《高中生物 第2章 生物個體的內(nèi)環(huán)境與穩(wěn)態(tài) 2.1.1 內(nèi)環(huán)境與穩(wěn)態(tài) 2.1.2 水和無機鹽的平衡課件 北師大版必修3》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《高中生物 第2章 生物個體的內(nèi)環(huán)境與穩(wěn)態(tài) 2.1.1 內(nèi)環(huán)境與穩(wěn)態(tài) 2.1.2 水和無機鹽的平衡課件 北師大版必修3（31頁珍藏版）》請在裝配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、第2章生物個體的內(nèi)環(huán)境與穩(wěn)態(tài)第1節(jié)人體的代謝與穩(wěn)態(tài)一內(nèi)環(huán)境與穩(wěn)態(tài)二水和無機鹽的平衡MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理M

2、UBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理1.識別內(nèi)環(huán)境及其組成。2.舉例說明內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的生理意義。3.描述水和無機鹽的平衡及調(diào)節(jié),學(xué)會識圖和分析實例。MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHIS

3、HI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典

4、例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二一、內(nèi)環(huán)境與穩(wěn)態(tài)1.內(nèi)環(huán)境的概念(1)體液:人體內(nèi)的水分和溶解在其中的物質(zhì),總稱為體液。體液包括細(xì)胞內(nèi)液和細(xì)胞外液。(2)內(nèi)環(huán)境:細(xì)胞外液是細(xì)胞生存的直接環(huán)境,因處于機體的內(nèi)部,稱為機體的內(nèi)環(huán)境。MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNA

5、N JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二2.內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài)及其意義

6、(1)內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài):在不斷的物質(zhì)交換過程中,內(nèi)環(huán)境的溫度、pH等理化性質(zhì)保持相對穩(wěn)定,稱為內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài)。(2)意義:內(nèi)環(huán)境的相對穩(wěn)定是細(xì)胞進(jìn)行正常生命活動的必要條件。3.內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)調(diào)節(jié)方式:反饋調(diào)節(jié),包括正反饋和負(fù)反饋。MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)

7、導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二二、水和無機鹽的平衡1.水的平衡及其調(diào)節(jié)(1)水的平衡。水的來源:飲水、食物中所含的水和代謝產(chǎn)生的水。水的排出

8、途徑:消化道、皮膚、呼吸器官和腎臟。腎臟排尿是體內(nèi)水的最主要排出途徑。(2)水平衡的調(diào)節(jié):人通過飲水行為和對排尿量的調(diào)節(jié),使水的攝入量與排出量相適應(yīng),從而保持機體的水平衡。MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYA

9、NLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二水平衡調(diào)節(jié)示意圖 MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHI

10、SHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI

11、典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二體內(nèi)缺水時,細(xì)胞外液的滲透壓升高,下丘腦中的滲透壓感受器受到刺激。感受器產(chǎn)生的興奮,一方面?zhèn)髦链竽X皮質(zhì),產(chǎn)生渴覺,激發(fā)飲水行為;同時,刺激下丘腦的某些神經(jīng)細(xì)胞,使抗利尿激素合成增加,抗利尿激素能促進(jìn)腎小管和集合管對水的重吸收,從而減少尿的排出。2.無機鹽的平衡及其調(diào)節(jié)(1)無機鹽的平衡。無機鹽的來源:食物。無機鹽的排出途徑:皮膚、消化道和腎臟。經(jīng)腎臟隨尿排出是Na+、K+的主要排出途徑。MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIA

12、N隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MU

13、BIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二(2)無機鹽的平衡調(diào)節(jié):(以Na+和K+為例來進(jìn)行說明)血鉀、血鈉平衡調(diào)節(jié)示意圖當(dāng)血鉀含量升高或血鈉含量降低時,可以直接刺激腎上腺皮質(zhì),使醛固酮的分泌量增加,從而促進(jìn)腎小管和集合管對Na+的重吸收和K+的排泄,使血鉀和血鈉含量維持平衡。當(dāng)血鉀含量降低或血鈉含量升高時,則使醛固酮的分泌量減少,其結(jié)果也是維持血鉀和血鈉含量的平衡。MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演

14、練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAO

15、DAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二三一、內(nèi)環(huán)境的三種組成成分之間的關(guān)系 MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOU

16、XI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二三(1)三者之間的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系血漿中的物質(zhì)除大分子蛋白質(zhì)外,都可以透過毛細(xì)血管壁進(jìn)入組織細(xì)胞間隙形成組織液。絕大部分的組織液可以通過毛細(xì)血

17、管壁滲透回血漿中,少部分則進(jìn)入毛細(xì)淋巴管形成淋巴液。淋巴液經(jīng)淋巴循環(huán)又進(jìn)入血管成為血漿。MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識

18、梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二三(2)三者之間的成分比較組織液、淋巴液、血漿基本成分相似,其實質(zhì)都是一種鹽溶液(類似于海水),這可反映生命可能起源于海洋。血漿中含有較多的蛋白質(zhì),而組織液和淋巴液中蛋白質(zhì)含量很少。(3)三者共同構(gòu)成體內(nèi)細(xì)胞生活的直接環(huán)境,為了區(qū)別于個體生活的外界

19、環(huán)境,把它們稱作內(nèi)環(huán)境。MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典

20、例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二三(4)組織水腫的成因分析MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGN

21、AN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二三二、內(nèi)環(huán)境是細(xì)胞與外

22、界環(huán)境進(jìn)行物質(zhì)交換的媒介1.內(nèi)環(huán)境作為細(xì)胞與外界環(huán)境間的媒介,與體內(nèi)各系統(tǒng)間發(fā)生密不可分的功能聯(lián)系,如下圖。MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHIS

23、HI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二三2.物質(zhì)交換途徑 MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航D

24、IANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN

25、JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二三三、內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)1.內(nèi)環(huán)境各種成分保持相對穩(wěn)定(1)血漿的主要成分MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJI

26、AO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二三(2)不同物質(zhì)的含量變化對內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的影響失水過多,可導(dǎo)致血漿滲透壓升高;血漿中蛋白質(zhì)含量降低,可出現(xiàn)組織水腫;代謝廢物過多,可導(dǎo)致尿毒癥;O2缺乏,可導(dǎo)致乳酸中毒;血漿中Ca2+含量過低,會出現(xiàn)抽搐。2.

27、穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)機制現(xiàn)代觀點:內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)是一種反饋調(diào)節(jié)。神經(jīng)體液免疫調(diào)節(jié)網(wǎng)絡(luò)是機體維持穩(wěn)態(tài)的主要調(diào)節(jié)機制。3.穩(wěn)態(tài)的實質(zhì)內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)是指內(nèi)環(huán)境中的化學(xué)成分和理化性質(zhì)處于一種相對穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài),內(nèi)環(huán)境保持動態(tài)平衡。MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI T

28、OUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二三4.機體維持穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)能力機體維持穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)能力是有一定限度的。當(dāng)外界環(huán)境的變化過于劇烈或機體自身的調(diào)節(jié)功能出現(xiàn)障礙時,內(nèi)環(huán)境的

29、穩(wěn)態(tài)就會遭到破壞。5.內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的意義(1)意義:內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)是機體進(jìn)行正常生命活動的必要條件。血糖正常保證機體正常的能量供應(yīng)。體溫、pH相對穩(wěn)定酶活性正常,細(xì)胞代謝正常。滲透壓相對穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞維持正常的形態(tài)和功能。(2)失調(diào)血糖平衡失調(diào)低血糖、糖尿病等。pH失調(diào)酸中毒、堿中毒。滲透壓失調(diào)(如嘔吐等)細(xì)胞形態(tài)、功能異常。體溫失調(diào)發(fā)熱、中暑等。MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLI

30、AN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理題

31、型一題型二題型三題型四【例1】 下列全部屬于人體內(nèi)環(huán)境的組成成分的是()血漿、組織液和淋巴液血紅蛋白、O2和葡萄糖葡萄糖、CO2和胰島素激素、載體和氨基酸A. B.C.D.解析:內(nèi)環(huán)境即細(xì)胞外液,包括血漿、組織液和淋巴液等。從組成成分的來源來看,內(nèi)環(huán)境的成分一是來自消化道消化吸收的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),如水、無機鹽、氨基酸、葡萄糖、脂肪酸和維生素等;二是來自經(jīng)肺部氣體交換得到的O2;三是來自細(xì)胞代謝產(chǎn)生的代謝產(chǎn)物,如激素、尿素、尿酸、無機鹽、CO2等。血紅蛋白在紅細(xì)胞內(nèi),載體在細(xì)胞膜上,因此血紅蛋白和載體不屬于內(nèi)環(huán)境的組成成分。答案:AMUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SU

32、ITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI

33、SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理題型一題型二題型三題型四【例2】 下圖為高等動物體內(nèi)細(xì)胞與外界環(huán)境的物質(zhì)交換示意圖,下列敘述正確的是()A.內(nèi)環(huán)境從外界得到營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)要通過消化、呼吸、循環(huán)等系統(tǒng)B.表示代謝廢物的排出過程,只能由腎臟來完成C.內(nèi)環(huán)境是由人體內(nèi)的液體組成的D.所有生物與外界進(jìn)行物質(zhì)交換都是通過內(nèi)環(huán)境來實現(xiàn)的MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN J

34、VJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航

35、DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理題型一題型二題型三題型四解析由圖可知,表示消化過程,表示呼吸過程,表示腎臟或皮膚排出代謝廢物的過程。代謝廢物除可由腎臟排出外,還可由皮膚排出;內(nèi)環(huán)境是指細(xì)胞外液;內(nèi)環(huán)境是針對多細(xì)胞生物而言的,單細(xì)胞生物不具有內(nèi)環(huán)境。答案AMUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析S

36、UITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI

37、 SHULI知識梳理題型一題型二題型三題型四【例3】 下列是關(guān)于抗利尿激素調(diào)節(jié)的曲線圖,相關(guān)敘述正確的是()A.圖甲表示食物過咸時,抗利尿激素分泌與滲透壓變化的關(guān)系B.圖乙表示飲水過多時,抗利尿激素分泌與滲透壓變化的關(guān)系C.圖丙表示滲透壓升高時,抗利尿激素分泌的變化D.圖丁a點時注射的是醛固酮激素MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIA

38、O重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理題型一題型二題型三題型四解析:食物過咸時,

39、細(xì)胞外液滲透壓升高,抗利尿激素分泌增加。飲水過多時,細(xì)胞外液滲透壓降低,抗利尿激素分泌減少。圖丁a點時注射的是抗利尿激素,使尿量(主要是水)減少,導(dǎo)致尿液中尿素、K+、Na+濃度均升高。答案:CMUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例

40、透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理題型一題型二題型三題型四【例4】 下列有關(guān)穩(wěn)態(tài)的生理意義的敘述,錯誤的是 ()A.內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)有利于酶促反應(yīng)的正常進(jìn)行B.內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)是機體進(jìn)行正常生

41、命活動的必要條件C.當(dāng)內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)遭到破壞時,可導(dǎo)致疾病發(fā)生D.當(dāng)人體內(nèi)血漿的成分穩(wěn)定時,一定不會發(fā)生疾病解析:內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)為酶促反應(yīng)和機體進(jìn)行正常生命活動提供相對穩(wěn)定的液體環(huán)境和理化條件。當(dāng)內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)遭到破壞時,細(xì)胞代謝會發(fā)生紊亂,并導(dǎo)致有關(guān)疾病。但是人體疾病有很多種,有些疾病和血漿成分穩(wěn)定無關(guān),比如某些遺傳病。答案:DMUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHO

42、NGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理1 2 3 4 51

43、下列對血漿、組織液和淋巴液的敘述,錯誤的是()A.血漿成分滲出毛細(xì)血管就成為組織液B.淋巴液滲出毛細(xì)淋巴管就成為組織液C.組織液滲入毛細(xì)血管就成為血漿D.組織液滲入毛細(xì)淋巴管就成為淋巴液解析:血漿和組織液之間可以相互滲透,A、C兩項都正確;組織液可以滲入毛細(xì)淋巴管形成淋巴液,而淋巴液不能滲出毛細(xì)淋巴管形成組織液,故D項正確,B項錯誤。答案:BMUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYA

44、NLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識

45、梳理1 2 3 4 52下列有關(guān)人體內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的敘述,錯誤的是()A.有3種以上的生理系統(tǒng)參與維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)B.人體內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的失調(diào)與外界環(huán)境無關(guān)C.人體維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)能力有限D(zhuǎn).內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)有利于參與其調(diào)節(jié)的器官保持機能正常解析內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)需要呼吸系統(tǒng)、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)、運動系統(tǒng)、排泄系統(tǒng)、內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)等的參與。內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的失調(diào)與外界環(huán)境有關(guān),如人長時間處于高溫環(huán)境中,體溫會失調(diào),從而導(dǎo)致疾病。人體維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)能力有限。內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)有利于生命活動的正常進(jìn)行,有利于參與調(diào)節(jié)的器官保持機能正常。答案BMUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIA

46、N隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MU

47、BIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理3下列現(xiàn)象屬于正反饋調(diào)節(jié)的是()A.人在炎熱的環(huán)境中時,體溫有升高的趨勢,通過出汗等增加散熱使體溫穩(wěn)定B.人大量喝水后,尿量會增加,排出多余的水分C.一個受到污染的池塘,大量動植物死亡后導(dǎo)致水體惡臭,污染加劇D.某人一次性攝入了大量的糖分,出現(xiàn)了糖尿的現(xiàn)象,一段時間后血糖恢復(fù)正常解析:反饋信息使輸出進(jìn)一步增強的調(diào)節(jié)方式稱為正反饋,反饋信息使輸出減弱的調(diào)節(jié)方式稱為負(fù)反饋。正反饋使生理過程不斷加強,直至最終完成生理功能,如排便、分娩

48、和凝血等,也可以讓污染的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)破壞更加嚴(yán)重。A、B、D三項屬于負(fù)反饋,依次維持體溫、水鹽和血糖的相對穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。答案:C1 2 3 4 5MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN

49、 JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理1 2 3 4 54在血液生化六項檢查的化驗單上,每種成分的參考值即正常值都有一個變化范圍,下列說法不正確的是()A.內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)不是恒定的,可在一定范圍內(nèi)波動B.內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)是一種動態(tài)的、相對穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)C

50、.年齡、性別等個體差異會導(dǎo)致內(nèi)環(huán)境的成分存在差異D.該變化范圍主要考慮了化驗結(jié)果的誤差解析:血液的生化指標(biāo)有一個變化范圍,是因為內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)是一種動態(tài)平衡。正常情況下的測定值因性別、年齡等存在個體差異,同一個體在不同時刻也存在差異。血檢指標(biāo)的正常值的變化范圍考慮的就是這些差異,并非化驗結(jié)果誤差。答案:DMUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJ

51、IAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理1 2 3 4 55下圖為正常人體內(nèi)某

52、組織局部結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖,其中分別表示體液的成分,下列有關(guān)說法錯誤的是()A.圖中共同組成了細(xì)胞外液B.體液中含有血漿蛋白C.圖中構(gòu)成了此組織細(xì)胞生存的內(nèi)環(huán)境MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練Z

53、HONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理1 2 3 4 5解析:根據(jù)題干及圖示可以推斷出為血漿,為組織液,為細(xì)胞內(nèi)液,為淋巴液。細(xì)胞外液主要包括血漿、組織液和淋巴液;此組織細(xì)胞生存的內(nèi)環(huán)境為組織液,是細(xì)胞內(nèi)液,不屬于內(nèi)環(huán)境的組成成分;在內(nèi)環(huán)境中,組織液和血漿之間的物質(zhì)交換是雙向的,組織液和淋巴液及淋巴液和血漿之間的物質(zhì)交換都是單向的。答案:C