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1、專題18閱讀理解記敘文類方法與技巧方法概述記敘文類文章描述的是一件具體事情的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和結(jié)局，通常有時間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件等。有些文章是按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過為主線敘述的，在敘述的過程中有詳有略；有些文章是按時間的順序敘述的，有順敘、倒敘等。從總體上來講，文章的難度通常不大，在閱讀過程中，我們一直在某個線索的引導(dǎo)下，隨著作者的思路去了解一個故事或一件事情的始末，因此會感到比較輕松。命題往往從故事的情節(jié)、人物或事件之間的關(guān)系、作者的意圖和態(tài)度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查學(xué)生對細(xì)節(jié)的辨認(rèn)能力以及推理判斷能力。閱讀此類文章應(yīng)特別注意：（1）若是一般故事性文章，應(yīng)讀懂故事的發(fā)生，發(fā)展，高潮和結(jié)局；（2

2、）若是“哲理故事”，要理解故事所蘊(yùn)含的哲理意義；（3）若是 “逸聞趣事”，應(yīng)體會對話的風(fēng)趣性，進(jìn)而才能感受幽默的精髓。命題方式考點(diǎn)一、細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)理解。一篇文章必然是由許多具體的細(xì)節(jié)、具體的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成的，所有這些信息以某種順序（時間、空間、情感變化等）排列起來，來進(jìn)一步解釋或闡釋主題，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意。細(xì)節(jié)理解題目主要考查學(xué)生對文章具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解能力，屬于表層理解題范疇，難度較小，但在整個閱讀理解題中所占比例最大，細(xì)節(jié)理解題多從文章的某個具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)來設(shè)計題目。此類題通常根據(jù)文章具體內(nèi)容來設(shè)問，也常使用下列方式來提問1.Which of the following statements

3、 is(not) true/correct?2.Which of the following is not mentioned?3.All of the following are true except.4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc.？1.直接事實(shí)題 在解答這類問題時要求學(xué)生抓住題干文字信息，采用針對性方法進(jìn)行閱讀，因為這類題的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如：A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River i

4、n the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down

5、forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a

6、president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.Q：Hoover Dam lies_ .A.between Arizona and NevadaB.in the Black CanyonC.between New York and San FranciscoD.both A and B【解析】由第二段的第一句話和最后一段的最后一句話可得出正確答案是D項。2.間接事實(shí)題 解答此類題，

7、需要結(jié)合上下文提供的語境和信息進(jìn)行簡單的概括和判斷或者要進(jìn)行簡單的計算。Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programme“ Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin has ne

8、ver dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition，she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper

9、 manners，designed by the Asia TV Station.“Its really a hard job for me.I wont enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audie

10、nce，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q：Which of the following is NOT true?A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.【解析】A、C和D項都可在原文找到答案，而B項原文所給的是：taken to Hongkong可判

11、斷不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此選B。 3、數(shù)據(jù)推算。If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_ .A.$100B.$300C.$350D.$400 這類題目要求學(xué)生就文章提供的數(shù)據(jù)，以及數(shù)據(jù)與文中其他信息的關(guān)系做簡單計算和推斷。在做此類題時：1.要抓住并正確理解與數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)的信息含義。2.弄清眾多信息中那些屬于有用信息，那些屬于干擾信息。3.不要孤立看待數(shù)字信息，而要抓住一些關(guān)鍵用語的意義?？键c(diǎn)二、

12、主題理解或?qū)懽饕鈭D推斷。一、主旨閱讀理解題考查的內(nèi)容1.短文的標(biāo)題（title,headline）；2.短文或段落的主題（subject）；3.中心思想(main idea)；4.作者的寫作目的(purpose)。二、此類題的設(shè)問方式1.What would be the best title for the text?2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?3.What is the passage mainly about?4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is_.考點(diǎn)

13、三、推理推斷。推理題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒有提到或者沒有明說的事實(shí)或者可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)。這類題旨在考查學(xué)生透過詞語的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，屬于深層理解題。此類題的設(shè)問常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等詞，這類題的設(shè)問方式主要有：1.We can infer from the Passage that_.2.What can be inferred from the Passage?3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage?4.It

14、 can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_.5.The author suggests in this paragraph that_.6.The writer implies that_.7.It can be inferred that_.8.It can be concluded from the Passage that_.9.On the whole,we can conclude that_.10.From the text we can conclude that_.11.After reading the Passage we may con

15、clude that_.12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage?13.The author is inclined to think that_.14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that_.15.Whats the writers attitude/feeling towards.?16.In the writers opinion,.考點(diǎn)四、詞義、句義猜測。詞義猜測閱讀理解題考查對文中關(guān)鍵詞語的理解。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，

16、要根據(jù)語境來判斷。此類題的設(shè)問方式主要有1.The word “.”in Line.means/can be replaced by.2.As used in the passage,the phrase “.”suggests.3.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “.” is/referred to.4.The word “.” is closest in meaning to.猜詞是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識較多的課外詞匯。我們要學(xué)會“順藤摸

17、瓜”，通過構(gòu)詞、語法、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、上下文等線索確定詞義。1.定義法。如:Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子給予annealing 以明確的定義，即 “退火”。It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is,it will break easily.從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。The herdsman,who looks after shee

18、p，earns about 650 yuan a year.定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為“牧人”。2.同位法。如:They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了 castle 的確切詞義，即“城堡”。We are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m.this week.兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明

19、night shift 是“夜班”的意思。3.對比法。如:She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時一向“準(zhǔn)時”的結(jié)論。4.構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等)。如:Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred?possi

20、bility 是 possible 的同根名詞,據(jù)此可以判斷定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。5.因果法。如：The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.從后面的結(jié)果“永遠(yuǎn)不能再運(yùn)動”中，可以推測 permanent 的意思為“永遠(yuǎn)的，永久”。體驗高考2017北京卷AIt was a cold March day in High Point, North Car

21、olina. The girls on the Wesleyan Academy softball team were waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm. Eighthgrader Taylor Bisbee shivered(發(fā)抖) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play. The two didnt know each other wellTaylor had just moved to

22、 town a month or so before.Suddenly, Paris fell to the ground.“Pariss eyes rolled back，” Taylor says. “She started shaking. I knew it was an emergency.”It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At first, no one moved. The girls were

23、 in shock. Then the softball coach shouted out, “Does anyone know CPR？”CPR is a lifesaving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick persons chest so that blood moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen, the brain is damaged quickly.Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR co

24、urse the day before. Still, she hesitated. She didnt think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. “It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death，” says Taylor.Taylors swift action helped her teammates calm down. One gi

25、rl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work. Luck stayed with them: Pariss heartbeat returned.“I know I was really lucky，” Paris says now. “Most people dont survive this. My team saved my life.”Exp

26、erts say Paris is right: for a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.Today, Paris is back on the softball team. Taylor will apply to college soon. She wants to be a nurse. “I feel more confident in my actions now，” Taylor says.

27、“I know I can act under pressure in a scary situation.”56What happened to Paris on a March day?AShe caught a bad cold.BShe had a sudden heart problem.CShe was knocked down by a ball.DShe shivered terribly during practice.57Why does Paris say she was lucky?AShe made a worthy friend.BShe recovered fro

28、m shock.CShe received immediate CPR.DShe came back on the softball team.58Which of the following words can best describe Taylor?AEnthusiastic and kind.BCourageous and calm.CCooperative and generous.DAmbitious and professional.【文章大意】 本文是一篇記敘文，講述了壘球女孩 Paris 在打球的過程中突然心力衰竭， 隊友 Taylor對其進(jìn)行了緊急心肺復(fù)蘇，Paris因此恢

29、復(fù)了心跳的故事。文章旨在說明病人心力衰竭時， 其他人保持冷靜并對其進(jìn)行緊急心肺復(fù)蘇的重要性。56B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。 根據(jù)第三段中“It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure.”可知， Paris突然心力衰竭，所以答案為B。57C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段可知隊友的協(xié)助使Paris得到了及時的救助，所以 Paris說自己很幸運(yùn)。故答案為 C。 2017全國卷B I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Ar

30、boretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful. I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(貓頭鷹) on the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2 to 3w

31、eekold owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety. I examined the chick(雛鳥) and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree. The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was

32、 found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down. Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise t

33、he presence of chicks to adults; they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring. A nervous night to be sure，but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called

34、 to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of allLUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.24What is unavoidable in the auth

35、ors rescue work according to Paragraph 1?AEfforts made in vain.BGetting injured in his work.CFeeling uncertain about his future.DCreatures forced out of their homes.25Why was the author called to Muttontown?ATo rescue a woman.BTo take care of a woman.CTo look at a baby owl.DTo cure a young owl.26Wha

36、t made the chick calm down?AA new nest.BSome food.CA recording.DIts parents.27How would the author feel about the outcome of the event?AIts unexpected.BIts beautiful.CIts humorous.DIts discouraging. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇記敘文。本文主要介紹了作者救助一只小貓頭鷹，給它做新的窩，幫助它回到父母身邊的故事。24. A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Trying to help injured, di

37、splaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain.”可知，救助受傷動物是令人心碎的，因為不知道被救助的動物是否能活下去，也就是為救助動物而花費(fèi)的努力可能會白費(fèi)，這是不可避免的。故選A。26. A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段中的“I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.”可知，在作者把小貓頭鷹放在窩里之后，它很快就平靜下來，所以是窩讓小貓頭鷹平靜下來的。故選A。27. B推理判斷題。根據(jù)前文描述可知作者為小貓頭鷹做了窩，并且

38、幫助它找回了它的父母。作者的救助成功了，說明結(jié)局是美好的。再結(jié)合第一段的“However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.”可推測，作者感覺很美好。故選B。 2017全國卷BI first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didnt want me for the filmit wanted

39、 somebody as well known as Paulhe stood up for me. I dont know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although

40、there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theatre and live TV. We were respectful of craft(技藝)and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of ea

41、ch otherbut always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core (核心)of our relationship off the screen.We shared the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something backhe with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously

42、 ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.I last saw him a few months ago. Hed been in and out of the hospital.He and I both

43、knew what the deal was，and we didnt talk about it.Ours was a relationship that didnt need a lot of words.24Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?APaul Newman wanted it.BThe studio powers didnt like his agent.CHe wasnt famous enough.DThe director recommended someone els

44、e.25Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?AThey were of the same age.BThey worked in the same theatre.CThey were both good actors.DThey had similar characteristics.26What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?ATheir belief.BTheir care for children.CTheir success.DTh

45、eir support for each other.27What is the authors purpose in writing the text?ATo show his love of films.BTo remember a friend.CTo introduce a new movie.DTo share his acting experience.【文章大意】 這是一篇記敘文。作者深情地追憶了自己和Paul Newman志趣相投、信念相守的深厚的友情。25. D推理判斷題。第二段第一句后半部分及后面的內(nèi)容詳細(xì)說明了作者和Paul的共同志向、追求與愛好。盡管兩人年齡差距很大，但

46、是因為性格相似、志趣相投而成為忘年交。26. A代詞指代題。第三段第一句中的belief后接同位語從句，詳細(xì)介紹了二人的共同信念：if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back(若有幸取得成功，應(yīng)該知恩圖報)。后句說盡管他們不常見面，但共同的信念讓他們心靈相依。由此可知此處的that指的是belief。27. B寫作意圖題。文章最后一句點(diǎn)明寫作目的。朋友生病住院甚至已不在人世，但他們之間的友情不需要話語就可以珍藏懷念。2017天津卷BFifteen years ago, I took a summ

47、er vacation in Lecce in southern Italy. After climbing up a hill for a panoramic(全景的) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama.Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman appro

48、ached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view. Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the view.Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take, I grew frustrated. Was it too much to ask her to m

49、ove so I could take just one picture of the landscape? Sure, I could have asked her, but something prevented me from doing so. She seemed so content in her observation. I didnt want to mess with that.Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. The woman was still there. I decided to take the photo a

50、nyway. And now when I look at it, I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting. The landscape, beautiful on its own, somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it.This photo, with the unique beauty that unfolded before me and that woman who “ruine

51、d” it, now hangs on a wall in my bedroom. What would she think if she knew that her figure is captured(捕捉) and frozen on some strangers bedroom wall? A bedroom, after all, is a very private space, in which some woman I dont even know has been immortalized(使永存). In some ways, she lives in my house.Pe

52、rhaps we all live in each others spaces. Perhaps this is what photos are for: to remind us that we all appreciate beauty, that we all share a common desire for pleasure, for connection, for something that is greater than us.That photo is a reminder, a captured moment, an unspoken conversation betwee

53、n two women, separated only by a thin square of glass.41What happened when the author was about to take a photo?AHer camera stopped working.BA woman blocked her view.CSomeone asked her to leave.DA friend approached from behind.42According to the author, the woman was probably _Aenjoying herselfBlosi

54、ng her patienceCwaiting for the sunsetDthinking about her past43In the authors opinion, what makes the photo so alive?AThe rich colour of the landscape.BThe perfect positioning of the camera.CThe womans existence in the photo.DThe soft sunlight that summer day.44The photo on the bedroom wall enables

55、 the author to better understand _Athe need to be close to natureBthe importance of private spaceCthe joy of the vacation in ItalyDthe shared passion for beauty45The passage can be seen as the authors reflections upon _Aa particular life experienceBthe pleasure of travellingCthe art of photographyDa

56、 lost friendship【文章大意】 本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者本來想照一張最好的照片，結(jié)果一位女士一直待在那里毀了作者的想法。后來作者把那個人照了進(jìn)來，而且還把那張照片掛在了臥室里。作者通過這件事意識到自己或許也是別人照片里的風(fēng)景。41. B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view.”可知“我”剛要拍照，突然一位女士從后面靠近，擋了“我”的視線。

57、42. A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“sigh and appreciate the view.”以及第三段中的倒數(shù)第二句“She seemed so content in her observation.”可知這位女士沉浸在美麗的風(fēng)景中，非常滿足。44. D推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“to remind us that we all appreciate beauty, that we all share a common desire for pleasure, for connection, for something that is greater than us.”可知“我”

58、從這張照片中更好地理解了人們對美景的共同的愛。45. A推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容：作者要拍照，卻因一位女士一直站在那里，所以只好把她一起拍進(jìn)去。但后來作者發(fā)現(xiàn)照片因這位女士的存在顯得更加生動了。因此可知這篇文章是作者對一次特殊的人生經(jīng)歷的思考。模擬新題精選1. 【東北三省三校2017屆高三第二次聯(lián)合模擬】AWe were ordinary people taking the bus every day that summer. During the early morning rides, we sat sleepily on our seats. One of the passengers

59、 was a small grey man to the center for senior citizens. He walked with a stoop (駝背) and a sad look on his face. We paid little attention to him.Then one July morning he said good morning to the driver and smiled to us before sitting down. The driver nodded politely, the rest of us being silent. The

60、 next day, the old man boarded the bus energetically, smiled and said loud, “Good morning!” Some of us looked up, amazed, and murmured “Good morning”. The following weeks we were more surprised. Our friend was dressed in a nice old suit with the thin hair carefully combed. He said good morning to us

61、 every day and we gradually began to nod and talk to each other. One morning he had a bunch of wild flowers in his hand. The driver smilingly asked, “Have you got yourself a girlfriend?” He nodded shyly, “She lives at the center.” The other passengers whistled and clapped at him. Charlie bowed befor

62、e sitting down.Every morning after that Charlie always brought a flower. Some regular passengers began bringing him flowers for his bunch. Everyone smiled and joked about it.But one morning he didnt turn up. When he wasnt there the following days, we started wondering if he was sick or. We stopped a

63、t the center for senior citizens. The staff told us he was fine, but he hadnt been coming that week. One of his very close friends had died at the weekend. They expected him back on Monday. How silent we were on the rest of the way to work!The next Monday he was waiting at the stop, stooping a bit more and a bit more grey. Inside the bus was a silence, all of us sitting with our eyes filled with tears and wild flowers in our hands.21. The old man boarded the bus energetically probably because _.A. he bought