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1、 精品資料 Section_ⅣGrammar_&_Writing 　 省　略 為了避免重復(fù)，將句子中的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)成分省去，這種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象叫省略。省略是避免重復(fù)、突出新信息并使上下文緊密連接的一種語(yǔ)法手段。英語(yǔ)中的省略有下列幾種情況。 一、簡(jiǎn)單句的省略 1．祈使句的省略。在祈使句中，通常省略主語(yǔ)you。 Open the window. 請(qǐng)(你)打開(kāi)窗戶。 2．在一些口語(yǔ)中可以省略某些句子成分。 (Is there) Anything else? (還有)其他東

2、西嗎？ 3．疑問(wèn)句的答語(yǔ)省略。為避免重復(fù)而省略疑問(wèn)句的答語(yǔ)，這也是常見(jiàn)的一種句式省略。 —Are you a student? ——你是一名學(xué)生嗎？ —Yes, I am (a student)． ——是的，我是(一名學(xué)生)。 4．感嘆句的省略。目的是突出感嘆的部分。 What a beautiful girl (she is)! (她是)多么漂亮的女孩呀！ 二、比較結(jié)構(gòu)的省略 在“the＋比較級(jí)，the＋比較級(jí)” 結(jié)構(gòu)中和由than和as引導(dǎo)的比較句式中，常會(huì)有一些成分在上下文清楚的情況下被省略。 The sooner (you do it), the better (

3、it will be)． (你做得)越快(結(jié)果就會(huì))越好。 He is cleverer than any other boy (is)． 他比其他男孩聰明。 三、并列句中的省略 在由and或but連接的并列句中，常省略一些重復(fù)的詞或詞組。 My father is a lawyer and my mother (is) a teacher. 我爸爸是律師，我媽媽是教師。 She came into the room and (she) turned on the computer. 她進(jìn)了房間，打開(kāi)了電腦。 The news made me angry, but (the

4、 news made) John happy. 這條消息使我生氣，但卻讓約翰高興。 四、主從復(fù)合句中的省略 1．賓語(yǔ)從句中，連詞that常省略，但當(dāng)有多個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能省略第一個(gè)that。 I know (that) she is a teacher and that she is an excellent writer. 我知道她是一名教師，也是一位優(yōu)秀的作家。 2．表示條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式或讓步等的狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)含有be動(dòng)詞，且從句的主語(yǔ)又和主句中的主語(yǔ)一致，或者主語(yǔ)是it時(shí)，常把從句中的主語(yǔ)連同be動(dòng)詞一起省略。 If so (＝ If it is so), yo

5、u must go back and get it. 如果是這樣的話，你必須回去把它拿來(lái)。 Look out for cars when crossing the street (＝ when you are crossing the street)． 過(guò)街時(shí)要當(dāng)心車輛。 1 (福建高考改編)Anyone, once tested (test) positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government. 3．定語(yǔ)從句中的省略。若引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，該關(guān)系

6、代詞一般可省略。 The car (which/that) his father gave him as a birthday present was stolen. 他父親送給他的作為生日禮物的那輛汽車被盜了。 五、不定式的省略 1．并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符號(hào)to。但若兩個(gè)不定式之間表示對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)，不省略to。 The book is intended to be read and not (to) be torn. 這本書是供人閱讀的而不是供人撕毀的。 The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,

7、not to make it more difficult. 新技術(shù)的目的是要讓生活更輕松自在，而不是讓生活更困難。 2．某些使役動(dòng)詞如make, let, have等和感官動(dòng)詞如see, watch, notice, observe等，后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式須省略to，但若這些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，則to不省略。 My mother wouldn't let me go to see the film. 我媽媽不會(huì)讓我去看電影的。 He was noticed to leave the office. 有人注意到他離開(kāi)了辦公室。 3．不定式to后面的內(nèi)容也可承前省略，此時(shí)所省略的成分相

8、當(dāng)于do so，但一定要有上下文語(yǔ)境。但倘若承前省略的不定式含有作助動(dòng)詞用的have, be的任何形式，to后要保留原形have或be。 —Would you like to study English with me? ——你愿意和我一起學(xué)英語(yǔ)嗎？ —Yes, I'd like to (study English with you)． ——是的，我非常愿意(和你一起學(xué)英語(yǔ))。 She has succeeded in the final examination, but in fact, she ought to have (succeeded in the final exami

9、nation)． 她在期末考試中取得了成功，而實(shí)際上，她本就該獲得成功。 2 ①(全國(guó)卷改編)The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to. ②(江蘇高考改編)—What's the matter with Della? —Well, her parents wouldn't allow her to go to the party, but she still hopes to. 4．介詞but, except (除了)前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的具體形式時(shí)，后

10、面的不定式不帶to。 All he could do was nothing but wait and see. 他所能做的只有等著看看(情況)。 六、虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的省略 1．虛擬條件句常省略if，而將were, had, should 提前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。 Had you come here yesterday, you would have met her. ＝ If you had come here yesterday, you would have met her. 如果你昨天來(lái)這兒的話，你就會(huì)見(jiàn)到她了。 2．動(dòng)詞advise, suggest (建議), propos

11、e, demand, insist (堅(jiān)持要求), require, command, recommend, order 等后的賓語(yǔ)從句及It is ... that ...主語(yǔ)從句中常省略表虛擬語(yǔ)氣的should。 We insisted that they (should) go with us. 我們堅(jiān)持要求他們和我們一起走。 It is necessary that we (should) learn more words by heart. 我們有必要多記一些單詞。 It is suggested that we (should) go to see the film.

12、有人建議我們?nèi)タ催@部電影。 3 ①(浙江高考改編)Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eye exam (should)_be (be) at the age of six months old. ②(福建高考改編)Teachers recommend parents not allow (allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. 七、介詞的省略 1．在英語(yǔ)中一些與動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞搭配的介詞常被省略，而只保留后面的動(dòng)名詞：spend

13、time/money (in) doing sth.; have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.; prevent/stop sb. (from) doing sth. She spends half an hour (in) doing some reading every day. 她每天花半小時(shí)讀書。 I have some trouble (in) learning English. 我學(xué)英語(yǔ)有困難。 What prevented him (from) going? 什么事阻止了他去？ 4 (上海高考改編)I had great d

14、ifficulty finding (find) the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant. 2．表示時(shí)間的介詞at, on和in用在next, last, this, each, these, yesterday, every, tomorrow 等詞之前，一般可省略。 We have a final exam (in) every term. 每學(xué)期我們都舉行一次期末考試。 八、使用so, not 等的省略 英語(yǔ)中，可以使用so, not 或其他手段來(lái)省略上文或問(wèn)句中的一部分或整個(gè)句子。 —Can I put my bik

15、e here? ——我可以把自行車放在這兒?jiǎn)幔? —You'd better not. ——你最好不要。 —Do you think our team will win? ——你認(rèn)為我們隊(duì)會(huì)贏嗎？ —I think so. ——我認(rèn)為是這樣。 5 (全國(guó)卷改編)—Everybody is going to climb the mountain.Can I go too, mom? —I'm afraid not. Wait till you are old enough, dear. Ⅰ.句型轉(zhuǎn)換 1．—Do you think the fine weather

16、will keep up? —I don't believe the fine weather will keep up.(將答語(yǔ)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換) —I don't_believe_so. 2．—Will you waste your time and money on that? —Certainly. I won't waste my time and money on that.(將答語(yǔ)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換) —Certainly_not. 3．—What do you like? —I like going to the cinema.(將答語(yǔ)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換) —Going_to_the_ci

17、nema. 4．If it is possible, come and see me next Friday. If_possible,_come and see me next Friday. 5．She hurriedly left the room as if she was angry. She hurriedly left the room as_if_angry. 6．Cold chicken is delicious when it is eaten with salad. Cold chicken is delicious when eaten_with_salad

18、. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．當(dāng)被提供幫助時(shí)，人們常常說(shuō)“謝謝”。 When offered_help,_one often says “Thank you”． 2．——明天天氣會(huì)比今天暖和嗎？ ——我希望是這樣。 —Will it be warmer tomorrow than today? —I hope_so. 3．她比預(yù)料的晚回來(lái)了三天。 She came back three days later than_expected. 4．如果與她姐姐相比，蘇珊更細(xì)心一些。 If_compared_with her sister, Susan is more careful.

19、 5．——是什么事使得你那么生氣啊？ ——我的自行車丟了。 —What made you so angry? —Losing_my_bike. 　 程 序 說(shuō) 明 文 流鼻血是人們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪薪?jīng)常遇到的小問(wèn)題，請(qǐng)結(jié)合下面要點(diǎn)寫一篇文章介紹對(duì)流鼻血應(yīng)采取的措施。 1．流鼻血時(shí)，應(yīng)采用坐位或站位，勿平躺，因?yàn)槠教珊髸?huì)使頭部血壓升高，更易出血。 2．可用拇指和食指捏住兩側(cè)鼻翼，暫時(shí)用嘴呼吸；同時(shí)在前額部敷上冷毛巾，一般按壓10～30分鐘，出血即可止住。 ①The nosebleed is a small accident th

20、at often happens in our daily life, so knowing how to stop it is very necessary.②Now we are going to learn more about what we can do to stop a nosebleed. ③First of all, you should never lie down.④Sit up or stand, or your nose will bleed worse because of the increasing blood pressure of your head.⑤N

21、ext, pinch both sides of your nose together between your thumb and forefinger and breathe through your mouth.⑥At the same time, put a cold towel on your forehead.⑦Do this for 10 min-utes to 30 minutes. 第一段點(diǎn)明主題，介紹鼻子流血是一種生活中常見(jiàn)的小事故。 第二段詳細(xì)介紹應(yīng)采取的措施。 亮點(diǎn)一：巧妙運(yùn)用多種復(fù)雜句式，如①句中運(yùn)用了定語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句；②句中運(yùn)用了賓語(yǔ)從句。 亮點(diǎn)二

22、：表示順序的詞的正確運(yùn)用，如first of all, next, at the same time 等，使文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，步驟層次分明，語(yǔ)段銜接自然流暢。 程序說(shuō)明文是說(shuō)明文的重要形式之一，它主要用來(lái)告訴讀者某種事物的演變過(guò)程、某一物品的制作過(guò)程或某一事情的實(shí)施過(guò)程。 要寫好一篇程序說(shuō)明文，準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)想要傳達(dá)的信息，在寫作中要注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1．優(yōu)化文章的結(jié)構(gòu)：可采用“總—分”“總—分—總”等結(jié)構(gòu)以使文章層次分明、有條理。 2．準(zhǔn)確把握事情發(fā)展或物品制作中的每一個(gè)進(jìn)程、每一道工序，做到不顛倒、不跳躍、不遺漏。 3．選擇合理的寫作順序：程序說(shuō)明文通常以程序或時(shí)間先后為寫作順序，如上

23、文就采用了時(shí)間順序組織文章。 4．文章安排要詳略得當(dāng)：完成一件事情需要許多步驟，但其中一定有一個(gè)或幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵步驟。我們應(yīng)該對(duì)關(guān)鍵的步驟詳寫，其余的可以略寫。 5．語(yǔ)言表達(dá)要準(zhǔn)確、規(guī)范：程序說(shuō)明文經(jīng)常會(huì)用到許多專業(yè)性較強(qiáng)的詞匯。在寫作時(shí)要了解其實(shí)際含義并使用恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言進(jìn)行表達(dá)。 1．Today, the topic is ... 2．When you find/see ..., what should you do? 3．First, you can ... 4．In addition/Then/Next/Also/At the same time, you must/should

24、 ... 5．Last but not least, you'd better ... 6．More importantly, you should ... 7．The last but most important step is ... 8．In a word, as long as you ...you can ... 中暑是很常見(jiàn)的一種疾病，嚴(yán)重者可能危及生命。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)圖片內(nèi)容并結(jié)合自己所了解的知識(shí)，寫一篇介紹中暑以及如何對(duì)中暑患者進(jìn)行急救的短文。 詞數(shù)：100左右。 參考詞匯：中暑heatstroke; 抬起elevate; 保持呼吸通暢maintain an

25、open airway ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 參考范文： Heatstroke is an illness caused by being in great heat for too long. The most important characteristic of heatstroke is the high bod

26、y temperature. Care should be centered on lowering the body temperature as quickly as possible. Failure to do this may result in death. The right first aid measures for heatstroke are as follows： First, have the victim lie down and elevate his or her feet. Be sure to maintain an open airway of t

27、he victim. Then, try to move the victim to a cool environment. After this, apply cold and wet towels to the victim and use a fan to lower his or her temperature. If possible, have the victim drink some water or something like that.The last but most important step is to transport the victim to the hospital in time.