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1、學術(shù)英語學術(shù)英語 社科社科Academic English for Social Sciences Text A Key terms Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary Collocations Formal and informal English Signpost languageUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesText AKey

2、 termsl rational people: 理性人理性人 Those people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl marginal change: 邊際變化邊際變化 small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionl m

3、arginal benefit: 邊際效益邊際效益 the additional benefit from an increase in an activityText AKey termsUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl marginal cost: 邊際成本邊際成本 the additional cost from an increase in an activityl marginal decision-making: 邊際決策邊際決策 the additional cost from an increase

4、 in an activityl incentive: 激勵激勵 something that induces a person to actHow People Make DecisionsEconomists explanation about decision making: There are rules behind peoples decision-making behaviors.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Rational

5、people think at the margin.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesExample 1: standby ticketsWhat a rational airline can do?Situation: Flying a 200-seat plane across the U.S. costs the airline $100,000.Cost of each seat: $500 (Thats to say, never sel

6、l a ticket for less than $500.)Suppose: A plane is about to take off with 10 empty seats. A standby passenger will pay $300 for a seat.Question: should the airline sell the ticket?Answer: Yes.Reason: If the plane has empty seat, the cost of adding one more passenger is tiny. Here the marginal cost i

7、s merely the cost of something to eat, like peanuts, coco, etc.Conclusion: As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost, selling the ticket is profitable.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesExample 2: water vs. diamondWhy is

8、water so cheap, while diamonds are so expensive?waterdiamondNecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra cup is small because water is plentiful.Unnecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra diamond is large because diamonds are rare.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic

9、ActivitiesText ACritical reading and thinkingText ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesConclusion: Rational people think at the margin. (They make decisions by comparing costs and benefits.) Are you a rational person?Example 1: the price of an appleHow

10、 people respond to incentives?When the price rises: It provides an incentive for buyers to consume less; It provides an incentive for sellers to produce more.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Rational people respond to incentives. Example 2:

11、a tax on gasoline How people respond to incentives? Encourage people to drive small, more fuel-efficient cars; carpool take public transportation; live closer to where they work; drive hybrid cars; drive electric cars.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Ac

12、tivities Example 3: a seat belt law American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.How a seat belt law alters a drivers cost-benefit calculation (Peltzmans analysis):Seat belts reduce the likelihood of injury or death make accidents less costly drive faster and less carefully a l

13、arge number of accidentsText ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesResult: These laws produce both fewer deaths per accident and more accidents. Conclusion 1: The net result is little change in the number of driver deaths and an increase in the number o

14、f pedestrian deaths.Conclusion 2: When analyzing any policy, consider both the direct effects and less obvious indirect effects.If the policy changes incentives, it will cause people to alter their behavior.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities Ra

15、tional people know that when they make a decision, it is often not a yes-or-no choice, but requires deliberate consideration of the pros and cons. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Rational people know that decisions in life are rarely black and white

16、but usually involve shades of gray. (Para. 2) The most important theory in economic study concerns itself with incentives. Other theories are not as important. “The rest is commentary” is a phrase used in American English to mean “the rest is trivial or less important”. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit

17、 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” (Para. 6) At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like random talk not supported by evidence. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic A

18、ctivitiesl At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like idle speculation. (Para. 12)Specialized vocabularyl rational peoplel marginal decision-makingl marginal changel marginal benefitl marginal costl net resultText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Maki

19、ng Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCollocationsText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl achieve the high level of satisfactionl maximize profitsl achieve objectivesl be black and whitel roll roundl blow offl fly standbyl puzzling economic ph

20、enomenal take an actionl allocate scarce resourcesl end up with l unintended consequencesl idle speculationFormal and informal Englishl See Page 9, and do Task 3.Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesSignpost languagel Show connections betw

21、een sentences and paragraphs. See Page 9, and do Task 2 Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesSignpost languageText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Signal important parts of aca

22、demic writing, such as structure, writers position, arguments, conclusionReporting someones view: Some people/researcher(s) maintain(s) / argue(s) / assert(s) / claim(s) / point(s) outSignpost languageDisagreeing with someones view: I disagree with that The view is open to doubt / not necessarily tr

23、ue / highly debatable One of the main argument against is thatText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesSignpost languagePointing out a gap in research: However little information These studies have emphasized, as opposed to Although considerab

24、le research has focused on, less attention has been given toText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesSignpost languageAgreeing with someones view: I agree with when he writes that X is certainly correct in saying that Another point in favour o

25、f is A further argument supporting isNB: In the following units of study, more examples will be given. Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesTask 1 The tree diagram below illustrates the main points of the text. Fill in the blanks according

26、 to the text.Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesDecision-making behaviors in economic activitiesThinking at the margincomparing marginal _ and marginal _ Responding to _Example 1standby tickets Critical reading and thinkingExample 2_ vs. _Example 1the price

27、 of an appleExample 2a tax on _Example 3_costbenefitswaterdiamondsincentivesgasolineseat belts lawTask 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingF_ 1 When rational peo

28、ple make decisions in life, they are very certain of the choice._ 2 At the time of examination, students have to decide how to use all their time studying._ 3 Marginal changes are small gradual changes of the present plan of action._ 4 The example of the standby fly is told to show how cost can be i

29、gnored._ 5 Diamonds are more expensive than water because people are more attracted to them.FFFTTask 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingT_ 6 The quotation of on

30、e economist “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” is given to show the importance of incentives._ 7 The example of the apple shows how food prices vary according to market needs._ 8 The gasoline tax has an effect on peoples choice of cars._ 9 When the seat belt is made compulsory,

31、people drive more carefully._ 10 Policymakers need to take into consideration the less obvious indirect effects of a policy.FFFTTask 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Match the words in Column A with those in C

32、olumn B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.Column A Column B1 marginala resource2 scarceb result3 maximizec change4 netd satisfaction5 level ofe people6 rationalf profitTask 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLa

33、nguage building-up1 Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _marginal change邊際變化邊際變化scarce resources稀缺資源稀缺資源maximize profits最大化利潤最大化利潤net result凈結(jié)果凈結(jié)果level of satisfaction滿意度滿意度rational people理性人理性人Task 1 Specialize

34、d vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Translate the following sentences into English, using some of the phrases above.1 我們明年的目標是獲得利潤最大化。我們明年的目標是獲得利潤最大化。 _2 時間是一種稀缺資源，因此如果工人失業(yè)，他們的時間就浪時間是一種稀缺資源，因此如果工人失業(yè)，他們的時間就浪 費了。費了。 _ _We aim

35、to maximize profits over the next year.Time is a scarce resource, so if workers are unemployed their time is wasted.Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Translate the following sentences into English, using s

36、ome of the phrases above.3 理性人有非理性的想法嗎？理性人有非理性的想法嗎？ _4 滿意度調(diào)查結(jié)果表明游客對某些服務(wù)不滿意。滿意度調(diào)查結(jié)果表明游客對某些服務(wù)不滿意。 _ _Do rational people have irrational thoughts?Research into satisfaction level has found that tourists are not satisfied with some of the services.Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 De

37、cision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Match the signpost language from Text A with the purpose each of them serves. Signpost languagePurposes 1 as we will seea explanation2 at the same timeb time sequence3 by contrastc giving examples4 for exampled comparison and contra

38、st5 in other wordse coherence6 in this case1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ 5 _ 6 _ebdcaeTask 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.1 He is not well-known for his

39、 respect for factual accuracy, _, he was lying.2 Offices can easily become more environmentally-friendly by, _, using recycled paper.3 We dont like the situation. But _, we have to deal with this problem.in other wordsfor exampleat the same timeTask 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 D

40、ecision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.4 Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, _, has declined.5 _, in this chapter there is no general formula for the solution to this question.6 The

41、 whole team dont want to lose him. _, he needs to realize that company regulations must be obeyed.by contrastAs we will seeIn this caseTask 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Replace the underlined words in the followin

42、g sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.1 As you study economics, you will come across firms that decide how many workers to hire and how much of their product to manufacture and sell to maximize profits. Key: _2 The reason is that a persons willingness to pay for any good is based on the

43、marginal benefit that an extra unit of the good would produce. Key: _encounteryieldTask 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.3

44、An incentive is something that persuades a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. Key: _4 Many policies change the costs or benefits that people face and, therefore, change their behavior. Key: _5 For example, consider public policy about auto safety. Key: _inducesalterrega

45、rdingTask 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1 Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.6 The decline in safe driving has a clear, bad impact on pedestrians. Key: _7 At

46、 first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like an idle guess. Key: _8 When a person wears a seat belt, the likelihood of surviving an auto accident rises. Key: _adversespeculationprobabilityTask 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic

47、 ActivitiesLanguage building-up2 Complete the sentences with some of the answers you have got in the above exercise.1 Stress can have a(n) _ effect on peoples health.2 This doesnt _ the fact that what you did was wrong.3 He warned us that we might _ a lot of opposition at the very beginning.4 Some b

48、elieve that surgery could _ a heart attack.5 He has very little to say _ the new EU regulations.6 Knowing about the past doesnt necessarily _ solutions to current problems.adversealterencounterinduceregardingyield Text B Critical reading Difficult sentences English language for academic purposeUnit

49、1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesNew Airport Landing Fees Delayedl See Page 14, and do Task 1 and Task 2 Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities A new federal policy: allowing airports to charge higher landing fees during peak periods Reason for

50、 formulating this policy: encourage airlines to arrange flights more evenly throughout the day, thus reducing flight delaysText BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCostsBenefitsAirportsAirlinesText BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Acti

51、vitiesYour reflections on this policy:It will work: It wont work:l , which last month called the proposal “congestion pricing disguised as an airport fee”. (Para. 13)Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities , which claimed that the proposal was actually chargi

52、ng fee for congestion rather than for the airport. l “Because the central policy issue at stake here influencing airline market decisions through airport pricing is inherently complex and historically has been controversial, we believe that it merits additional time to fully develop comments reflect

53、ing the views of industry stakeholders,” (Para. 14) Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities “The central policy issue which is how to influence airline market decisions through airport pricing has always been complex and controversial. Hence it is necessary t

54、o allow more time for the parties involved in the industry to phrase their opinions that most clearly express their views.”Collocations l reduce / address congestionl charge higher landing feesl peak periodsl reduce delaysl take effectl implement measuresText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCollocations l traffic volumel on-time arrival ratel be supportive ofl accommodate requestsl clear up ambiguityl go into effectText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities