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1、第二部分空間與圖形課時(shí)課時(shí)29圖形變換與坐標(biāo)變化圖形變換與坐標(biāo)變化第六章圖形與變換、坐標(biāo)第六章圖形與變換、坐標(biāo)知識(shí)要點(diǎn)梳理知識(shí)要點(diǎn)梳理1. 圖形(點(diǎn))的對(duì)稱與坐標(biāo)變化圖形(點(diǎn))的對(duì)稱與坐標(biāo)變化: :(1)兩個(gè)點(diǎn)關(guān)于x軸對(duì)稱時(shí),它們的橫坐標(biāo)_,縱坐標(biāo)互為_,即P(x,y)關(guān)于x軸的對(duì)稱點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)為P_. (2)兩個(gè)點(diǎn)關(guān)于y軸對(duì)稱時(shí),它們的橫坐標(biāo)互為_,縱坐標(biāo)_,即P(x,y)關(guān)于y軸的對(duì)稱點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)為P_. (3)兩個(gè)點(diǎn)關(guān)于原點(diǎn)對(duì)稱時(shí),它們的橫坐標(biāo)、縱坐標(biāo)都互為_,即P(x,y)關(guān)于原點(diǎn)的對(duì)稱點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)為P_.相等相等相反數(shù)相反數(shù)(x x,- -y y)相反數(shù)相反數(shù)相等相等(- -x x,y y)相反
2、數(shù)相反數(shù)(- -x x,- -y y)(4)兩個(gè)點(diǎn)關(guān)于直線y=x對(duì)稱時(shí),它們的橫坐標(biāo)與縱坐標(biāo)_,即P(x,y)關(guān)于直線y=x的對(duì)稱點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)為P_.(5)兩個(gè)點(diǎn)關(guān)于直線y=-x對(duì)稱時(shí),它們的橫坐標(biāo)與縱坐標(biāo)_且符號(hào)_,即P(x,y)關(guān)于直線y=-x的對(duì)稱點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)為P_. 2. 圖形(點(diǎn))的旋轉(zhuǎn)與坐標(biāo)變化圖形(點(diǎn))的旋轉(zhuǎn)與坐標(biāo)變化: :(1)點(diǎn)P(x,y)繞坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)90,其坐標(biāo)變?yōu)镻_.相反相反(y y,x x)相反相反相反相反(- -y y,- -x x)(y y,- -x x)(2)點(diǎn)P(x,y)繞坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)180,其坐標(biāo)變?yōu)镻_.(3)點(diǎn)P(x,y)繞坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)90,
3、其坐標(biāo)變?yōu)镻_.(4)點(diǎn)P(x,y)繞坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)180,其坐標(biāo)變?yōu)镻_.3. 圖形(點(diǎn))的平移與坐標(biāo)變化圖形(點(diǎn))的平移與坐標(biāo)變化: :(1)點(diǎn)P(x,y)向右平移a個(gè)單位,其坐標(biāo)變?yōu)镻_.(2)點(diǎn)P(x,y)向左平移a個(gè)單位,其坐標(biāo)變?yōu)镻_.(3)點(diǎn)P(x,y)向上平移b個(gè)單位,其坐標(biāo)變?yōu)镻_.(4)點(diǎn)P(x,y)向下平移b個(gè)單位,其坐標(biāo)變?yōu)镻_.(-x-x,- -y y)(- -y y,x x)(- -x x,- -y y)(x x+ +a a,y y)(x x- -a a,y y)(x x,y y+ +b b)(x x,y y- -b b)中考考點(diǎn)精練中考考點(diǎn)精練考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)1圖形的
4、對(duì)稱與坐標(biāo)變化圖形的對(duì)稱與坐標(biāo)變化1. (2016棗莊)已知點(diǎn) 關(guān)于原點(diǎn)的對(duì)稱點(diǎn)在第四象限,則a的取值范圍在數(shù)軸上表示正確的是()C2. (2014海南)如圖2-6-29-1,ABC與DEF關(guān)于y軸對(duì)稱,已知A(-4,6),B(-6,2),E(2,1),則點(diǎn)D的坐標(biāo)為()A. (-4,6)B. (4,6)C. (-2,1)D. (6,2)3. (2016淮安)點(diǎn)A(3,-2)關(guān)于x軸對(duì)稱的點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)是_.B(3,2)解題指導(dǎo):解題指導(dǎo):本考點(diǎn)的題型一般為選擇題或填空題,難度中等.解此類題的關(guān)鍵在于掌握在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,圖形(點(diǎn))對(duì)稱的坐標(biāo)變化規(guī)則(注意:相關(guān)要點(diǎn)請(qǐng)查看“知識(shí)要點(diǎn)梳理”部分,并認(rèn)
5、真掌握).考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)2圖形的旋轉(zhuǎn)與坐標(biāo)變化圖形的旋轉(zhuǎn)與坐標(biāo)變化1. (2015佛山)如圖2-6-29-2,ABC的三個(gè)頂點(diǎn)都在方格紙的格點(diǎn)上,其中點(diǎn)A的坐標(biāo)是(-1,0). 現(xiàn)將ABC繞點(diǎn)A順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)90,旋轉(zhuǎn)后點(diǎn)C的坐標(biāo)是_.(2,1)2. (2016孝感)將含有30角的直角三角板OAB如圖2-6-29-3放置在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,OB在x軸上,若OA=2,將三角板繞原點(diǎn)O順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)75,則點(diǎn)A的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)A的坐標(biāo)為()A. (3,-1)B. (1,-3)C. (2,-2)D. (-2,2)3. (2016天門)在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,點(diǎn)P(-4,2)向右平移7個(gè)單位長(zhǎng)度得到點(diǎn)P1,點(diǎn)P1繞原點(diǎn)逆時(shí)針旋
6、轉(zhuǎn)90得到點(diǎn)P2,則點(diǎn)P2的坐標(biāo)是()A. (-2,3)B. (-3,2)C. (2,-3)D. (3,-2)CA解題指導(dǎo):解題指導(dǎo):本考點(diǎn)的題型一般為選擇題或填空題,難度中等.解此類題的關(guān)鍵在于掌握在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,圖形旋轉(zhuǎn)前后的點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)變化規(guī)則(注意:相關(guān)要點(diǎn)請(qǐng)查看“知識(shí)要點(diǎn)梳理”部分,并認(rèn)真掌握).考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)3圖形的平移與坐標(biāo)變化圖形的平移與坐標(biāo)變化1. (2016安順)如圖2-6-29-4,將PQR向右平移2個(gè)單位長(zhǎng)度,再向下平移3個(gè)單位長(zhǎng)度,則頂點(diǎn)P平移后的坐標(biāo)是()A. (-2,-4)B. (-2,4)C. (2,-3)D. (-1,-3)A2. (2016青島)如圖2-6-29-
7、5,線段AB經(jīng)過平移得到線段AB,其中點(diǎn)A,B的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)分別為點(diǎn)A,B,這四個(gè)點(diǎn)都在格點(diǎn)上. 若線段AB上有一個(gè)點(diǎn)P(a,b),則點(diǎn)P在AB上的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)P的坐標(biāo)為()A. (a-2,b+3)B. (a-2,b-3)C. (a+2,b+3)D. (a+2,b-3)3. (2016廣安)將點(diǎn)A(1,-3)沿x軸向左平移3個(gè)單位長(zhǎng)度,再沿y軸向上平移5個(gè)單位長(zhǎng)度后得到的點(diǎn)A的坐標(biāo)為_.A(-2,2)解題指導(dǎo):解題指導(dǎo):本考點(diǎn)的題型一般為選擇題或填空題,難度中等.解此類題的關(guān)鍵在于掌握在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,圖形平移前后的點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)變化規(guī)則(注意:相關(guān)要點(diǎn)請(qǐng)查看“知識(shí)要點(diǎn)梳理”部分,并認(rèn)真掌握).考點(diǎn)鞏固訓(xùn)練考
8、點(diǎn)鞏固訓(xùn)練考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)1圖形的對(duì)稱與坐標(biāo)變化圖形的對(duì)稱與坐標(biāo)變化1. 點(diǎn)A(-3,4)與點(diǎn)B(m,n)關(guān)于x軸對(duì)稱,則點(diǎn)B的坐標(biāo)為()A. (-3,-4)B. (-3,4)C. (3,-4)D. (3,4)2. 平面內(nèi)點(diǎn)A(-2,2)和點(diǎn)B(-2,6)的對(duì)稱軸是()A. x軸B. y軸C. 直線y=4D. 直線x=-2AC3. 如圖2-6-29-6所示,ABC和ABC存在著某種對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系(它們關(guān)于BC對(duì)稱),其中A的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)是A,A(3,6),A(3,0),ABC內(nèi)部的點(diǎn)M(4,4)的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)是N(4,2). (1)你知道它們的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)有什么關(guān)系嗎?(2)如果ABC內(nèi)有一點(diǎn)P(x,y),那么在ABC
9、內(nèi)的點(diǎn)P的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)P的坐標(biāo)是什么?解:(解:(1 1)A A的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)是的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)是A A,A A(3 3,6 6),),A A(3 3,0 0),),ABCABC內(nèi)部的點(diǎn)內(nèi)部的點(diǎn)M M(4 4,4 4)的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)是)的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)是N N(4 4,2 2),),它們的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)的橫坐標(biāo)相等,縱坐標(biāo)的和為它們的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)的橫坐標(biāo)相等,縱坐標(biāo)的和為6. 6. (2 2)由()由(1 1)可知)可知P P的坐標(biāo)為(的坐標(biāo)為(x x,6-6-y y). . 考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)2圖形的旋轉(zhuǎn)與坐標(biāo)變化圖形的旋轉(zhuǎn)與坐標(biāo)變化4. 在平面直角坐標(biāo)系xOy中,A點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為(3,4),將OA繞原點(diǎn)O順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)180得到OA,則點(diǎn)A的坐標(biāo)是 ()A
10、. (-4,3)B. (-3,-4)C. (-4,-3)D. (-3,4)5. 如圖2-6-29-7,將AOB繞點(diǎn)O逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)90,得到AOB. 若點(diǎn)A的坐標(biāo)為(a,b),則點(diǎn)A的坐標(biāo)為()A. (-a,-b)B. (b,a)C. (-b,a)D. (b,-a)DC6. 如圖2-6-29-8,等邊OAB在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,已知點(diǎn)A(2,0),將OAB繞點(diǎn)O順時(shí)針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)(0360)得OA1B1. (1)求出點(diǎn)B的坐標(biāo);(2)當(dāng)A1與B1的縱坐標(biāo)相同時(shí),求出的值.解:(解:(1 1)如答圖)如答圖2-6-29-12-6-29-1所示過點(diǎn)所示過點(diǎn)B B作作BCBCOAOA,垂足為點(diǎn),垂足為點(diǎn)C C
11、. . OABOAB為等邊三角形,為等邊三角形,BOCBOC=60=60,OBOB= =BABA. . OBOB= =ABAB,BCBCOAOA,OCOC= =CACA=1. =1. 在在RtRtOBCOBC中,中,(2 2)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)B B1 1與點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)A A1 1的縱坐標(biāo)相同,的縱坐標(biāo)相同,A A1 1B B1 1OAOA. . 如答圖如答圖2-6-29-22-6-29-2所示,當(dāng)所示,當(dāng)=300=300時(shí),點(diǎn)時(shí),點(diǎn)A A1 1與點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)B B1 1縱坐標(biāo)相縱坐標(biāo)相同同. . 如答圖如答圖2-6-29-32-6-29-3所示,當(dāng)所示,當(dāng)=120=120時(shí),點(diǎn)時(shí),點(diǎn)A A1 1與點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)B B1 1縱
12、坐標(biāo)相縱坐標(biāo)相同同. . 當(dāng)當(dāng)=120=120或或=300=300時(shí),點(diǎn)時(shí),點(diǎn)A A1 1與與B B1 1縱坐標(biāo)相同縱坐標(biāo)相同. . 考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)3圖形的平移與坐標(biāo)變化圖形的平移與坐標(biāo)變化7. 在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,將點(diǎn)P(-2,3)向下平移4個(gè)單位得到點(diǎn)P,則點(diǎn)P所在象限為()A. 第一象限B. 第二象限C. 第三象限D(zhuǎn). 第四象限8. 在坐標(biāo)平面上有兩點(diǎn)A(-a+2,-b+1),B(3a,b),若點(diǎn)A向右移動(dòng)2個(gè)單位長(zhǎng)度后,再向下移動(dòng)3個(gè)單位長(zhǎng)度后與點(diǎn)B重合,則點(diǎn)B所在的坐標(biāo)為()A. (1,-1)B. (3,-1)C. (3,-3)D. (3,0)CB9. 在如圖2-6-29-9所示的直角坐標(biāo)系中,解答下列問題:(1)已知A(2,0),B(-1,-4),C(3,-3)三點(diǎn),分別在坐標(biāo)系中找出它們,并連接得到ABC;(2)將ABC向上平移4個(gè)單位,得到A1B1C1;(3)求四邊形A1B1BA的周長(zhǎng). 解:(解:(1 1)ABCABC如答圖如答圖2-6-29-42-6-29-4所示所示. . (2 2)A A1 1B B1 1C C1 1如答圖如答圖2-6-29-42-6-29-4所示所示. . (3 3)根據(jù)勾股定理,得)根據(jù)勾股定理,得四邊形四邊形A A1 1B B1 1BABA的周長(zhǎng)的周長(zhǎng)=5+4+5+4=18. =5+4+5+4=18.