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1、對應(yīng)學(xué)生用書對應(yīng)學(xué)生用書P P217 217 語法歸納歸納語法歸納語法 分類詳解分類詳解數(shù)詞數(shù)詞一、數(shù)詞的定義表示數(shù)目或順序的詞叫數(shù)詞，包括基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。二、基數(shù)詞12199的兩位數(shù)，在十位數(shù)和個位數(shù)之間加連字符構(gòu)成：21twentyone89eightynine2101999的三位數(shù)：由hundred加and再加二位數(shù)：101one hundred and one125one hundred and twentyfive31000以上：從個位向前數(shù)，每三位為一節(jié)，加“，”，第一個“，”為thousand，第二個“，”為million，然后一節(jié)一節(jié)表示：10,001ten thousand

2、and one2,526two thousand five hundred and twentysix23,526twentythree thousand five hundred and twentysix334,527three hundred and thirtyfour thousand five hundred and twentyseven20,713,246twenty million seven hundred and thirteen thousand two hundred and fortysix注：hundred 百，thousand 千，million 百萬，bill

3、ion 十億前有基數(shù)詞時，其本身只用單數(shù)形式，不加“s”。如作定語時，放在被修飾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。two hundred workers 200名工人nine hundred million people九億人民上述幾個詞作名詞用時，其前不能有基數(shù)詞，但可用several或many等，本身用復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成。hundreds of名詞/代詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。thousands and thousands of.成千上萬millions upon millions of.億萬個several thousands of數(shù)千但：(1)score后接名詞時可加of，接時間不加offour score of books8

4、0本書three score years old60歲(2)名詞前有定冠詞the，指示代詞these，those，物主代詞your，his，her.修飾時，可用ofSix hundred of his sheep are shipped to the Middle East every week.他每周發(fā)往中東600只羊。two dozen of her eggs二十四個雞蛋five score of the computers 100臺電腦4用基數(shù)詞構(gòu)成加減乘除的表達式：5510Five and five is ten.1055Ten minus five equals five.40025

5、10,000400 times 25 is 10,000.4002020400 divided by 20 is 20.5基數(shù)詞的用法：在句中多半作定語，修飾名詞或代詞，也可以作主語，賓語，表語等。aThere are forty students in the classroom.(定語)教室里有40個學(xué)生。bFour and three is seven.(主語)4加3等于7。cThe correct answer is five.(表語)正確答案是5。注意：基數(shù)詞的用法：還可以和名詞一起用連字符號，構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞作定語。這時無論名詞或數(shù)詞一般都不用復(fù)數(shù)形式：Three fiveyearold

6、 girls often played in the square.3個5歲女孩經(jīng)常到廣場來玩。三、序數(shù)詞1序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成(1)第一、第二、第三為獨立的詞onefirst(1st)twosecond(2nd)threethird(3rd)(2)從第四開始均以th結(jié)尾fourfourthsixsixthelevenelevenththirteenthirteenthone hundredone hundredth注意：fivefifthtwelvetwelftheighteighthnineninth(3)整十的(ty)變y為i加ethtwentytwentieththirtythirtiethf

7、iftyfiftiethninetyninetieth(4)合成詞只變最后一個fortyonefortyfirstsixtythreesixtythirdone hundred and fiftynineone hundred and fiftyninth四、序數(shù)詞的用法主要在其前加定冠詞，修飾名詞作定語。若序數(shù)詞前已有物主代詞修飾，則不用定冠詞。The first part is hard to read.第一部分很難懂。He failed in his second test.他第二次考試沒過。注意：在比賽中某人或某個球隊名列第幾時，序數(shù)詞前不加the。He came out first

8、in the match.他獲得比賽第一名。五、序號的表示法1the序數(shù)詞事物名詞注意：表“又一、再一”時序數(shù)詞前加a，不用the。2事物名詞(不用定冠詞)基數(shù)詞注意：通常用第二種方法，特別是數(shù)較長時，常常避免用序數(shù)詞。Book 1the first bookLesson 5the fifth lessonRoom 205(第205號房間)the two hundred and fifth room六、分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)的表達1分?jǐn)?shù)：分?jǐn)?shù)由分子基數(shù)詞，分母序數(shù)詞構(gòu)成，當(dāng)分子大于1時，分母的序數(shù)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式加s。1/2one half1/3one third2/3two thirds1/4on

9、e quarter(one fourth)2小數(shù)：小數(shù)點讀point；0讀zero，o或naught；小數(shù)點前的數(shù)按基數(shù)詞讀，小數(shù)點后的數(shù)字按個位數(shù)詞，依次讀出。5316讀作fiftythree point one six314讀作three point one four06讀作zero point six3百分?jǐn)?shù)：百分?jǐn)?shù)中的%由percent表示。30%thirty percent1%one percent52%fiftytwo percent七、年、月、日、時的表達1表示在某年或某月，用介詞in，月份名稱要大寫。in 2005 ，in October2表示在某日，用介詞on。日期用基數(shù)詞、

10、序數(shù)詞均可，但讀成序數(shù)詞。on June 7/on June 7th讀作：on June the seventh3表示某年某月某日，要先說月份，次說日期，后說年份。in October,2004on May 4th,2005in May,20064表示在幾點，用介詞at。He gets up at six every morning.注：表示在“幾十年代”用介詞in the整10的數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)。in the 1980s或in the nineteen eighties在20世紀(jì)80年代表示人的約略年齡用in ones整10的數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)。He began to learn English in his

11、 thirties.他30歲時開始學(xué)英語。主謂一致主謂一致一、主語和謂語一致的三條原則在英語中，主語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定著謂語動詞采取相應(yīng)的形式。在處理主謂一致時，有如下三條原則：1語法一致語法一致即在語法形式上取得一致。The number of errors was surprising.錯誤之多是驚人的。2意義一致意義一致即從意義上著眼處理主謂一致關(guān)系。例如，主語形式雖為單數(shù)，但在意義上卻為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞應(yīng)采取復(fù)數(shù)形式；主語形式雖為復(fù)數(shù)，但在意義上視為單數(shù)，謂語動詞應(yīng)采取單數(shù)形式。The crowd were fighting for their lives.這些人正為生存而戰(zhàn)斗。Three

12、 years in a strange land seems like a long time.在異國的土地上生活了3年，看起來是很長的時間。3就近原則就近原則即謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的用做主語的詞語。Not only his children but also he himself wants to go there.不僅他的孩子們想去，而且他本人也想去那里。Either my close friend or I am going to work there.不是我的好朋友就是我將去那里工作。二、并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時1由and連接的兩個單數(shù)形式的名詞詞組作主語時，謂語動詞一般根據(jù)語法

13、一致的原則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但如果在意義上指同一個人、同一件事或同一概念時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。A young man and a girl want to go there.(主語表示復(fù)數(shù)概念)一個青年男子和一個姑娘想去那里。Fire and water do not agree.水火不相容。The premier and foreign minister was there.(主語表示單數(shù)概念)總理兼外交部長在場。注意：有時用and連接起來的兩個單數(shù)主語，謂語動詞可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)。Three and five makes/make eight.3加5等于8。 Time and tide

14、 wait/waits for no man.諺語歲月不等人。A needle and thread was found on the floor.在地板上找到了穿了線的針。2用and連接起來的不定式短語或主語從句，若構(gòu)成一個單一概念時，其謂語動詞也用單數(shù)形式。Early to rise and early to go to bed is a good habit.早起早睡是個好習(xí)慣。3由and連接起來作主語的兩個單數(shù)名詞，前面有every，each或no等詞修飾，意義上仍為單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。At Christmas，each boy and each girl is given a

15、present.圣誕節(jié)，每個男孩和女孩都得到了一份禮物。No fly and no mosquito has been found in that hotel.那個旅館里連一只蒼蠅和蚊子也未曾發(fā)現(xiàn)過。4一個單數(shù)名詞同時被兩個不同的形容詞修飾，用以表示兩個不同的事物時，謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)；若該名詞指同一個人或事物時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，例如最后一個例句。The Chinese and Japanese language have something in common.漢語和日語有相同之處。American and Dutch beer are both much lighter than Brit

16、ish beer.美國啤酒和荷蘭啤酒的度數(shù)都比英國啤酒淡。The steel and iron industry plays an important role in national economy.鋼鐵工業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟中起著很重要的作用。5由not only.but also，either.or，neither.nor或or連接的并列主語，謂語動詞的單數(shù)形式或復(fù)數(shù)形式以離它最近的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。“Either you or I am mad，”Napoleon declared.“不是你瘋了，就是我瘋了，”拿破侖斷然地說。Neither the teacher nor the stud

17、ents know anything about this matter.老師和同學(xué)們都不知道此事。6主語后跟有as much as，more than，no less than，rather than等連詞或but，besides，except，in addition to，like，with，along with，together with等介詞連接的詞語，謂語動詞的數(shù)與前面主語的數(shù)相一致。The captain，as well as the coaches，was disappointed in the team.除了教練外，隊長也對此隊感到失望。Tom，along with his f

18、riends，goes skating every Saturday.每個星期六，湯姆和他的朋友們一起去滑冰。Man，no less than the lower forms of life，is the product of the evolutionary process.人和各種較低級的動物差不多，是進化過程的產(chǎn)物。The father，rather than the brothers，is responsible for the loss.損失的責(zé)任應(yīng)由父親而不是由兄弟們來承擔(dān)。三、不定代詞作主語時1當(dāng)不定代詞all作主語表示人時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；當(dāng)all表示物時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形

19、式。All are eager to reach an agreement.大家都急于達成一項協(xié)議。(人)All is ready for the reception.招待會的一切工作都做好了。(事)All was silent.萬籟俱寂。(物)2如果主語是“either/neither of復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時，一般根據(jù)語法一致的原則，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Has either of your parents visited you？你爸爸或媽媽來看過你嗎？Neither of them wants to come.他們倆都不想來。3both作主語時總是用做復(fù)數(shù)Both(of the a

20、nswers)are correct.兩個(答案)都對。四、分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)作主語時1當(dāng)“per cent(percent)of復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或集體名詞)”作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；當(dāng)“per centof單數(shù)名詞(或不可數(shù)名詞)”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Forty percent of the students in our school are girls.我們學(xué)校40%的學(xué)生是女生。North of the earth about 61 percent of the surface is covered by water.北半球有61%的表面被水覆蓋著。Ninety percent of th

21、e work has been done.已經(jīng)干完了90%的工作。2分?jǐn)?shù)作主語時，一般根據(jù)意義一致的原則來決定謂語動詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。具體地說，“幾分之幾of單數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果“幾分之幾of復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞”，謂語動詞用做復(fù)數(shù)形式。Threefourths of the surface of the earth is sea.地球表面積的3/4是海洋。Twothirds of the area is covered by trees.這個地區(qū)的2/3被森林覆蓋著。Twothirds of the people present are against the plan.在場

22、的2/3的人反對這個計劃。五、表示“全體、許多、部分、一半”等意義的詞語作主語時1most，the rest，the last，the remainder等作主語比較：(1)Only 20 students were in the classroom，the rest were absent.(2)I offered him a little money，the rest was left to myself.當(dāng)主語是most，the rest，the last，the remainder等表示“全體”“部分”“其余”“剩下的”人或物等意義時，其謂語一般應(yīng)遵循意義一致的原則，隨意思決定用單數(shù)或

23、復(fù)數(shù)，即：如果所指的是復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果所指的是單數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Three of us will go，and the rest are to stay here.我們中的3個人去，其余的人留在這兒。The rest of the lecture is interesting.講演的其余部分是有趣的。The last southward wild geese are gone.最后一批南飛的雁群遠去了。The last of the wine is gone.最后一點酒也沒有了。2town，city，country，village，school等作主語當(dāng)town，

24、city，country，village，school等分別表示全體鎮(zhèn)民、全體居民、國民、村民、全校學(xué)生時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；當(dāng)這些名詞之前常用定冠詞the修飾，也可以用形容詞whole作定語，表示整體的，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。The whole village are going to the old mans funeral today.全體村民今天都準(zhǔn)備參加這位老人的葬禮。The whole school hopes that its football team will win the match.全校學(xué)生都希望該校的足球隊贏得那場比賽。3lots of，heaps of，loads of，p

25、lenty of，a great deal of，a lot of等作主語如果主語是由lots of(許多)，heaps of(許多)，loads of(大量、許多)，plenty of，a great deal of，a lot of等加上名詞構(gòu)成時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于其后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式：如果名詞是單數(shù)形式，動詞也采用單數(shù)形式；如果名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，動詞也采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Loads of big apples are on the ground.地上有許多大蘋果。A lot of fresh milk was given to them.(有人)給了他們許多鮮牛奶。4half of不

26、可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)名詞作主語“half of不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果of之后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Half of work is done.一半工作做完了。Half of the books are novels.一半書籍是小說。5“oneand a half復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語當(dāng)“oneand a half復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。One and a half apples is left on the plate.盤子里還有一個半蘋果。One and a half days is all I can spare.一天半是我所能擠出的全部時間。注意：o

27、ne or two后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。One or two days are enough to see the city.游覽這座城市一、二天時間就夠了。There are one or two things I want to talk over with you.我有一兩件事情想要跟你商量一下。6“plenty of名詞”作主語(1)“plenty of不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Plenty of the money comes from donations.很多錢來自捐款。(2)“plenty of可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Plenty of

28、 the members are willing to go there.很多人愿意去那里。六、名詞化的形容詞作主語時1當(dāng)主語是由“the形容詞或過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時，如果指一類人或事物，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果指某一個人或抽象概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Only the poor know what poverty means.只有窮人才知道貧困意味著什么。The departed was a good friend of his.死者是他的一個好朋友。The good in him overweighs the bad.他的優(yōu)點大于缺點。2表示前后照應(yīng)的詞組，如：the above，the

29、below，the former，the latter等，應(yīng)根據(jù)所指對象決定動詞單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。The above is/are the most important fact/facts.上述是最重要的事實。Of pigs and cows，the former are less valuable.在豬和奶牛中，前者價值少。七、形式為復(fù)數(shù)、意義為單數(shù)的名詞作主語時1當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞是表示度量、時間、價格等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，往往把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看做一個整體，謂語動詞采用單數(shù)形式。Ten dollars is not enough.10元錢是不夠的。Fifteen miles seems like a l

30、ong walk to me.步行15里對我來說是較長的路程了。2以ics結(jié)尾表示學(xué)科名詞的詞作主語，通常表示單數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。這類名詞有：athletics(體育)，economics(經(jīng)濟學(xué))，electronics(電子學(xué))，mathematics(數(shù)學(xué))，phonetics(語音學(xué))，physics(物理學(xué))等。但當(dāng)這些名詞表示有關(guān)方面的活動、情況、見解、原理等意思時，謂語動詞需用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Physics is taught by George Yang.物理學(xué)是由喬治楊講授。Mathematics is an important subject.數(shù)學(xué)是一門重要學(xué)科。Wha

31、t are his politics？他的政見如何？His mathematics are not good.他的數(shù)學(xué)不好。3一些復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如：trousers，pants(短襯褲、褲子)，tongs(鉗子)，glasses(眼鏡)，scissors(剪刀)等有成雙部分的衣物名稱或工具名稱作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。但是當(dāng)這類名詞前用a pair of時用單數(shù)，用two pairs of時用復(fù)數(shù)。My blue trousers have worn out.我的藍褲子已經(jīng)穿破了。Her glasses are new.她的眼鏡是新的。There is a pair of compasses

32、 on the desk.課桌上有只圓規(guī)。There are two pairs of tongs in the box.盒子里有兩把鉗子。This pair of scissors was made in Hangzhou.這把剪刀是杭州制造的。4一本書、一個組織、一個國家的名稱或一句格言用做主語時，盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。但是表示山脈、群島、瀑布等的專有名詞往往看做復(fù)數(shù)。The Arabian Nights is read all over the world.天方夜譚是流傳世界各地的名著。The United Nations is an international organ

33、ization.聯(lián)合國是一個國際組織。The New York Times has a wide circulation.紐約時報銷路很廣。The Alps rise over four countries.阿爾卑斯山脈跨越了4個國家的國境。Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls.尼亞加拉瀑布沒有維多利亞瀑布高。5有幾個單復(fù)數(shù)形式都帶s詞尾的名詞在用做主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式視主語意義而定。這些名詞有：headquarters(指揮部)，means(手段)，series(系列)，species(種類)，works(工廠)等。Their

34、 headquarters are in Paris.他們的司令部在巴黎。All possible means have been tried.一切可能用的方法都試過了。6還有一些以s結(jié)尾的名詞通常用做復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些名詞有：arms(武器)，contents(內(nèi)容)，fireworks(煙火)，goods(貨物)，minutes(會議記錄)，morals(道德)，oats(燕麥)，riches(財富)，stairs(樓梯)，suburbs(郊區(qū))，surroundings(環(huán)境)，thanks(感謝)，wages(工資)等。The contents of this book a

35、re most fascinating.這本書的內(nèi)容極吸引人。The surroundings here are usually quiet.這里的環(huán)境一向很安靜。八、the number of，many a.等作主語時1the number of.(的數(shù)目)短語作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；而a number of.(許多)短語作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。The number of the people who own cars is increasing every year.擁有小汽車的人數(shù)逐年增加。A large number of people have applied for the

36、 job.許許多多的人申請做這項工作。2如果主語由“many a，more than one單數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成，盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。Many a student has made that mistake.許多學(xué)生都犯那種錯誤。There is more than one answer to your question.對你的這個問題有不止一個答案。九、集體名詞作主語時集體名詞以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。當(dāng)集體名詞作主語時，謂語動詞有時用單數(shù)，有時用復(fù)數(shù)，須根據(jù)不同情況或意義而定。1集體名詞cattle(牛)，militia(民兵)，police，clerk(職員)，poultry(

37、家禽)，vermin(害蟲)等，在句中作主語時，謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。The cattle were still grazing in the fields.牛還在地里吃草。The poultry have done mischief among the flowers in our garden.家禽把花園里的花都弄壞了。2有些集體名詞如audience(聽眾，觀眾)，board(委員會)，class(班級)，crew(全體船員)，committee(委員會)，family，government，team，group等等，既可以用做單數(shù)，也可以用做復(fù)數(shù)。用做單數(shù)時，在意義上是把集體名詞看成一

38、個整體；用做復(fù)數(shù)時，是指集體名詞中的各個成員。The audience is enormous.觀眾的數(shù)目是很大的。The committee has considered your request.委員會已考慮了你的要求。The committee are divided in their opinion.這個委員會的委員們意見不一致。注意：當(dāng)上述形容詞用做名詞，作某種語言講時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Chinese is a difficult language.漢語是一種很難學(xué)的語言。English is spoken in many countries.很多國家說英語。3有些以ch，e

39、se，iss，sh結(jié)尾的表示國家、民族的形容詞與定冠詞the連用，指整個民族，表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動詞需用復(fù)數(shù)名詞。The Chinese are kind and friendly.中國人親切、友好。The English like to be with their family at Christmas.英國人在圣誕節(jié)喜歡跟家人一起過。十、“one of復(fù)數(shù)名詞定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞形式1在“one of復(fù)數(shù)名詞定語從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，定語從句中謂語動詞的數(shù)，應(yīng)由它所修飾的先行詞的數(shù)來決定，如果根據(jù)意義確定該結(jié)構(gòu)中的先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，從句中謂語動詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。This is one of th

40、e most interesting questions that have been asked.這是已問過的最有趣的問題之一。This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.這就是那次大火中燒毀的房間之一。2在以上兩個例句中，定語從句的先行詞分別是questions，rooms，所以定語從句中的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。有時根據(jù)意義可以判定先行詞為one，特別是當(dāng)one之前有the only或any等作定語時，那么定語從句中的謂語動詞采用單數(shù)形式。Mary is the youngest one who plays in the ba

41、nd.瑪麗是參加樂隊伴奏的最年輕的姑娘。This is the only one of his short stories that is not well written.這是他唯一的一篇寫得不好的短篇故事。十一、從句作主語時1在“主語連系動詞表語”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果以what從句作主語，表語又是單數(shù)，主句謂語動詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)，這時what等于the thing that；如果表語是復(fù)數(shù)，那么主句謂語動詞的數(shù)用復(fù)數(shù)。What hed like most for a birthday present is a camera.他最渴望的生日禮物是一架照相機。What his father left h

42、im are a few English books.他父親留給他的僅是幾本英語書而已。2當(dāng)what從句是具有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，主句中的動詞形式用復(fù)數(shù)。What I say and think are no business of you.我說的和我想的與你無關(guān)。3其他以who，why，how，whether或that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作主語時，一般作單數(shù)處理，其謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。Why she did this is not known.她為什么做這件事還不清楚。Whether she comes or not doesnt concern me.她是否來與我沒有什么關(guān)系。4兩個由and連接的名詞性從句作主語，如果表示兩件事情，其謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.造成事故的原因是什么，誰應(yīng)對事故負(fù)責(zé)，對我們來說還是一個謎。對應(yīng)專題對應(yīng)專題 分類訓(xùn)練分類訓(xùn)練 溫溫示示提提馨馨