates in the ingredients cause eutrophication of water. And some of organic ingredients, such as branched alkyl sulfonates, could not be degraded by bacteria because of the highly branched side chain. Therefore, many important new criterions, the so-called biod

25、egradability of detergents, appeared for surfactants.To achieve the assessment criteria for pass (P14) you must demonstrate the ability to:l Discuss factors affecting the selection of a chemical process for the productl Examine physico-chemical aspects of an industrial processThis can be achieved by

26、 completing the following tasks in accord with established guidelines.推薦精選Tasks1. Describe the flow of sulfonation processes to the alkylbenzene sulfonates in manufacturing synthetic.2. Evaluate the key parameters of the reaction. And describe and analyse the influence of required post-reaction sepa

27、ration and purification processes. Evaluate the impact of co- and side-products on the overall profitability of the process. 3. Explain the spray-drying process in manufacturing detergents in details. And describe impact on environment.Questions 1. What is the process of alkylbenzene sulfonate of pr

28、oducing?The process of alkylbenzene sulfonate of producing is first the sulfonation of alkylbenzenes leads to sulfonic acid tyre product, which is then neutralized with a base such as sodium hydroxide to produce sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate. The sulfonation reaction is highly exothermic and instant

29、aneous. An efficient reactor heat removal system is used to prevent the decomposition of the resultant sulfonic acid. The sulfonation reaction takes place by using oleum (SO3H2SO4) or sulfur trioxide (SO3). Although, the oleum sulfonation requires relatively inexpensive equipment, the oleum process

30、has major disadvantages compared to sulfur trioxide. The need for spent acid stream disposal and the potential corrosion owing to sulfuric acid generation increased the problems related to oleum process推薦精選: The gaseous air or SO3 sulfonation process leads to high yields of sulfonic acid (95% to 98%

31、). This process comprises three major steps. The sulfonation of alkylbenzene with air or SO3 forms the alkylbenzene sulfonic acid and anhydride. The latter is decomposed into the alkylbenzene sulfonic acid by hydration. The neutralization of the sulfonic acid into the corresponding sodium salt repre

32、sents the last chemical step in the process of formation of detergents: 推薦精選2. What are the key parameters of the sulfonation process of the alkylbenzene sulfonate?The key parameters of the sulfonation process of the alkylbenzene sulfonate as follows: l Temperature, l Acid strength,l Reaction time,

33、l Oleum-to-alkylate ratio. The reaction was completed at the digestion stage where the product推薦精選 from the sulfonation zone is aged for 15 to 30 min. The mixture of sulfonic acid and sulfuric acid is diluted with water to quench the reaction. The reaction mixture is sent to a separator to allow gra

34、vity settling of the spent sulfuric acid from the lighter sulfonic acid. The lower spent acid layer contains, approximately, 75% to 80% sulfuric acid. The upper layer contains, approximately, 88% to 91% sulfonic acid and 6% to 10% sulfuric acid.3. How to separate and purify the surfactant?l Extracti

35、onl Crystallization and precipitationUsing the sample components in a component in the difference between Solubility, make some of the components to generate crystals from the solution separated. This ia an effective way to purified material.l Foam chromatography4. How to dry the slurry of synthetic

36、 detergents? And what the thermodynamics and dynamics factors should be taken into account in the unit operation? And what are the impacts of synthetic detergents on resource demand?l Spray drying is the main manufacturing process of hollow granular detergent, the process is: to pump slurry from the

37、 high-pressure spray tower, through the spray nozzle in order, wherein the mist below. From the tower bottom plate of hot air through the guide entry tower, was rotating towards the top. Countercurrent two met by heating and drying the slurry. Because powder Tata height of the slurry and the hot air

38、 heat exchange for a long time by preheating the slurry droplet, surface evaporation, diffusion and cooling within the aging process, which can form hollow at the bottom of the column granular products. Tower bottom product through screening, separation of bulk materials (commonly known as the head

39、of powder). Tower exhaust the powder with a cyclone recovery, and finally discharged into the atmosphere through推薦精選 the tail fan. We can see as the follows推薦精選Fig.1. Spray-drying process.l And we should concerned about the slurry is sprayed through nozzles into the tower at pressures of 4.1 to 6.9

40、kilopascals (kPa) in single-fluid nozzles and atpressures of 340 to 690 kPa in 2-fluid nozzles. Steam or air is used as the atomizing fluid in the 2-fluid nozzles. The slurry is sprayed at high pressure into a vertical drying tower having a steam of hot air at 315 to 4000C. The dried powder flows of

41、f the tower at a temperature of 90 to 1000C.l Need from the product shape, relative density, color, odor, foam until the packaging design seminar. Such as washing powder, required an appropriate particle size, uniform, no lumps, color white, no bad smell, fluid, depending on the proportion of stabil

42、ity, solubility, etc.; on the liquid detergent, you need to study the transparency or opacity, consistency, stability, color, smell and so on. Whether washing the skin stimulation, feel such a system. Reference 1.Pengfei Yan，Wenhui Hao，Ting Gao. Fine Chemicals Chemistry, Chemistry Industry, 2004.2.L

43、ubo Cheng，Jiazheng Hu，Mengzheng Yao，Kunyu Gao.，The synthesis of fine chemical products and applications, Dalian University of Technology Press，1995.3.Mohammad Farhat AIi, etc. Handbook of Industrial Chemistry (Organic Chemicals) .2005.推薦精選4. Chenier Philip. Survey of Industrial Chemistry (Third Edition). 2002. （注：可編輯下載，若有不當(dāng)之處，請(qǐng)指正，謝謝!） 推薦精選