車門墊板的沖壓模具設(shè)計
車門墊板的沖壓模具設(shè)計,車門,墊板,沖壓,模具設(shè)計
模具課程設(shè)計說明書 2011 屆 XXXXXXXXXXXX 專業(yè) XXXXXX班級題 目 車門墊板的沖壓模具設(shè)計姓 名 XXX學(xué) 號 XXXXXX指導(dǎo)教師 XXX二一一年一月九日目錄1. 零件的工藝性分析 22. 確定工藝方案 23. 排樣方式及材料利用率 34. 沖裁力計算 45. 壓力中心的計算 56. 主要零件的尺寸計算 57. 主要零部件的設(shè)計 98. 模架及導(dǎo)套、導(dǎo)柱的選用119. 壓力機的選用1210.模具的結(jié)構(gòu)形式1211.模具的裝配1412.小結(jié)1413.參考書目15附圖:附圖 1.沖孔落料級進模裝配圖附圖 2.沖孔小凸模零件圖附圖 3.沖孔大凸模零件圖附圖 4.落料凸模零件圖附圖 5.凹模零件圖車門墊板的沖壓模具設(shè)計1零件的工藝分析如圖1所示工件為客車車門墊板。每輛車數(shù)量為6個,材料為Q235,厚度t=4mm。圖1 車門墊板零件尺寸公差無特殊要求,按IT4級選取,利用普通沖裁方式可達到圖樣要求。由于該件外形簡單,形狀規(guī)則,適于沖裁加工,材料為Q235鋼板,b=450Mpa。2確定工藝方案零件屬于大批生產(chǎn),工藝性較好,但不宜采用復(fù)合模。因為最窄處A的距離為6.5mm(圖1),而復(fù)合模的凸凹模最小壁厚需要8.5mm(表2-42),所以不能采用復(fù)合模。如果采用落料以后再沖孔,則效率太低,而且質(zhì)量不易保證。由于該件批量較大,因此確定零件的工藝方案為沖孔落料級進模較好,并考慮凹模刃口強度,其中間還需留一空步,排樣如圖2所示。3排樣方式及材料利用率由表2-18查的搭邊數(shù)值:a=3.5,a1=3.2進距 s=B+a1=40+3.2=43.2mm條料寬度 b=L+2a=375+23.5=382mm圖2 排樣圖板料規(guī)格擬選用415002300采用縱裁:裁板條數(shù)n1=B/b=1500/382=3條 余354mm每條個數(shù)n2=(L-a1)/s=(2300-3.2)/43.2=53條 余7mm每板總個數(shù)n總=n1n2=353=159個材料利用率總=(n總A/LB)100%=(15910580)/(23001500)100%=48.76%采用橫裁:裁板條數(shù)n1=L/b=2300/382=6條 余8mm每條個數(shù)n2=(B-a1)/s=(1500-3.2)/43.2=34條 余28mm每板總個數(shù)n總=n1n2=634=204個材料利用率總=(n總A/LB)100%=(20410580)/(23001500)100%=62.56%由此可見,采用縱裁有較高的材料利用率和較高的剪裁生產(chǎn)率,考慮到剪裁剩余量,將搭邊值a由3.5增大到4,a1由3.2增大到4。所以最終剪裁方式為3831500的條料,具體排樣圖如圖2。4沖裁力計算沖孔力 F孔=Ltb=4944450N=889200N落料力 F落=Ltb=8304450N=1494000N沖裁力 F沖=F孔+F落=889200N+1494000N=2383200N沖孔及落料部分的卸料力 查表2-37 K卸=0.04F卸=(F孔+F落)K卸=(889200+1494000)0.04N=95328N沖孔及落料部分的推料力 查表2-37 K推=0.045F推=(F孔+F落)K推=(889200+1494000)0.045N=107244N總沖壓力F總=F沖+F卸+F推=2383200N+95328N+107244N=2585772N5壓力中心的計算X0=(830187.5+21495.5+20215+130247.5+5280+100305+25330)/(830+214+20+130+5+100+25)=190.85根據(jù)料寬383mm,則X0取191.5。Y0=(830100.5+21412.5+28012.5)/(830+214+280) =65.29則Y0取65.5。圖3 壓力中心分析圖6主要零件的尺寸計算(1)凹模外形尺寸由表2-39查得,凹模高度H=40mm,壁厚C=60mm。故凹模外型尺寸為500mm315mm40mm。(2)凸模固定板凸模固定板的外形與尺寸通常與凹模板相同,厚度為凹模板厚度的0.60.8倍。H1=(0.60.8)H=24mm32mm 取整數(shù)30mm固定凸模的型孔決定與凸模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,對于用螺釘固定的直通式凸模,要求型孔按凸模實際尺寸配作成M7/h6。我們選擇的尺寸為500mm315mm30mm。 (3)墊板的采用與厚度墊板作用是承受凸模或凹模的壓力,防止過大的沖壓力在上下模板上壓出凹坑,影響模具正常工作。是否采用墊板,以承壓面較小的凸模進行計算,沖小矩形孔的凸模承壓面的尺寸為2285,其承壓應(yīng)力=F/A=(22+85)24450/(8522)MPa=205.99MPa鑄鐵模板的b=90140Mpa,即b因此須采用墊板,墊板厚度取10mm。選擇外形尺寸為500mm315mm10mm的標準件,材料為45號鋼。(4)卸料橡皮的自由高度根據(jù)工件材料厚度為4mm,沖裁時凸模進入凹模深度取6mm,考慮模具維修時刃磨留量2mm,再考慮開啟時卸料板高出凸模lmm,則總的工作行程h工件=13mm橡皮的自由高度 h自由=h工件/(0.250.3)=4352mm取 h自由=45mm模具在組裝時橡皮的預(yù)壓量為h頂=(10%15%)h自由=4.56.75mm取 h頂=6mm由此可算出模具中安裝橡皮的空間高度尺寸為39mm。(5)卸料板厚度卸料板厚度一般情況下取1015mm,考慮到板料較薄,這里取卸料板的厚度為10mm。(6)凸模長度凸模固定板高度:h1=30mm卸料板高度:h2=10mm導(dǎo)尺高度:h3=4mm附加高度:h=34mm凸模長度:L=h1+h2+h3+h=30mm+10mm+4mm+34mm=78mm(7)凸凹模刃口尺寸由表2-23,查得凸凹模初始間隙:Zmin=0.64mm, Zmax=0.88mm由于沖孔落料部位形狀簡單規(guī)則且尺寸性質(zhì)相同,因此凸凹模刃口尺寸采用分開加工。根據(jù)表2-27, 沖孔尺寸:dp=(d+X)0-p dd=(dp+Zmin)0+d=(d+X+Zmin)0+d落料尺寸:Dd=(D-X)0+d Dp=(Dd-Zmin)0-p =(D-X-Zmin)0-p 小沖孔工件小孔尺寸: 寬22mm,長850+1 mm(見圖1)由表2-28查得,尺寸為22mm時p=0.02mm d=0.025mm尺寸為85mm時p=0.025mm p=0.035mm尺寸22的IT14級公差 =0.52mm查表2-30,磨損系數(shù)均為 x=0.5dp1 =(22+0.50.52)0-0.02mm=22.260-0.02mm dp2 =(85+0.51)0-0.025mm=85.50-0.025mm,dd1=(22+0.50.52+0.64)0+0.025mm=22.90+0.025mmdd2=(85+0.51+0.64)0+0.035mm=86.140+0.035mm大沖孔工件大孔尺寸: 寬20mm、25mm,長50mm、1150+1mm(見圖1)根據(jù)表2-28查得,尺寸為20mm、25mm時 p=0.02mm d=0.025mm尺寸為50mm時 p=0.02mm d=0.03mm尺寸為115mm時 p=0.025mm d=0.035mm尺寸20、25、50的IT14級公差分別為1=0.52mm, 2=0.52mm, 3=0.62mm查表2-30,磨損系數(shù)均為 x=0.5dp1 =(20+0.50.52)0-0.02mm=20.260-0.02mmdp2 =(25+0.50.52)0-0.02mm=25.260-0.02mmdp3 =(50+0.50.62)0-0.02mm=50.310-0.02mmdp4 =(115+0.51)0-0.025mm=115.50-0.025mmdd1=(20+0.50.52+0.64)0+0.025mm=20.90+0.025mmdd2=(25+0.50.52+0.64)0+0.025mm=25.90+0.025mmdd3=(50+0.50.62+0.64)0+0.03mm=50.950+0.03mmdd4=(115+0.51+0.64)0+0.035mm=116.140+0.035mm落料工件外形尺寸: 長375mm,寬400-0.5mm(見圖1)根據(jù)表2-28查得,尺寸為375mm時 p=0.04mm d=0.06mm尺寸為40mm時 p=0.02mm d=0.03mm尺寸375、40的IT14級公差分別為 1=1.4mm, 2=0.62mm查表2-30,磨損系數(shù)均為 x=0.5Dd1=(375-0.51.4)0+0.06mm=374.30+0.06mmDd2=(40-0.50.62)0+0.03mm=39.690+0.03mmDp1=(375-0.51.4-0.64)0-0.04mm=373.660-0.04mmDp2=(40-0.50.62-0.64)0-0.02mm=39.050-0.02mm7主要零部件的設(shè)計 本模具是采用手工送料的級進模,落料凸模面積較大可直接用螺釘固定,沖孔凸模則須用固定板固定,凹??芍苯佑寐葆斉c圓柱銷固定。卸料裝置采用彈性的,導(dǎo)向裝置采用導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套。板料的定位和導(dǎo)向采用定位銷和導(dǎo)向銷。詳見圖5。模具國標規(guī)定了兩種卸料螺釘,即圓柱頭卸料螺釘(GB2867.5-81)與圓柱頭內(nèi)六角卸料螺釘(GB2867.6-81),均具有如下特點:螺紋長度雖短但與光桿段有臺階,可保證旋入彈壓卸料板后不易松動;螺釘長度是指光桿段長度且有公差要求,便于保證彈壓卸料板工作平面與凹模面平行;螺釘材料為35號鋼且要求熱處理硬度為2838HRC,以便保證螺釘有足夠的強度,能夠承受卸料過程中反復(fù)作用的拉應(yīng)力。沖模上的緊固件包括連接螺釘和定位銷釘。受力較大的連接螺釘一般都采用內(nèi)六角螺釘,其特點是用35號鋼制造,并淬火達2838HRC,因此可承受較大的拉應(yīng)力。受力不大的小螺釘可以采用普通圓柱頭螺釘,但一般不用半球頭螺釘或沉頭螺釘。前者一字槽容易擰環(huán),后者裝配時不便調(diào)整。定位銷釘采用普通圓柱銷,可以承受一定的切應(yīng)力。該模具中的標準件為:螺釘 GB/T 7076圓柱銷GB/T 1192000擋料銷 GB/T 2866.1181模柄是連接上模和壓力機的零件,這里采用的具體規(guī)格是B50100 GB2862.3-81。由四個螺釘固定到上模座上。8模架及導(dǎo)套、導(dǎo)柱的選用該沖孔、落料級進模級進模為橫向送料,零件精度較低,加工批量不大,因此選用鑄鐵滑動導(dǎo)向?qū)菍?dǎo)柱模架。根據(jù)凹模的周界尺寸為500mm315mm,因此選:模架500315245290 GB/T 2851.1 如圖4所示。圖4 鑄鐵滑動導(dǎo)向?qū)菍?dǎo)柱模架由于選擇了標準模架,導(dǎo)套和導(dǎo)柱的基本尺寸也就決定了,導(dǎo)柱為4523060,導(dǎo)套為4512548。9壓力機的選用該模具的主要參數(shù):總沖壓力:F總=2585772N閉合高度:H模=250mm外廓尺寸:500mm315mm該零件尺寸精度較低,尺寸較大,因此選用操作空間大,操作方便,容易安裝機械化的附屬設(shè)備和成本低廉的開式曲柄壓力機JA213150A。該壓力機的主要技術(shù)規(guī)格為:公稱壓力:3150KN滑塊行程:200mm行程次數(shù):30次/min最大裝模高度:500mm裝模高度調(diào)節(jié)量:150mm工作臺尺寸:1250mm800mm工作臺孔尺寸:650mm350mm10模具結(jié)構(gòu)形式該零件的生產(chǎn)批量不是很大,合理安排生產(chǎn)采用手工送料方式能夠達到批量要求,且能降低模具成本,因此采用手工送料方式;為了便于操作,提高生產(chǎn)率,采用彈性卸料方式,凸模與卸料板推下的出件方式。考慮零件厚度較后,模架類型及精度,采用對角導(dǎo)柱模架。根據(jù)模具總裝圖的繪制原則,繪制的車門墊板沖孔、落料級進模的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖5所示。采用順裝式級進模,上模主要有凸模9、11、12固定板3橡皮14卸料板16等組成,下模主要有凹模18組成。工作過程:將剪裁好的板料15送入模具中,由定位銷定位。沖壓時,上模降下,卸料板16先壓住板料15,上模繼續(xù)下降閉合,沖孔凸模11、12沖出孔,落料凸模9,沖出零件,廢料被凸模11、12推出,零件由凸模9推出;沖完后磨具開啟,上模上升,卸料板16把板料15從凸模9、11、12上卸下;繼續(xù)送進板料進行下一次沖壓。沖下的廢料和零件落在落料槽中,隔一段時間由工人用推桿從落料槽中推出。1-導(dǎo)套 2-上模座 3-凸模固定板 4-墊板 5、21-圓柱銷6、17-內(nèi)六角螺釘 7、10-螺釘 8-模柄 9-落料凸模11-沖孔小凸模 12-沖孔大凸模 13-卸料螺釘 14-卸料橡皮15-料板 16-卸料板 18-凹模 19-下模座 20-定位銷 22-導(dǎo)柱圖5 車門墊板沖孔、落料級進模 11. 模具的裝配(1)導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套的裝配導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套和模座的配合都為過盈配合,一般都用壓力機將導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套分別壓入下模座和上模座。裝好后檢查導(dǎo)柱對下模座底平面,導(dǎo)套對上模座上平面的垂直度,其誤差應(yīng)在要求的范圍內(nèi)。(2)凸模的裝配凸模用固定板將其裝在模座上的,凸模與固定板是采用過渡配合,裝配時是在壓力機上將凸模壓入固定板的,檢查其垂直度后,將凸模尾部與凸模上平面一起磨平并將凸模端面磨平。凸模、固定板、墊板和上模座安裝在一起,用圓柱銷定位,螺栓固定。(3)裝配下模先將下模座和凹模疊加起來,然后用圓柱銷定位,最后用螺釘固定。(4)裝配上模把上模座、墊板、固定板、橡膠卸和料板按順序疊加起來,然后用圓柱銷定位,然后用卸料螺釘把卸料板、橡膠與上模座連接。然后再安裝模柄。(5)試沖與調(diào)整裝機試沖并根據(jù)試沖結(jié)果進行相應(yīng)調(diào)整。12小結(jié)本文對車門墊板零件的沖壓模具進行了設(shè)計,采用了沖孔、落料級進模的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。主要論述了沖孔、落料級進模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計與計算,包括確定模具的結(jié)構(gòu)型式,計算了模具閉合高度和壓力中心,凸、凹模間隙和刃口尺寸的確定,模具主要零件的選擇和設(shè)計,并對沖壓設(shè)備進行了選取。其中著重闡述了凸、凹模的設(shè)計過程,最后繪制了模具的凸、凹模零件圖和車門墊板級進模裝配圖(附圖)。13參考書目1王孝培主編. 沖模設(shè)計手冊(第2版)機械工業(yè)出版社, 20002高錦張主編塑性成型工藝及模具設(shè)計(第2版)機械工業(yè)出版社,2007 3甘永立主編幾何量公差與檢測明(第8版)上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,20074大連理工大學(xué)工程畫教研室編機械制圖(第5版)高等教育出版社,20035劉鴻文主編材料力學(xué)(第4版)高等教育出版社,2004- 15 -智能沖壓工藝規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)的研究摘要:本文對建立一個智能沖壓工藝設(shè)計知識為基礎(chǔ)的系統(tǒng)給出了一個簡單的介紹。研究該系統(tǒng)的框架,對模型和知識推理模式進行了介紹。對有些關(guān)鍵技術(shù)如沖壓工藝的可行性、排樣的最佳算法、智能地帶的布局和內(nèi)力計算進行了研究。該系統(tǒng)可以改善工藝規(guī)劃效率。關(guān)鍵詞: 排樣 KBS 知識模型 帶狀排樣法1簡介 沖壓工藝規(guī)劃是沖壓產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的一個核心項目。它是金屬成型應(yīng)用的一個重要組成部分,它與生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量、成本、生產(chǎn)率和工具壽命有直接的影響?,F(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的快速發(fā)展對沖壓提出了更高的要求,尤其是在沖壓工藝方面。多年來,相關(guān)研究已就如何在創(chuàng)新的環(huán)境加強工藝規(guī)劃的集成化和智能化程度進行研究。近年來,通過生產(chǎn)金屬成形智能設(shè)計系統(tǒng)、自動化技術(shù),整和了工藝規(guī)劃的原則。智能工藝規(guī)劃方法可以有效地提高設(shè)計效率與質(zhì)量、創(chuàng)新設(shè)計能力。1.對于冷鍛序列的設(shè)計開發(fā)了一種基于PC的專家系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)采用基于塑性理論和實際考慮的規(guī)則。在美國俄亥俄州立大學(xué)一個稱作FORMEX的規(guī)則系統(tǒng)被Altan和他的同事們寫入多級冷鍛的工藝規(guī)劃程序語言中。2.它依靠冷鍛零件各種形狀的廣泛分類。3 實施以知識為本的冷成形序列設(shè)計系統(tǒng),采用設(shè)計規(guī)則確定建立一個可行的序列,然后使用有限元分析優(yōu)化這個序列。一個以知識為基礎(chǔ)的模具設(shè)計自動化系統(tǒng)被Cheok和他的同事精心設(shè)計出來。4 在新加坡國立大學(xué)。一些零件表象技術(shù)、沖壓零件識別和模具構(gòu)成也存在于這項工作中。在中國,華中科技大學(xué)的科學(xué)技術(shù)研究者們也開發(fā)出了基于知識系統(tǒng)的用于對小型金屬件沖壓級進模的程序包。5.使用特點,用戶可以在3D立體構(gòu)架下設(shè)計產(chǎn)品。在手工設(shè)置排樣后,用戶可以使用交互命令來開發(fā)帶裝布局設(shè)計。來自利物浦大學(xué)工業(yè)研究部門的研究者們也在研究沖壓工藝和沖裁模的專用系統(tǒng)。6.他們的研究集中在分解較小的橋型廢料的形狀編碼和識別技術(shù)。7在上海沖壓模具和工具技術(shù)研究所的研究者們也開發(fā)出了級進模的CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)。他們研究的該系統(tǒng)依靠特殊的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)來描繪工件和模具結(jié)構(gòu)。上述研究的研究工作的目的是為了促進金屬成形的發(fā)展。從金屬智能成型的回顧和分析中,使用智能設(shè)計的理論和方法來研究沖壓工藝規(guī)劃的步驟。在本文中介紹了應(yīng)用于沖壓工藝規(guī)劃的智能的系統(tǒng)。該智能系統(tǒng)在處理一些復(fù)雜的設(shè)計問題時是種強有力的工具。由專門知識構(gòu)成的智能系統(tǒng)可以用一種交互的方式協(xié)助用戶解決各種各樣的問題或疑問。8.智能系統(tǒng)是一種計算機系統(tǒng),它試圖代表人類知識和專業(yè)知識, 以一種實際和有效的途徑提供快捷、方便的知識。智能系統(tǒng)能夠完成一般需要專家才能完成的任務(wù)。它能自動化實時利用現(xiàn)有的專業(yè)知識,并解釋它的推理過程。沖壓工藝規(guī)劃是一個含有豐富知識的復(fù)雜設(shè)計過程。整合在沖壓工藝規(guī)劃設(shè)計中智能系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是至關(guān)重要的。使用智能理論的沖壓工藝規(guī)劃智能系統(tǒng)被提出來。對一些關(guān)鍵技術(shù),如集成產(chǎn)品知識建模和戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃的綜合沖壓成形過程進行了研究。在沖壓設(shè)計中包括各種各樣的知識,如專業(yè)領(lǐng)域知識、多任務(wù)知識、非標準知識。每一種知識都需要集成到該系統(tǒng)中。沖壓模具的核心是沖壓工藝。必須考慮到多種因素,如幾何形狀、技術(shù)要求、材料性能、沖壓件的可行性、工作程序安排、模具工具的結(jié)構(gòu)。沖壓工藝規(guī)劃是一種基于專家知識的創(chuàng)造性程序。智能系統(tǒng)技術(shù)可以改善制定沖壓工藝規(guī)劃的效率。2系統(tǒng)構(gòu)架和框架智能系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是建立和應(yīng)用的信息化模型制作。該產(chǎn)品信息模型,包括三個階段:一種基于幾何的模型、一種基于特征的模型、一種基于智能的模型?;趲缀蔚哪P兔枋隽慵膸缀瓮負湫畔?。由于零件的數(shù)據(jù)信息不能被完整的描述、數(shù)據(jù)分離水平太低,幾何模型被特征模型取代。這個信息模型包括一組幾何實體。依靠此模型的工程語義模型,許多與設(shè)計相關(guān)的功能可以被實現(xiàn)。隨著人工智能的發(fā)展,智能模型開始被應(yīng)用。專業(yè)知識、設(shè)計過程的知識,和相關(guān)的知識都包含在知識模型中9、10。智能模型支持表達和傳遞有用的信息。本文主要概括了一種沖壓工藝規(guī)劃的智能系統(tǒng)。該智能系統(tǒng)對產(chǎn)品的定義有效且完整。它幾何了不同模型的優(yōu)點且能滿足幾何設(shè)計和推理過程。面向?qū)ο蠹夹g(shù)應(yīng)用到整合各種各樣的知識。此集成的知識系統(tǒng)模型可被共享和用于智能設(shè)計和產(chǎn)品信息溝通。這個關(guān)于沖壓模具工藝規(guī)劃的智能系統(tǒng)構(gòu)架已經(jīng)被設(shè)計出來。這個零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,包括一個圖形用戶界面,一個應(yīng)用程序系統(tǒng)、設(shè)計資源、知識工具,混合推理機制、基礎(chǔ)模型。在這個構(gòu)架中知識模型有不同的分類。知識模型從設(shè)計資源中獲取有用的信息,支持知識獲取和知識表達的程序。這個模型把有用信息轉(zhuǎn)移到知識庫。知識庫由CAD軟件支持。設(shè)計結(jié)果以3D模型、圖畫和資料庫的形式保存在知識庫中,它對在知識庫中不同零件的知識傳遞來說非常的重要。3 實施方法和應(yīng)用 3.1沖壓智能模型的可行性論證 智能系統(tǒng)對沖壓工件的質(zhì)量、成本、模具壽命進行評價。該評價基于成熟的智能模型。此模型集成了規(guī)則庫、零件信息和結(jié)論庫。系數(shù)根據(jù)知識規(guī)則推理在知識庫得出。沖壓成型可行性可以從信息庫中零件信息和相關(guān)系數(shù)推出。在設(shè)計過程中被新結(jié)論擴大的結(jié)果保存在結(jié)論庫中。 模型的智能推理過程和零件的規(guī)格相比有一定限度范圍的工藝參數(shù)。此規(guī)格包括輸入輸出半徑、孔徑、孔板、孔網(wǎng)、槽、槽網(wǎng)。結(jié)果來證實零件的形狀是否符合模具工具加工。智能推理用于自動和交互的方式。這樣做的目的是來研究沖壓該產(chǎn)品的可行性。智能推理的關(guān)鍵是確定基于零件厚度和相關(guān)系數(shù)的加工極限值。圖二所示為產(chǎn)品可行性論證模型的流程圖。知識規(guī)則和設(shè)計結(jié)果保存在機械推理的數(shù)據(jù)庫中。零件的形狀可以在知識模型中修改。由知識模型決定的沖壓工藝規(guī)劃是非常重要的一步,它同時也提供了選擇一個單步工序刀具或是復(fù)合工具或是一個改進工具的方法。各種不同領(lǐng)域的知識、經(jīng)驗和專業(yè)知識都被保存在工藝規(guī)劃專業(yè)系統(tǒng)中。知識庫的發(fā)展是基于規(guī)則表達的共同原則。這一步的目的是集成專業(yè)經(jīng)驗和零件的形狀3.2基于優(yōu)化算法的智能排樣模型為了達到較高的材料利用率,空白的知識模型被建立,保存在知識庫中的結(jié)果是其他模塊建立的基礎(chǔ)。在知識庫中有四種排樣類型: 一排列布局模式 與一排列相對的模式 兩排列布局模式 與兩排列布局相對的模式建立這個知識模型的目的是改善材料的利用。由知識庫提供的限制情況可以由人類專家來選擇。這個知識模型控制著整個排樣的設(shè)計過程。圖三所示為平面布局的等級體系結(jié)構(gòu)第一種模式的作用是選擇粗略數(shù)值和計算工作區(qū)域的總體輪廓。此模式提供了原始參數(shù)。粗略數(shù)值的全部信息都由此得到,不管這個數(shù)字是否被概略畫出或是被選中。第二種模式用來確定布局類型、角度范圍、布局大小和條帶區(qū)的寬度。第三種模式中應(yīng)用了優(yōu)化算法。設(shè)計結(jié)果包括材料利用率、材料寬度和每步間隙都被保存在此模式中,不同布局的繪圖也同時生成。在第四種模式中可以修改布局規(guī)劃的結(jié)果。最終參數(shù)包括每步間隙、材料寬度、各類網(wǎng)格和轉(zhuǎn)換能力。當(dāng)參數(shù)有所改變時,布局規(guī)劃圖可以被更新。該知識的主要作用是布局規(guī)劃的算法優(yōu)化。該算法共有六步。1.在圖形周圍最適合的矩形第一次生成。復(fù)制件和原件之間的距離是包含在接洽網(wǎng)中的。圖四說明了此種算法。 2.在兩個環(huán)形中間的值是經(jīng)過計算的。這兩個環(huán)形分解成線和圓弧的單元。每對元素中間的距離需要重新補償。然后就可以找到最短的距離。3.計算出的最小值和所要求的值之間的差異就是誤差。當(dāng)誤差小于允許值時,排樣規(guī)劃就可以完成。另外,布局圖形需要沿著視野的方向移動。4.材料利用率可以以布局規(guī)劃的角度上被計算出來。5.排樣圖形旋轉(zhuǎn)一定的角度。旋轉(zhuǎn)中心是矩形中心點附近的粗略數(shù)值。材料利用率在當(dāng)前角度下被計算出來。6.排樣圖形旋轉(zhuǎn)到另外一個角度。重復(fù)第三部的的步驟,直到角度達到180度。 3.3帶狀布局的開發(fā) 帶狀布局的工序規(guī)則被集成于知識基礎(chǔ)級進刀具設(shè)計。該智能模型的功能是:選擇零件位置,設(shè)計方位和安排帶狀工步距離。為了解決運行程序,該規(guī)則應(yīng)該被制定的合理和有效。自動設(shè)計模塊是智能模型中最重要的模塊。人工智能技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于此模塊中。此模型中的預(yù)處理模塊,包括定位產(chǎn)品模塊和從產(chǎn)品模塊中提取精確的信息。為了在修改模塊中生成一個模型,最初的設(shè)計工程被修改11。被修改的模塊代替了處理模塊。3.3.1 自動帶狀布局設(shè)計的預(yù)處理1)確定零件的位置和排列。用戶可以用界面來確定預(yù)處理模塊中的一些參數(shù)。確定位置的過程可以和其他元素一起來做,例如:零件形狀、尺寸精度、和用戶要求。零件的形狀也在智能模型中定義,結(jié)果被保存在知識庫中。2)獲取零件精確信息。此精確信息應(yīng)該在帶狀布局知識庫中得到。有用的信息包括沖孔的精確信息和相對位置信息。由此種類型信息組成的知識模型將會決定零件的沖壓順序。這個設(shè)計過程的主要要求是為位置精度開發(fā)一種知識模型12。首先,零件的形狀被分成封閉的輪廓。輪廓的數(shù)目為nK = k1, k2, . . ., ki, . . ., kn (1)這里 ki 表示零件的第i個輪廓。所有輪廓間的相對關(guān)系包含在關(guān)系P中。如果在輪廓ki 和kj 之間要求精準,這里存在(ki , kj) p。p = . . ., (ki , kj), . . . ki , kj K, 1 i, j n(i _= j). (2)每種類型的精確信息通過相關(guān)矩陣被保存在知識模型中。3.3.2帶狀布局自動設(shè)計帶狀布局的自動設(shè)計模塊在知識模型中是最重要的一個。在知識模型中包含很多重要的規(guī)則,例如在一次單沖程中沖壓所有內(nèi)輪廓比較好。在下一個階段這個部分被切斷。有時候,如果沖壓點之間的距離非常小,一些內(nèi)輪廓就要被搬到下一階段進行加工。如果沖壓點離分餾點太近的話,分餾點就需要被更改到下一階段。如果這里仍然有不合適的尺寸,一些點可以被移動到下一階段。重復(fù)整個過程直到矩陣點間的每個尺寸都可以被接受。布局智能設(shè)計的核心是開發(fā)干涉點的智能模型13。零件坯料被分成許多點的形式。這些點的名字是k1, k2, . . ., kn. 這里dij 是ki和 kj 之間最小的距離。矩陣的臨界值是S。如果dijS ,ki和 kj不能在相同的步驟中得出。這種情況是智能模型中兩個點的沖突。開發(fā)干涉點的智能模型的目的是確定沖突點的存在。此矩陣是一個系統(tǒng)矩陣。為了使設(shè)計過程更方便,可以把矩陣中的上半部分元素置零。 此處,ij 是關(guān)聯(lián)系數(shù),它表示了每對點之間的不同關(guān)系。如果兩個點之間有沖突,它們中的一個則要被移到下一步。在每一步中重復(fù)上述步驟直到?jīng)_突點消失。最后矩陣M成為空矩陣。3.3.3對帶狀布局結(jié)果的處理帶狀布局的子處理知識模型中有兩部分:修改結(jié)果和創(chuàng)建布局圖形。從帶狀布局自動設(shè)計模型中得出的結(jié)果是慣用的。它們可能滿足不了用戶的所有要求。依靠知識模型的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu),通過移動點和改變步驟,增加空步和刪除空步的目的可以被實現(xiàn)。我們能夠通過處理步驟的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果來修改帶狀布局的設(shè)計結(jié)果。工步改變可以通過交換兩個位置的編碼來實現(xiàn),工步增加或減少可以通過插入或移除編碼的操作來完成。當(dāng)我們想移動一些點時,我們可以從第一步到最后一步轉(zhuǎn)移鏈表中相當(dāng)?shù)狞c。3.4確定沖壓中心和力計算的智能模型。沖壓中心設(shè)計模型的目的是建立組合力的工作點11。模具工具中心和沖壓中心的一致非常重要,只有那樣沖壓工具才能在一起正常的工作。沖壓中心從知識模型的每一個輪廓位置的計算中得出。設(shè)計的第一部是得到工具的工作區(qū)域。CAD平臺上的零件圖形的輪廓提供了零件的外矩形。依靠沖壓中心和外矩形之間的關(guān)系可以生成工作區(qū)域。因為不平衡力的結(jié)果的可能性,同時也提供了沖壓中心的再生成。再生成的步驟由人機接口軟件來完成。圖八所示為復(fù)合模打孔機工 作區(qū)域的設(shè)計結(jié)果。保存在知識庫中的內(nèi)容包括模具工具的每種類型、零件落料、廢料移除等等。不同情況下的力計算的方法是不同的。力方程是由知識規(guī)則庫的推理得到的。首先,加工力和切削力是基于零件的輪廓長度和知識庫中的知識規(guī)則得到的。然后,通過設(shè)計結(jié)果和合零件情況,可以得到脫離力、阻力和推件力??偟牧Π凑罩R庫中的導(dǎo)向一步一步計算。4 結(jié)論和進一步工作計算機輔助設(shè)計工具的應(yīng)用在金屬成型中的應(yīng)用,節(jié)省了大量的時間和金錢。由于復(fù)雜零件沖壓工藝設(shè)計的復(fù)雜性,開發(fā)一種自動生成工藝步驟的系統(tǒng)非常重要。這個研究開發(fā)了一個集成的CAD系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)開發(fā)了一種工藝規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)使對不規(guī)則零件在高速下進精密加工得以實現(xiàn)。該系統(tǒng)有一下特點:1. 在設(shè)計過程中不斷改變的數(shù)據(jù)以不同的方式保存,包括數(shù)字形式和圖片形式的。用戶在設(shè)計過程中可以自由使用它們作為參考。2. 加工可行性檢查模型檢查沖壓的可行性,同時能對復(fù)雜零件的沖壓工藝規(guī)劃提供一些建議。3. 排樣模塊生成最佳排樣圖以到達材料的最大利用率。產(chǎn)品成本的減少取決于排樣最優(yōu)化計算。不僅最佳規(guī)劃而且每個合理的規(guī)劃被保存在知識庫中。用戶可以選擇任意一個作為它們的最終設(shè)計結(jié)果。4. 帶狀排樣模塊生成自動工藝規(guī)劃圖。根據(jù)用戶的要求帶狀排樣的結(jié)果可以在設(shè)計過程的任意時期修改。在工藝規(guī)劃中協(xié)助設(shè)計者的此系統(tǒng)將會是一種有用的工具。它將會足夠的靈活允許設(shè)計者具有創(chuàng)造性,同時用計算機來執(zhí)行幾何計算和自動得到設(shè)計結(jié)果。它提供了一個非常靈活的設(shè)計環(huán)境,用戶可以完全掌握即使是復(fù)雜零件的沖壓工藝規(guī)劃設(shè)計。該系統(tǒng)擁有圖形交互界面,用戶可以在設(shè)計過程中交互式地改變各種設(shè)計參數(shù)。進一步的工作將會集中在排樣優(yōu)化的效率改善上,優(yōu)化用時將會減少。為排樣規(guī)劃,更多的設(shè)計方案的類型應(yīng)該被添加到知識模型中。根據(jù)沖壓工藝規(guī)劃的結(jié)果,沖壓模具設(shè)計應(yīng)用也將會在進一步的工作中被研究。Intelligent stamping process planning system research Abstract: this paper to build a intelligent stamping process design knowledge based system gives a brief introduction. Study the system framework of model, and knowledge reasoning model are introduced. For some key technologies such as the feasibility of stamping process and exhaust kind of best algorithm, intelligent zone layout and internal force calculation is studied. This system can improve process planning efficiency. Keywords: arrangement a KBS knowledge model ribbon arrangement method introduction Stamping process planning is one of the core punching product development project. It is the metal molding application an important component part of it and the production quality, cost, productivity and tool life have direct influence. The rapid development of modern manufacturing for stamping put forward higher request, especially in stamping process. For many years, the related research has the environment in innovation to strengthen the integration and process planning study intelligentize degree. In recent years, through the production of metal forming intelligent design system, automation technology, the whole and the process planning principles. Intelligent process planning method can effectively improve the design efficiency and quality, innovative design ability. 1. For cold forging sequence of designing and developing a kind of expert system based on PC, this system based on practical considerations plasticity theory and the rules. At the Ohio state university, a called FORMEX rules system is Altan and his colleagues write multistage cold forging process planning and programming language. 2. It depends on a cold forging parts of various shapes widely classification. 3 implement knowledge based cold forming sequence design system, adopting the design rule sure to establish a feasible sequence, then using finite element analysis optimization this sequence. A knowledge based mold design automation system is Cheok and his colleagues carefully designed. 4 in the national university of Singapore. Some parts representation techniques, stamping parts recognition and mould constitute also exists in this work. In China, huazhong university of science and technology researchers also developed based on knowledge system for small metal parts stamping progressive die program packages. 5. Use features, users can under 3D architecture design products. In manually set arrangement, user can use interactive command to development zones outfit layout design. From Liverpool university industrial research departments researchers are also studying stamping process and punch die special system. 6. The focus of their study in decomposed smaller bridge waste shape coding and recognition technology. 7 in Shanghai stamping mould and tools institute of technology researchers also developed progressive die CAD/CAM system. They study the system depend on special relevant data to describe the workpiece and mould structure. The findings of the research work purpose is to promote the development of metal forming process. From metal intelligence review and analysis of the forming of intelligent design, use the theory and method to study the stamping process planning steps. In this paper introduces applied in stamping process planning of intelligent system. This intelligent system in dealing with some complex design problem is a powerful tool. By special knowledge construction intelligent systems can use an interactive way help user to solve all kinds of problems or questions. 8. Intelligent system is a computer system, it tried to represent human knowledge and professional knowledge, and to a practical and effective way to provide fast, convenient and knowledge. Intelligent system can accomplish generally require experts to complete tasks. It can automatic real-time use existing professional knowledge, and explain its reasoning process. Stamping process planning is a rich knowledge of the complex design process. Integration in the stamping process planning and design of the key techniques of intelligent system is of vital importance. The use of intelligence theory stamping process planning intelligent systems have been proffered. Some key technologies, such as integrated product knowledge modeling and strategic planning comprehensive stamping process was studied. In stamping design including all kinds of knowledge, such as domain knowledge, multitasking knowledge, non-standard knowledge. Each kind of knowledge all need to be integrated into the system. Stamping mould that is the core of stamping process. Must consider the various factors, such as geometry, technical requirements, material properties and stamping feasibility, working procedures arrangement, the structure of mould tool. Stamping process planning is a kind of creative program based on experts knowledge. Intelligent system technology can improve the efficiency of the stamping process planning. 2 system frame and the frame Intelligent system key technology is built and application of information model making. This product information model, including three stages: a kind of the model, based on geometric model based on features based on intelligence, the model. Based on geometric model describing the geometric topology information parts. Because parts of data message cannot be fully described, data separation level is too low, geometric model was characteristic model replaced. This information model includes a set of geometric entities. Rely on this model, the engineering semantic model with design of related functions many can be realized. Along with the development of artificial intelligence, the intelligent model begins to be used. Professional knowledge, design process of knowledge, and relevant knowledge are included in the knowledge model 9, 10. Intelligent model support expression and transfer of useful information. This paper mainly summarizes a stamping process planning of intelligent system. This intelligent system for product definition effective and complete. It has the advantages of different geometrical model and can satisfy the geometric designs and reasoning process. Object-oriented technology is applied to integrate all kinds of knowledge. This integrated knowledge system model can be Shared and used in intelligent design and product information communication. Figure 1 shows the stamping process planning intelligent system frame This about stamping mould process planning of intelligent system frame has been designed. The components of the structure design, including a graphical user interface, an application system, design resources, knowledge tool, mixed reasoning mechanism, basic model. In this architecture knowledge model have different classification. Knowledge model from the design resource to extract useful information, support knowledge acquisition and knowledge expression program. This model is useful information transferred to knowledge. Comprising CAD software support. Design results as a 3D model, pictures and database is stored in the repository, it in different parts of the knowledge base is very important knowledge transfer. 3 implementation method and application 3.1 stamping feasibility of intelligent model Intelligent system for stamping workpiece quality, cost, die life is evaluated. This evaluation based on mature intelligent model. This model has integrated rule library, parts information and conclusion library. Coefficient of knowledge rule reasoning in knowledge according to that. Stamping forming feasibility can from a database of information and related coefficient parts launch. In the design process of the extension of the new conclusion preserved in conclusion library. Model of intelligent reasoning process and parts specification limits range compared with the technological parameters. This specification Including input/output radius, aperture, orifice plate, hole nets, chamfer, trough nets. Results to confirm whether accord with the shape of mould parts processing tools. Intelligent reasoning is used in the automatic and interactive way. Its purpose is to study the feasibility of pressing the product. Intelligent reasoning based on the key is to determine the thickness and the correlation coefficient parts processing limit. Figure 2 shows the feasibility of the model for product flow chart. Figure 2 shows the feasibility of the model for product flow chart. Knowledge rules and design results stored in the database of mechanical reasoning. Parts in knowledge model shape can modify. The decision by the knowledge model stamping process planning is very important step, it also provides to choose a single step process tool or composite tools or a method of improvement tools. All sorts of different domain knowledge, experience and expertise are kept in the process planning of professional system. Based on the development of knowledge base is the common principle rules expression. The purpose of this step is to integrate professional experience and parts shape 3.2 based on optimization algorithm of intelligent strip layout model In order to achieve higher material utilization, blank knowledge model was established, the results are stored in knowledge base established basis other modules. In the knowledge base there are four arrangement type: Arranged layout pattern determined With an array of Washington relative pattern Second-ranking arranged layout mode two With two second-ranking arranged layout relative mode The purpose of establishing the knowledge model is to improve the material utilization. The restrictions by knowledge can provide human experts to choose from. This knowledge model control over the whole arrangement design process. Figure 3 shows the layout rating system structure The first kind of mode selection function is roughly calculated the numerical and working area general outline. This model provides the original parameters. All the information is roughly value resulting from them, no matter the figures are outlined draw or selected. The second mode used to determine the layout type, Angle range, layout size and strip the width. The third kind of mode applied optimization algorithm. Design results include material utilization, material width and every step clearance are kept in this mode, the different layout drawing also generate. In the fourth mode can modify layout results. Eventually parameters include clearance, material each step of grid, and the width, the ability to switch. When the parameters change, layout plans can be updated. This knowledge is the main purpose of the algorithm to optimize the layout planning. This algorithm six steps. 1. The most suitable around in graphics rectangular first generation. The original copy and the distance between the approach is included in the net. Figure 4 shows the algorithm. 2. The value of the two ring is among a computation. The two ring is decomposed into line and arc units. The distance between each element needs to compensation. And then you can find the shortest distance. 3. The minimum value and calculated the value of the required the difference between is error. When the error less than value, arrangement planning can be completed. In addition, graphic layout to follow the direction of the view movement. Graph 4: arrangement algorithm. A primitive Angle graphics. B rotation Angle of graphics after 4. Material utilization in layouts point of view is calculated. 5. Arrangement graphics rotating certain Angle. Rotating center near the center is the rectangular roughly value. Material utilization in the current Angle was calculated. 6. Arrangement graphics rotated to another Angle. Repeat the steps of the third part, until Angle reached 180 degrees. Figure 5 shows is the arrangement design results. Graph 5: row kind of intelligent design results. The development of 3.3 ribbon layout The layout of the shingles rule was integration process in knowledge base level into tool design. This intelligent model function is: select parts location, design azimuth and arrange ribbon work step distance. In order to solve the operational procedures, and the rules should be reasonable and effective formulated. Automatic design module is intelligent model in the most important modules. Artificial intelligence technology has been applied in this module. This model, including the pretreatment module orientating products module and extracted from the product modularization accurate information. In order to modify module generates a model, initial design engineering is modified 11. The modified module instead of processing module. Figure 6 shows the layout of the model and the algorithm for shingles. 3.3.1 automatic ribbon layout design preprocessing 1) determine the position and permutations. Parts The user can use interface to determine some of the preconditioning module parameter. The process can determine the position and other elements, such as: to do together shape and size accuracy, parts and user requirements. Parts in the shape of the intelligent model definition, the results are stored in a knowledge base. 2) get parts precise information. The precise information should get in ribbon layout knowledge base. Useful information including punching accurate information and relative location information. This type of knowledge model of information will decide parts stamping sequence. The design process is the main requirements for the position precision to develop a knowledge model 12. First, the shape of the parts were divided into closed contour. Outline the number of n K = k1, k2,., ki,., kn (1) Here the first I ki says parts an outline. The relative relations between all contour contained in the relationship of P. If in contour kj ki and precision, there exists between requirements ki, kj) (p. P = ., (ki, kj),. ki, kj K, 1 acuities were I, j acuities n (I _ = j). (2) The position precision from P get relevant matrix is: (3) Each type of accurate information through the correlation matrices is preserved in knowledge model. 3.3.2 ribbon layout au
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