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1、 is better than . means victory! 在很多情況下，特別是在口語中，常采用先行在很多情況下，特別是在口語中，常采用先行it代替主語，代替主語，而把不定式后置：而把不定式后置： Its a great pleasure . It is not an easy thing . 這種后置不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用于某些謂語動詞不是系動詞這種后置不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用于某些謂語動詞不是系動詞的句子，如：的句子，如： It took us five hours . It made us very angry .不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語通?？稍谔囟ǖ纳舷挛幕蚯榫安欢ㄊ浇Y(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語通常可在特定

2、的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由中看出，也可以由“ for + 名詞詞組名詞詞組” 來表示，如：來表示，如： It is not hard to do a bit of good. It was difficult to do the work.某些形容詞在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中作表語時，常在不定式之前某些形容詞在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中作表語時，常在不定式之前加上加上 “of + 名詞詞組名詞詞組” 來說明不定式所指的是誰的情況，來說明不定式所指的是誰的情況，如：如： Its kind to think so much of us. Its very nice to be so considerate. Its unw

3、ise to turn down the proposal. It was careless to make such a mistake. 1主語和表語都是不定式（其含義往往一是條件，一是結(jié)果），主語和表語都是不定式（其含義往往一是條件，一是結(jié)果），如：如： To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2主語是以主語是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, propo

4、sal, job, suggestion 等為中心詞的名詞詞組，或以等為中心詞的名詞詞組，或以 what 引導的名詞性從引導的名詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容，如：句表示，后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容，如： My idea is . Your mistake was . My suggestion is . What I would suggest is . ：在某些句型中，當主語部分有動作動詞：在某些句型中，當主語部分有動作動詞時，作表語的不定時，作表語的不定式可以省略符號式可以省略符號 “”，如：如： All we have to do is . The only thing I can

5、do now is . All I could do was . 1“”。這類動詞常見的有：。這類動詞常見的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如：等，例如： Ive arranged . I didnt expe

6、ct .2“”。（這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接。（這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個名詞從句）。這類動詞常見的有：近一個名詞從句）。這類動詞常見的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。等。 疑問詞（也稱連接代疑問詞（也稱連接代/副詞）有：副詞）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如：除外），如： I dont know

7、what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I havent decided whether to sell it or not. We must find out what to do next / where to put it.注注 ：如果作賓語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的補語，則應使用先行如果作賓語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的補語，則應使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如：把不定式后置，例如： I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it

8、 wrong not to help her. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注注 ：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語, 只有在個別場合只有在個別場合, 即在含有即在含有否定意義的帶有介詞否定意義的帶有介詞 except 或或 but (=except) 的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能這樣用，的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能這樣用，例如：例如： He seldom comes except . The child nothing except . She can anything but . He will anything

9、 for you except . They could nothing but .1不定式作定語通常只能放在被修飾的名詞之后，如：不定式作定語通常只能放在被修飾的名詞之后，如： Its time . He is not a man . Have you anything ? She usually has a lot of meetings in the evening. I want to get something during the vocation.2能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時往往也能帶不定能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時往往也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，如：式結(jié)構(gòu)

10、作定語，如： I dont wish to quarrel with you. I have no wish to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.3某些能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的形容詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時，也能帶某些能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的形容詞

11、，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時，也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，如：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，如： He was obviously anxious to go. His anxiety to go was obvious.4不定式結(jié)構(gòu)與所修飾的名詞，有時意義上有著主謂關(guān)系或動賓不定式結(jié)構(gòu)與所修飾的名詞，有時意義上有著主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系，如：關(guān)系，如： He has a large family to support (= that he must support).注：處于動賓關(guān)系的情況下，如果不定式是注：處于動賓關(guān)系的情況下，如果不定式是，它后面應，它后面應加上必要的加上必要的，如：，如： She has a lot o

12、f things to attend . The nurse has five children to look . Lets first find a room to put the things .5有時為了明確不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系，可以在不定式之前加上有時為了明確不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名詞詞組，如：名詞詞組，如： Heres a book for you to read. He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in. 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語，修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語，修飾動詞、形容詞

13、、副詞等，表示等。等。 They ran over . He bought a bicycle . He went home .不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時，通常句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時，通常句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語(參見以上三句參見以上三句)，但也有例外的情況，例如：，但也有例外的情況，例如： I stopped for him to speak to me. He opened the door for the children to come in. He brought a porter to carry the boxes / bags. They sent a ma

14、n to mend the window. He stood up to be seen better.為了強調(diào)表示目的的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有為了強調(diào)表示目的的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有否定詞否定詞 not 時，通?？梢栽诓欢ㄊ椒枙r，通?？梢栽诓欢ㄊ椒?to 之前加上之前加上 in order 或或 so as，如：如： He came here to see Charlie. He shouted and waved to be noticed. He went early not to miss the train. I turned the radio down

15、 not to disturb him.表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上標志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但卻不可以加上但卻不可以加上so as ，如：如： To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. To get the best results, use clean water. What have I said to make you so angry?He came round

16、to find himself in hospital. Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? Im not such a fool as to believe that. The boy is old enough to go to school. His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果，也無否定含義：下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果，也無否定含義： Im only too glad to go. (= Im ver

17、y glad to go.) I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) 有時，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還能表示一個隨后發(fā)生的動作，相當于一有時，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還能表示一個隨后發(fā)生的動作，相當于一個并列限定動詞詞組，這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)也表示結(jié)果，如：個并列限定動詞詞組，這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)也表示結(jié)果，如： She woke early . He got home . 這種表示結(jié)果的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)具有下列幾個特點：這種表示結(jié)果的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)具有下列幾個特點： 不定式所表示的動作是隨后發(fā)生的，相當于一個限定動詞詞

18、組，不定式所表示的動作是隨后發(fā)生的，相當于一個限定動詞詞組，如：如： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. 不定式根據(jù)是否需要停頓而決定與主句是否用逗號隔開。不定式根據(jù)是否需要停頓而決定與主句是否用逗號隔開。 He left his native country (,) never to return. He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed. 不定式所表示的結(jié)果往往含有不定式所表示的結(jié)果往往含有“令人意想不到令人意想不到”的意味，其中以的意味，其中以“使人

19、不愉快的結(jié)果使人不愉快的結(jié)果”較為常見。（有時也可以表示令人愉快、驚較為常見。（有時也可以表示令人愉快、驚喜的結(jié)果），如：喜的結(jié)果），如： He went home . 不定式之前有時可以加上不定式之前有時可以加上only或或but only，以加強語氣，如：以加強語氣，如： He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果或表示目的，往往形式相似，這時，須根注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果或表示目的，往往形式

20、相似，這時，須根據(jù)詞匯意義認真加以區(qū)別，試比較：據(jù)詞匯意義認真加以區(qū)別，試比較： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.) He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.) He got to the station only to be told the train had gone

21、. He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains. ( = He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.) She wept to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fun. She seemed surprised to meet us. Dont force yourself when you have nothi

22、ng to say. He believed the earth . Did you see a young man ? 表示表示“希望希望”“”“愿望愿望”等心理狀態(tài)的動詞，如：等心理狀態(tài)的動詞，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。等。 What do you desire me ? The director preferred her . 含有含有“讓讓”“”“允許允許”“”“促使促使”“”“致使致使”等祈使意義的動詞，如：等祈使意義的動詞，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean,

23、lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。等。 We mustnt let this . His father put him . 帶有帶有“請求請求”“”“懇求懇求”等感情色彩的動詞，如：等感情色彩的動詞，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。等。 He begged me . She was always worrying her father . 含有含有“建議建議”“”“勸告勸告”等意義的動詞，如：等意義的動詞，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。等。 He urged u

24、s . The dentist advised me . 含有含有“命令命令”“”“強迫強迫”“”“禁止禁止”等意義的動詞，如：等意義的動詞，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。等。 He required us . The doctor ordered him . I warn you . 其他還有：其他還有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。等。 He p

25、romised to teach me . We should train them . We are waiting for the train . Did you see anyone ? Dont imagine yourself . We find him . He set the boys . Ill leave him .有些動詞用有些動詞用與用與用作賓語補足語，所表達的意作賓語補足語，所表達的意義是有差別的。一般說來，用不定式表示一次性動作或動作的完成義是有差別的。一般說來，用不定式表示一次性動作或動作的完成（即全過程）；而用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動作正在進行，即：謂語動詞（即全過程）；

26、而用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動作正在進行，即：謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生時，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作正在進行，如：所表示的動作發(fā)生時，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作正在進行，如： Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his father talking with his teacher. I once heard him sing this song. She heard Mr. White singing in the next room. He observed someone open the door. I watched them get into the c

27、ar. Did you notice him leave the room?如：如： He felt them to be right. Did you feel the earth shake?如：如： Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework?如：如： The boss made them from morning till night. They were made from morning till night.例如：例如：Who heard him say that? They invited us to go there

28、 this summer. 如果不定式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，這個如果不定式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，這個不定式就要用不定式就要用，如：，如： Im glad to have seen your mother. 1構(gòu)成復合謂語，如：構(gòu)成復合謂語，如： He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.) The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It w

29、as reported that the enemy had surrendered.) She seemed to have heard about it already.(It seemed that she had already heard about it.)2在某些作表語用的形容詞后作狀語，如：在某些作表語用的形容詞后作狀語，如： You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert. (=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.) Im sorry to have g

30、iven you so much trouble. (=Im sorry I have given you so much trouble.) She was very glad to have done something for the people.3在某些動詞后作賓語，如：在某些動詞后作賓語，如： He pretended not to have seen me. I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.4有時還可以作主語、定語或構(gòu)成復合賓語，如：有時還可以作主語、定語或構(gòu)成復合賓語，如： It was a gr

31、eat satisfaction to have revisited our native village.（主主語）語） So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定語）定語） They thought it a pity not to have invited her.（復合賓語）復合賓語） She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. （復合賓語）復合賓語） 1構(gòu)成復合謂語，如：構(gòu)成復合謂語，如： They are said to be building anoth

32、er bridge across the river. They seem to be getting along quite well. I happened to be going that way too.2在某些動詞后構(gòu)成復合賓語，如：在某些動詞后構(gòu)成復合賓語，如： We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.3在某些動詞后作賓語，如：在某些動詞后作賓語，如： He pretended to be listening attentively.4有時可以作主語或狀語，如：有時可以作主語或狀語，如： I am glad to be worki

33、ng with you. (狀語狀語) Its nice of you to be thinking of us. (主語主語) They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan. She wished to have been training as hard as the others. Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.1作主語：作主語： It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.2作賓語：作賓語：

34、 She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.3構(gòu)成復合賓語：構(gòu)成復合賓語： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didnt like herself to be praised like that.4構(gòu)成復合謂語：構(gòu)成復合謂語： The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.5作定語：作定語： Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?6作狀語：作狀語：

35、She was too young to be assigned such work.It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主語）主語）She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (賓語賓語) )）He thought it an He thought it a

36、n honourhonour to have been invited to the party. to have been invited to the party. （復合賓語）復合賓語）The book is said to have been translated into many The book is said to have been translated into many languages. languages. （復合謂語）復合謂語）She was the first woman to have been elected to such a She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. post. （定語）定語）