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1、wordThe Anglo-Saxon PeriodI.1. _ can be termed Englands national epic and its hero Beowulfone of the national heroes of the English people.2. The literature of Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions, -_ and _. The former represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought wi

2、th them in the form of _, -the crude material out of which literature was slowly developed on English soil; the latter represents the _ developed under teaching of the monks.3. The Song of Beowulf reflects events which took place on the _ approximately at the beginning of the 6th century, when the f

3、orefathers of the _lived in the southern part of the _.4. The old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the _poetry and the _ poetry. (secular, religious)5. _ is the oldest poem in the English language, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. (Beowulf)II.1. _ is the firs

4、t important religious poet in English literature.A. John Donne B. George Herbert C. Caedmon D. Milton2. In Anglo-Saxon period, Beowulf represented the _ poetry.A. pagan B. religious C. romantic D. sentimentalIII. Define the literary terms1. EpicIt is, originally, an oral narrative poem, majestic bot

5、h in theme and style. Epics deal with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance, involving action of broad sweep and grandeur. Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual. The characteristics of the hero of an epic are national rather than individual. Typicall

6、y, an epic includes several features: the introduction of supernatural forces that shape the action; conflict in the form of battles or other physical bat; and stylistic conventions such as a n invocation to the Muse, a formal statement of the theme, long lists of the protagonist involved, and set s

7、peeches couched in elevated language. Examples include the ancient Greek epics by Homer, Iliad and Odyssey, The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser and The Paradise Lost by John Milton. 2. AlliterationA repeated initial consonant to successive words. The Anglo-Norman PeriodI. 1. In the year _, at the ba

8、ttle of _, the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.2. The literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of _ and _, in marked contrast with the _ and _ of Anglo-Saxon poetry.3. The literature of the Anglo Norman period was

9、 of three classes: the matter of _; matter of _; matter of _. 4. after the _ Conquest, feudal system was established in English society. (Norman)5. The most prevalent kind of literature in feudal England was _. It was a long position, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and a

10、dventure of a noble hero. (romance) Geoffrey ChaucerI. 1. Geoffrey Chaucer, the “_ and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London in or about the year 1340.2. Being specially fond of the great _ writer Boccaccio, Chaucer poses a long narrative poem_, based upon Boccaccios poe

11、m _.3. Chaucer greatly contributed to the founding of the English literary language, the basis of which was formed by the _ dialect, so profusely used by the poet.4. Chaucers masterpiece is _, one of the most famous works in all literature.5. The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of _ portrayal, th

12、e first of its kind in the history of English literature. 6. In his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his _ and his _.7. Chaucers work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking, so characteristic of the age of _ whose immediate fore

13、runner Chaucer thus bees.II. Define the literary terms1. RomanceIt is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages, dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. The term was applied to tales specifically concerned with knights, chivalry, and courtly lo

14、ve. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and the knights of the Round Table, and Emperor Charlemagne. 2. BalladIt is a lyric poem generally of three eight-line stanzas with a concluding stanza of four lines called an envoy. With some

15、variations, the lines of a ballad are iambic or anapestic tetrameter rhyming ababbcbc; the envoy, which forms a personal dedication to some person of importance or to a personification. The ballad became popular in England in the late 14th century . RenaissanceI. plete the following statements with

16、a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook.1. The 16thcentury in England was a period of the breaking up of _ relations and the establishing of the foundations of _.2. The 16th century was a time when, according to Thomas More, “_.3. The term _ originally indicated a revival of classic Gree

17、k and Roman arts and sciences after the dark ages of obscurantism. (Renaissance)4. _ broke off with the Pope, dissolved all the monasteries and abbeys in the country, confiscated their lands and proclaimed himself head of _.5. The old English aristocracy having exterminated in the course of _, a new

18、 nobility, totally dependent on the kings power, came to the fore.6. At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist _ wrote his Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the peoples sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.7. Edmund Spenser was t

19、he author of the greatest epic poem of the time, _.8. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was _ who reformed that genre in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.9. William Shakespeare was born on the 23rd of April, _, in _, Warwickshire.10. _ speaks the famous “To

20、be, or not to be11. Shakespeares sonnets fall into two series: The first 126 sonnets are addressed to a young man, and the rest (except the last two ones) are addressed to _. (dark lady)12. The four great tragedies in Shakespeares mature period are _, _, _ and _. (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth

21、)13. Pope describe _ as “the wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind.14. Of Bacons literary works, the most important are the _.II. Define the literary terms listed below.1. Renaissance:Renaissance, meaning “rebirth or “revival, marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it r

22、efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture, architecture, and literature. From Italy the movement spread to the rest of Europe.It is a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery

23、of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. The Renaissance humanist thinkers found that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in

24、 the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. To them, nothing was impossible to acplish. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did n

25、ot only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and perform wonders.2. SonnetIt is a lyrical poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme. Traditionally, when writing sonnets, English poets usually employ iambic pentameter.One of the best-

26、known sonnet writers is Shakespeare, who wrote 154 of them. A Shakespearean sonnet consists of 14 lines, and each line is written in iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, in which the last two lines are a rhymed couplet.3. Allegory: a tale in verse or pr

27、ose in which characters, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings : a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning4. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present li

28、fe. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and perform wondersIII. Literary prehension and AnalysisShall I pare thee to a summers day?Thou art more love

29、ly and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold plexion dimmed,And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed:But thy eternal sum

30、mer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst,Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Questions:1. By means of what parison does the author a

31、chieve this movement from tangible to intangible? Trace his logic to show his movement2. What does “this refer to in the last line? What is the speakers purpose in writing his “eternal lines and what conditions are necessary for his purpose to be carried out?1. The author first pares the youth with

32、a summer day, but then says that the youth is more gentle than a summer day. He explains that the summer can be imperfect with the destructive wind and the hot sun, which will be dimmed by overcast and clouds. Then he announces that the youth will possess eternal beauty and perfection, thus achieves

33、 his movement from the tangible natural objects to the intangible youth.2. “This refers to the poem written by the author. He wants to dedicate this poem to the person described in the poem. The condition is that as long as humans live and breathe on earth with eyes that can see, this is how long th

34、ese verses will live. And these verses celebrate the youth and continually renew the youths life. IV. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Can you say something about Shakespeares characterization?Shakespeare is particularly good at character portrayal. During his long dramatic career, he has c

35、reated a variety of lifelike characters. The major characters in his plays are not simply type ones representing certain group or class of people, but are individuals with strong and distinct personalities. To achieve this, Shakespeare makes frequent use of parisons and contrasts by portraying the c

36、haracters in pairs or setting them against one another. He also individualizes his characters by emphasizing each ones dominant and unique qualities, such as the melancholy of Hamlet, the wickedness of Claudius, the honesty of Othello, the ambition of Macbeth, and the beauty and wit of Portia. In ad

37、dition, Shakespeare had made profound psycho-analytical studies of his characters by revealing the intricate inner workings of their minds through the full use of soliloquies, from which we can see the breadth and depth of the characters thoughtful feelings. 2. What is the central theme of The Merch

38、ant of Venice?The central theme of the play is the triumph of love (between Portia and Bassanio) and friendship (between Antonio and Bassanio) over insatiable greed and brutality (as represented by Shylock). And the play exalts the ingenious heroine Portia and the two great friends who she eventuall

39、y saves from the barbarous clutches of the villain (Shylock). A pletely happy ending is brought about when the villain is punished, the merchants ships all e about home and the three pairs of lovers live happily ever after. Such a conclusion was natural for the playwright as well as for his Elizabet

40、han audience, when anti-semitic sentiments was prevailing in London. Yet even in such an environment, in Shylocks vociferous plaints of his sufferings resulting from racial discrimination and religious persecution, we can hear quite unmistakably Shakespeares own voice speaking on the Jews behalf, an

41、d with great vehemence sympathizing with the oppressed Shylock while condemning racial persecution in general. That Shakespeare should sometimes condemn Shylock and sometimes sympathize with him has led to much confusion for Shakespearean scholars and critics and the general reading public, and henc

42、e the play has been regarded as not a pure edy but a tragic-edy. 3. What do the four heroes in Shakespeares great tragedies have in mon?All of them face the injustice of human life and are caught in a difficult situation and their fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. Each her

43、o has his weakness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; the old King Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; Macbeths lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessan

44、t crimes; and Othello was a brave man, but outside the battlefield he had insecurities. 4. The Renaissance period of British Literature.The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the 17th century. It is associated with the pan-Europe

45、an Renaissance that many cultural historians were believed originated in northern Italy in the 14th century.The essence of the Renaissance is humanism, which sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors. It is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance o

46、n its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as “the Age of Shakespeare or “the Elizabethan Era. Playwrights, such as Christopher Marlowe and

47、 William Shakespeare, poses theatrical representations of the English. Poets such as Edmund Spenser and John Milton produces works that demonstrates an increased interest in understanding English Christian beliefs, such as the allegorical representation of the Tudor Dynasty in The Faerie Queene and

48、the retelling of mankinds fall from paradise in Paradise Lost. Nearing the end of the Tudor Dynasty, philosophers like Sir Thomas More and Sir Francis Bacon published their own ideas about humanity and the aspects of perfect society, pushing the limits of metacognition at that time. The 17th century

49、 ExerciseI. plete the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook.1. The 17th century was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of _ in England and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of _.2. There are religious division and confu

50、sion and a long bitter struggle between the peoples Parliament and the Throne-_fighting against the _ who helped the king.3. In 1653, Oliver Cromwell imposed a military dictatorship on the country; after his death monarchy was again restored. It was called the period of the _.4. in _, the Glorious R

51、evolution took place.5. The Glorious Revolution meant three things: the supremacy of _, the beginning of _, and the final triumph of the principle of _.6. The puritans believed in _ of life.7. Restoration created a literature of its own, that was often _ and _, but on the whole _ and _. The most pop

52、ular genre was that of _ whose chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats.8. The first thing to strike the reader is Donnes extraordinary frankness and penetrating _. The next is the _ which marks certain of the lighter poems and which represents a conscious reaction from the extreme _ of

53、 woman encouraged by the Petrarchan tradition.9. The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the youthful love lyrics, and the latter_. (sacred verses)10. Milton opposed the _ and gave all his energies to the writing of _ dedicated to the peoples liberties. 11. Paradise Lost tells how _ rebell

54、ed against God and how Adam and Eve were driven out of _.12. Paradise Lost presents the authors views in an _ form.13. Paradise Lost consists of _ books. It is based on the _ legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race-_ and _.14. John Miltons Paradise Lost ends with the departure of _ fro

55、m the Garden of Eden. (Adam and Eve)15. Paradise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books, the stories of which are taken from _. (The Old Testament)16. Milton gave us the only _ since Beowulf, and Bunyan gave us the only great _.17. Bunyans most important work is _, written in the old-fashioned, m

56、edieval form of _ and _.18. _ is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. (The Pilgrims Progress)19. The Pilgrims Progress begins with a man called _ setting out with a book in his hand a great load on his back from the city of _.20. _is famous for his metaphysical conceit, th

57、at is, a parison between the two strikingly resembling objects. (John Donne)21. Samson Agoniste was written by _. (John Milton)22. “If thou beest hebut oh how fallen! How unchanged /From him!who in the happy realms of light,/clothed with transcendent brightness,/didst outshine/Myriads, though bright

58、 are the lines from Miltons _ spoken to Beelzebub by _. (Paradise Lost, Satan)II. Define the literary terms listed below1. Metaphysical poetryThe term “metaphysical poetry is monly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by harsh

59、, unfortable, and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shat the traditions and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new worlds and new poetry. Thus, with a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, in particular the Pe

60、trarchan tradition, which is full of refined language, polished rhyming schemes and eulogy to ideal love, and favored in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument. Their poetry offers logical reasoning of the ob

61、jects, psychological analysis of the emotions of love and religion, prefers the novel and the shocking, uses the metaphysical conceits, and ignores the conventional metric devices. Since John Donne links up a wide range of ideas, explores a plex attitude of the mind, and uses his wit and ingenious c

62、onceits to put human experiences into poetry, he is generally regarded as the leading member of the school.2. Carpe Diem; A tradition dating back to classical Greek and Latin poetry and particularly popular among English Cavalier poets. Carpe Diem means literally “seize the day, that is, “l(fā)ive for today3. Genre: A literary species or form, e.g., tragedy, epic, edy, novel, essay, biography, lyric poem. III.IV. Answer the following questions.1. ment on John Donnes style.Most of Donnes poems employ a central speaker who takes effort to argue, to persuade, to