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1、. .2011年備考全國研究生入學(xué)考試英語講義丁雪明Use of English英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用 (完 形 填 空)“大家好，當(dāng)你走進(jìn)我的課堂，我們便被命運(yùn)嚴(yán)密地聯(lián)系在了一起。因?yàn)樵谶@里我們將吹起戰(zhàn)斗的號(hào)角！用知識(shí)與技能武裝自己的頭腦，用辛勤與汗水磨礪自己的意志，用樂觀與理智塑造自己的心態(tài)只要我們共同奮進(jìn)，配有合理的復(fù)習(xí)方法，勝利終究屬于你我！下面我們就先要走進(jìn)令大多數(shù)考生頭疼的“Use of English完形填空的講解！新大綱將這一局部改為“英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用，題型仍是完形填空，出現(xiàn)在試卷的第一局部。完形填空是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化出題方式的一種常用形式，強(qiáng)調(diào)知覺、思維和動(dòng)機(jī)的結(jié)合。在英語測試中強(qiáng)調(diào)“語感，即考察學(xué)

2、生閱讀理解和語言知識(shí)的綜合應(yīng)用能力。第一節(jié) 完形填空出題、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和題材內(nèi)容根據(jù)新大綱規(guī)定，完形填空總分值為10分，短文長度為240-280個(gè)詞左右，共有20個(gè)空，每空0.5分。每個(gè)空即為1個(gè)題，每個(gè)題有4個(gè)備選答案，主要測試詞匯、語法和構(gòu)造。短文的題材涉及社會(huì)生活、人物傳記、科普、文化、史地、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、心理、新聞等。文章體裁多為論說文或說明文。第二節(jié) 完形填空解題方法完形填空不同于單句填空，單句雖是孤立的，但也是完整的，考生容易把握住要旨。完形填空卻是從語篇水平上測試考生對(duì)整篇文章的理解能力和語言根底知識(shí)的運(yùn)用能力。這就要求考生具有扎實(shí)的語言根底和一定的語感能力，即在具體環(huán)境下用詞的能力。

3、一、本世紀(jì)初經(jīng)典的啟示 If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must storea large quantity of grain 1 consumingall his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in th

4、ree ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a modity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. If

5、 no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable.2000年真題1.Aother than Bas well as Cinstead of Dmore than2.Aonly i

6、f Bmuch as Clong before Dever since 3.Afor Bagainst Cof Dtowards4.Areplace Bpurchase Csupplement Ddispose5.Aenhance Bmix Cfeed Draise6.Avessels Broutes Cpaths Dchannels 7.Aself-confident Bself-sufficient Cself-satisfied Dself-restrained8.Asearch Bsave Coffer Dseek9.Aproportion Bpercentage Crate Drat

7、io10.Agenuinely Bobviously Cpresumably Dfrequently溫馨提示：請(qǐng)考生留意文中被加黑并且有下劃線的信息?！咀g文賞析】一個(gè)農(nóng)民要想成功，就必須在消費(fèi)和生產(chǎn)之間盡量保持著較大的余地。他必須存儲(chǔ)大量的糧食而不是立即把所有的糧食都吃掉。農(nóng)民只有有了余糧才能繼續(xù)養(yǎng)活自己及家人。他必須用以下三種方式來使用這些余糧：留作種子用于播種，留作應(yīng)對(duì)惡劣天氣影響的保障，作為商品賣掉來替換舊農(nóng)具和購置化肥給土壤施肥。他可能還需要錢來修建灌溉水渠，或在其他方面改善自己的農(nóng)田。如果沒有余糧，他就不能自給自足，他就得要么賣掉局部財(cái)產(chǎn)要么以貸款的方式尋求額外資金。自然他會(huì)努力爭取

8、低息貸款，但這種貸款不是經(jīng)常能夠得到的?！緲?biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】C,A,B,A,C,D,B,D,C,D二、完形總有路可走要使考生從所給的選項(xiàng)中選出正確的答案，使補(bǔ)足后短文的意思和構(gòu)造恢復(fù)完整，考生須從文章通篇考慮，掌握大意，綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)到的詞匯和語法知識(shí)，選出最正確答案。要做到這一點(diǎn)，考生應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)掌握一套相應(yīng)的科學(xué)解題方法，這將使準(zhǔn)確率明顯提高。1.先讀第一句，然后跳過所有空格，速讀全文。在快速瀏覽中了解信息，初步掌握全文的中心思想，確定短文的題材內(nèi)容和體裁。注意：完形填空試題的出題特點(diǎn)是第一句不含空格，為一完整的句子。而這類短文的第一個(gè)句子通常為主題句子，為理解全文提供了重要的線索。例如：1999年試題第

9、一句：Industrial safety does not just happen. 工業(yè)生產(chǎn)平安并不會(huì)自然產(chǎn)生。很明確，該短文將討論工業(yè)生產(chǎn)平安問題。1998年試題第一句：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. 不久以前，大多數(shù)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)工業(yè)革命持強(qiáng)烈的批評(píng)態(tài)度。很顯然，本句為短文的主題句，它意味著本文將圍繞歷史學(xué)家對(duì)工業(yè)革命的評(píng)價(jià)來論述。1997年試題第一句：Manpower Inc. with 560，000 workers is the worlds large

10、st temporary employment agency. 人力資源公司擁有56萬員工，為世界上最大的臨時(shí)就業(yè)代理機(jī)構(gòu)。本句概括出了短文的主要內(nèi)容，它將表達(dá)人力資源公司為什么會(huì)成為世界上最大的臨時(shí)就業(yè)代理機(jī)構(gòu)。1996年試題第一句：Vitamins are organic pounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life animals, including man. 維生素為有機(jī)化合物，少量存在于食物當(dāng)中，為動(dòng)物和人類維持正常生長和生命所必需。很顯然，本文

11、將討論維生素的作用。以上分析說明，每一年的完形填空試題都會(huì)套用這一固定模式，考生應(yīng)掌握這一規(guī)律。2.細(xì)讀全文，邊讀邊動(dòng)手解題，找出正確答案。A. 根據(jù)上下文意思并聯(lián)系短文中心思想，全面思考，進(jìn)展推論和判斷。B. 結(jié)合上下文，尋找信息詞。信息詞包括上下文中出現(xiàn)過的詞、固定搭配、習(xí)慣用語、特定句型中有關(guān)詞語，或者相關(guān)句子。有的選項(xiàng)在孤立的語法條件下看是正確的，但如果結(jié)合上下文提供的信息來判斷，卻是錯(cuò)誤的。信息詞會(huì)直接或間接地提示我們尋找正確答案的線索。例如：1When the work is well done，a 43 of accident-free operations is establi

12、shed where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.1999年第43題A regulation B climate C circumstance D requirement【獨(dú)辟蹊徑】從上下文來看，信息詞“the work是指上文提到的“制訂和實(shí)施平安方案的工作，這項(xiàng)工作做好，才會(huì)建立起一種“平安的環(huán)境。A regulation 和 D. requirement 顯然不符合題意，而C. circumstance 指“環(huán)境，情形時(shí)通常用復(fù)數(shù)，B. climate 那么有“環(huán)境、氣候、氣氛等意義，故climate在此適合表達(dá)上下文含義

13、。2parisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th centuryand the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened21 . As was discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th centurythat the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23 ，following in the wak

14、e of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the munications revolution25 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading26 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27 the 20th-century world of the motor car and the a

15、irplane. Not everyone sees that process in 28 . It is important to do so. 2002年真題21. A between B before C since D later22. A after B by C during D until23. A means B method C medium D measure24. A process B pany C light D form25. A gathered B speeded C worked D picked26. A on B out C over D off27. A

16、 of B for C beyond D into28. A concept B dimension C effect D perspective【獨(dú)辟蹊徑】考生要注意文中加黑劃線的信息，尤其是段首的幾個(gè)表示時(shí)間概念的短語：the 20th century，the 15th and 16th centuries，the 19th century。第21題所在句首有Yet然而，說明該句與段首句有轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系，參看選項(xiàng)，答案在句中做狀語，修飾謂語had happened，選擇A，說明在這兩個(gè)時(shí)段之間段首句中說明發(fā)生的事情很多。第22題出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式中，結(jié)合上文的時(shí)間概念，參看選項(xiàng)，正確答案為D

17、。第23題的暗示是該空白所在句子內(nèi)部的newspaper，眾所周知，報(bào)紙就是一種medium。第24題是固定搭配。第25題考察動(dòng)詞短語搭配，結(jié)合該空白所在句子中的the munications revolution通信革命暗示，以及下文述及了“從運(yùn)輸方面的鐵路開場，開展到電報(bào)、收音機(jī)和電影，一直到二十世紀(jì)的汽車和飛機(jī)，考生可判斷這種革命是加速開展的。第26、27題是固定搭配，同樣可以從文中得到暗示，lead on thoughto。第28題仍然是固定搭配，考生分析可知，該構(gòu)造在句中做狀語，修飾謂語sees對(duì)待，結(jié)合上下文暗示和選項(xiàng)，可以得出正確答案。【譯文賞析】人們?cè)葦M過二十世紀(jì)電視的開展和

18、十五、十六世紀(jì)印刷術(shù)的傳播。然而，在這兩個(gè)時(shí)段之間發(fā)生過很多事情。正如前面所討論過的，直到十九世紀(jì)，報(bào)紙才繼宣傳冊(cè)和書之后，與期刊一起，成為電子時(shí)代之前主要的傳媒。正是這段時(shí)間，通信革命加速開展，從運(yùn)輸方面的鐵路開場，開展到電報(bào)、收音機(jī)和電影，一直到二十世紀(jì)的汽車和飛機(jī)。并不是每一個(gè)都能正確地對(duì)待這一進(jìn)程，但是這樣做是非常重要的。【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】A,D,C,B,B,A,D,D3Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes mitted by young people) focus either onthe i

19、ndividualor onsociety as the major contributing influence. Theories 21 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23 with others. Theories focusing on the role o

20、f society suggest that children mit crimes in 24 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status25 as a rejection of middle-class values. 2004年真題21. A acting B relying C centering D menting22. A before B unless C until D because23. A interaction B assimilation C cooperation D consultation2

21、4. A return B reply C reference D response25. A or B but rather C but D or else【獨(dú)辟蹊徑】 考生要注意文中加黑劃線的信息，首句為該段主題句，其它句子是擴(kuò)展句。第21題的暗示來自首句的謂語focus on。第22題的暗示在于該空白前后的內(nèi)容暗示：前面講兒童犯罪，后面講他們以往的錯(cuò)誤行為沒有得到足夠的懲罰；二者之間是因果邏輯。第23題的暗示是該句述及兒童學(xué)會(huì)犯罪的途徑，空白后面有with others與別人，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知正確答案為A。第24題考察固定短語搭配，結(jié)合前后內(nèi)容可以得知，空白前后仍是因果邏輯，正確答案為D。第

22、25題為選擇邏輯，答案為A，請(qǐng)記住but rather相反地?！咀g文賞析】很多有關(guān)青少年犯罪原因的理論，要么把個(gè)人當(dāng)成主要的影響因素，要么把社會(huì)當(dāng)成主要的影響因素。強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人因素的理論認(rèn)為兒童犯罪是因?yàn)樗麄円酝腻e(cuò)誤行為沒有得到足夠的懲罰，或者因?yàn)樗麄兪軇e人的影響而學(xué)會(huì)了犯罪行為。強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)因素的理論認(rèn)為兒童犯罪是因?yàn)樗麄儗?duì)自己不能提升自己的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位而作出的反響，或者是因?yàn)樗麄兙芙^承受中產(chǎn)階級(jí)價(jià)值觀?！緲?biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】C,D,A,D,A4The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive s

23、mellers pared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, 5 , we are extremely sensitive to the smells, 6 we do not generally r

24、ealize it. Our noses are capable of7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million. 2005年真題1. A although B as C but D while2. A above B unlike C excluding D besides3. A limited B mitted C dedicated D confined4. A catching B ignoring C missing D tracking5. A anyway B though

25、C instead D therefore6. A even if B if only C only if D as if7. A distinguishing B discovering C determining D detecting8. A diluted B dissolved C dispersed D diffused【獨(dú)辟蹊徑】 考生要注意文中加黑劃線的信息。首句為主系表構(gòu)造，為該段主題句，其意思是人類的鼻子是一個(gè)被低估的工具。這就說明，人類鼻子的功能還沒有被我們充分了解。第1個(gè)空白前面局部的意思為“與動(dòng)物相比，人類的鼻子被認(rèn)為是不敏感的，而空白的后面給出了這種認(rèn)為產(chǎn)生的原因我

26、們是站立的。參看首句underrated，考生可判斷作者此處應(yīng)該選用轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯來說明“錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)產(chǎn)生的理由。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，可以得出正確答案為C，其中干擾項(xiàng)為A，although是讓步邏輯引導(dǎo)詞。第2題為前后暗示。第3題所在句子的主語This指代上句中的內(nèi)容，結(jié)合本句和選項(xiàng)可以得出正確答案，干擾項(xiàng)為confined被控制。第4題前面是飄浮于空中的氣味，后面是粘附于地表的大多數(shù)氣味，結(jié)合上文暗示和選項(xiàng)得出正確答案missing無意識(shí)地錯(cuò)過，忽略，干擾項(xiàng)為ignoring主觀地不理睬、無知。第5題所在句子的句首有表示強(qiáng)調(diào)、轉(zhuǎn)折的短語In fact，該句的意思與上述信息之間是轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯，考生可參看加黑劃線信息詞

27、；該題正確選項(xiàng)為B，干擾項(xiàng)為instead，雖然該詞有“然而，相反的意思，但是所連接的前后內(nèi)容往往是一種相互替代的關(guān)系。第6題為前后內(nèi)容暗示，考生可參看加黑劃線信息詞。第7題為動(dòng)名詞辨析，可利用上下文暗示得出答案detecting發(fā)覺，干擾項(xiàng)為distinguishing區(qū)分，分辨。最后一題為動(dòng)詞辨析，結(jié)合far below one part in one million和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，可以得出答案A稀釋，干擾項(xiàng)的意思為dissolved溶解，dispersed分散，疏散，diffused擴(kuò)散，傳播。【譯文賞析】人類的鼻子是一個(gè)被低估的工具。與動(dòng)物相比，人類的鼻子是不敏感的，但是這很大程度上因?yàn)槲?/p>

28、們是站立的，這一點(diǎn)與動(dòng)物不一樣。這意味著我們的鼻子僅是有限度地感知到飄浮于空中的氣味，而抓不住粘附于地表的大多數(shù)氣味。不過，事實(shí)上，我們對(duì)氣味是非常敏感的，即使我們沒有普遍地認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。即使當(dāng)人類的氣味被稀釋到百萬分之一以下，我們的鼻子仍有能力發(fā)覺到這些氣味。【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】C,B,A,C,B,A,D,A5Intelligence, it 5 , is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learninga

29、(n) 7 processinstead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to 8 . 2009年真題5. Ainsists on Bsums up Cturns out Dputs forward6. Aoff Bbehind Cover Dalong7. Aincredible Bspontaneous Cinevitable Dgradual8. Afight Bdoubt Cstop Dthink

30、【獨(dú)辟蹊徑】 考生要注意文中加黑劃線的信息，首句為該段主題句，其它句子是擴(kuò)展句。第5題需要利用上文暗示，it指代的是上段中的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究，答案為C證明。第6題所在句子的主語it指代intelligence，該句為帶有原因狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句，考生可以先作答第7題。因?yàn)橹橇θQ于學(xué)習(xí)，而不是本能，從而考生可以判斷，第7題是對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)是一個(gè)漫長的過程這一特征的描寫，參看選項(xiàng)，可以得出正確答案為D。那么第6題就是結(jié)論，參看選項(xiàng)可以得出答案A，off the starting line可譯為開場形成。第8題難度較高，考生通過上文了解作者在述及要想獲得智力，必須付出昂貴的代價(jià)。人類是通過了漫長的、漸進(jìn)的學(xué)習(xí)過程

31、才有了今天的智力。順理成章，作者隨后要把其它的物種與人類比擬。許多其它的物種能夠?qū)W習(xí)請(qǐng)考生務(wù)必承受這一事實(shí)，因?yàn)檫@是作者原話！。并列句后一個(gè)分句述及動(dòng)物們學(xué)會(huì)了何時(shí)去什么。這個(gè)答案必須使得最后這句話支持該段首句的意思，又能突出人類為了到達(dá)今天的智力所付出的巨大的代價(jià)，參看選項(xiàng)得出答案C。這就暗示了，動(dòng)物們雖然能夠?qū)W習(xí)，但是它們?cè)诼L的繁衍進(jìn)化中，停頓了學(xué)習(xí)這一行為，從而今天的人類永遠(yuǎn)是比其它物種聰明的，因?yàn)槿祟悰]有停頓學(xué)習(xí)?！咀g文賞析】結(jié)果證明，智力是一種高價(jià)選擇。它需要花去更多的“給養(yǎng)，消耗掉更過的燃料，緩慢地開場形成，因?yàn)檫@取決于學(xué)習(xí)一種漸進(jìn)的過程而不是本能。許多別的物種能夠?qū)W習(xí)，而且它們

32、已經(jīng)明顯學(xué)會(huì)的事情之一就是何時(shí)停頓學(xué)習(xí)?！緲?biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】C,A,D,CC. 根據(jù)語法規(guī)那么和語法構(gòu)造判斷。語法構(gòu)造是完形填空的必考內(nèi)容，常出現(xiàn)的有主從句的關(guān)系、連接詞或過渡詞的選擇、主被動(dòng)語態(tài)、虛擬語氣等。注意：對(duì)于選填哪個(gè)詞，不僅要看所給4個(gè)選項(xiàng)詞的性、數(shù)、格及其在空格中充當(dāng)什么語法成分而定，而且還要看它與空格前后的詞語之間的語法關(guān)系或組合關(guān)系。D. 根據(jù)詞語的搭配關(guān)系，包括邏輯、構(gòu)造、慣用和語義的搭配關(guān)系。詞匯無疑是完形填空的另一個(gè)考察重點(diǎn)，詞組搭配和慣用搭配可以說是每次必考。對(duì)于邏輯搭配和語義搭配須根據(jù)上下文來判斷。同義詞與近義詞的辨析也時(shí)有出現(xiàn)，形似詞或音似詞等詞匯干擾項(xiàng)也很常見。有時(shí)還會(huì)

33、出現(xiàn)有關(guān)背景知識(shí)和常識(shí)方面的選詞。3.通讀全文。認(rèn)真檢查所選答案在內(nèi)容上、構(gòu)造上、邏輯關(guān)系上是否合理。對(duì)于曾有疑問的選項(xiàng)進(jìn)一步通過上下文的理解最后敲定。第三節(jié) 培養(yǎng) 解題的三種能力完形填空是測試考生綜合運(yùn)用語言能力的客觀題，這種語言能力表現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面，即文章的閱讀理解能力，詞匯的語感能力，語法的應(yīng)用能力。1.閱讀理解能力完形填空試題的閱讀理解與單純的閱讀理解試題有所不同。這種閱讀是對(duì)抽出了假設(shè)干關(guān)鍵詞匯的短文的閱讀270字左右的短文，20個(gè)空格，這要求你能以敏銳的眼光，良好的語感在必要的時(shí)間內(nèi)從80個(gè)選項(xiàng)中準(zhǔn)確地做出選擇。考生必須在上下文環(huán)境下熟練地運(yùn)用語法知識(shí)和詞匯知識(shí)，不要只是孤立地去推敲

34、一個(gè)句子或一個(gè)填空。通過跳過空格的首次快速閱讀，抓住文章主題，了解文章主要講什么，文章體裁是論說文說明文還是表達(dá)文。通過第二遍的細(xì)讀，把握住文章的主線和主要細(xì)節(jié)，以主線和細(xì)節(jié)為線索，確定自己的解題思路。2.詞匯的語感能力由于出題方式與所出題目的特點(diǎn)，完形填空的空白正確答案選擇的根據(jù)和理由，完全存在于段落之中甚至全文之中。這種詞匯的運(yùn)用能力是在閱讀理解過程中培養(yǎng)出來的。我們所說的語感能力即是在一定的語言環(huán)境下，你對(duì)某個(gè)詞匯是否適合于放在這個(gè)位置的判斷能力。綜合近幾年的試題，完形填空主要涉及到詞的固定搭配、習(xí)慣用語、詞形與詞義辨析。頻率上下排列為動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞、代詞、連詞。要培養(yǎng)這

35、些詞匯的語感能力，唯一的方法是將它們放到閱讀中去學(xué)習(xí)、去體會(huì)，而不是孤立地死記硬背。詞匯中的習(xí)慣用語和固定搭配是出題的一大重點(diǎn)，包括介詞組、名詞組、形容詞組、動(dòng)詞組；動(dòng)詞+介詞；動(dòng)詞+副詞；名詞+介詞；形容詞+介詞等。在搭配關(guān)系上有邏輯搭配，習(xí)慣搭配和語義搭配等各種形式，考生須細(xì)心加以區(qū)別。3.語法的運(yùn)用能力完形填空中的語法測試試題與常規(guī)的語法測試試題有所不同，它不是單純地測試語法，而是結(jié)合詞匯的使用和對(duì)文章的理解設(shè)定，所以是一種結(jié)合上下文的語法測試題。這種試題測試考生在語境中運(yùn)用語法與詞匯能力，而考生的這種能力普遍較弱。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，平均準(zhǔn)確率為35%。1 動(dòng)詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞、代詞的搭配，習(xí)

36、慣用法、詞形詞義的辨析；2 句子的響應(yīng)，主謂一致關(guān)系；3 名詞從句：由that或略去that引導(dǎo)的名詞從句；由what(=the thing that)引導(dǎo)的名詞從句；由where, why ,how, how much, how often引導(dǎo)的名詞從句；4 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞或被動(dòng)語態(tài)；5 倒裝句用only+狀語位于句首的句子等；6 冠詞(the, a, an)；7 特殊狀語從句包括主式從句、比擬從句、條件從句、讓步從句等；8 非限定動(dòng)詞： 動(dòng)詞作介詞賓語或作及物動(dòng)詞賓語； 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語目的，結(jié)果； 過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語、補(bǔ)語，分詞獨(dú)立構(gòu)造作狀語等。9 邏輯接承詞：在文章中起承上啟下、

37、邏輯轉(zhuǎn)承作用，包括比照、讓步、結(jié)果、推論、補(bǔ)充、過渡、轉(zhuǎn)折、列舉、并列、遞進(jìn)等關(guān)系，多為連詞、副詞或介詞組成。例如： 表示因果：since, as, therefore, sothat, thus, hence, then, consequently,accordingly, in short, in brief, in sum, to conclude等。 表示比擬：by contrast, like, similarly, not soas, than, rather, pared with, in contrast, but 等。 表例如舉：for example, for instan

38、ce, first, firstly; next, last(ly), namely, to start with, in the first (second)place, that is, that is to say等。 表示并列：and, or, but, besides, likewise等。 表示轉(zhuǎn)折：but, yet, however, anyhow, no matter, nevertheless, still, while 等。 表示遞進(jìn)：moreover, besides, next, then, further, in addition, whats more 等。 表示讓

39、步：anyhow, anyway, besides, else, however, nevertheless, still, though, yet, after all, at any rate, in any case, in spite of等。注意：常用的幾種擴(kuò)展句和段落寫作模式關(guān)聯(lián)表達(dá)方法1表示因果關(guān)系常用的表達(dá)方法有：because, since, as, seeing that, the reason why, because of, on account of , due to, so, thus, hence, therefore, accordingly, conseque

40、ntly, so that, as a result of, in consequence of, result in, result from, lead to, soas to, owing to, to have an effect on, for the reason, in this way等。2表示列舉或例證法常用的表達(dá)方法有：for example, for instance, for one thing, for another, to illustrate, one example is, to begin with, first, second, furthermore,

41、besides, in addition, moreover, finally, in conclusion, in summary, also, a case in point, as an illustration, incidentally, namely, that is等。3表示比擬比照關(guān)系常用的表達(dá)方法有：similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in mon, in the same way, on the contrary, on one hand, on the other hand, ot

42、herwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless4表示分類法常用的表達(dá)方法有：to divideinto, to classifyinto, groupinto, to fall into classes, there arekinds(types, groups, classes, categories, sorts ) of, according to, in terms of, depending on

43、, at the level of等。5表示定義常用的表達(dá)方法有：what is？, to be defined as, to refer to, the definition ofis, to be used to describe, in a very real sense, this is, this means, be explained, it states that, in other words, namely等。6表示總結(jié)關(guān)系常用的表達(dá)方法有：generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a l

44、arger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the wh

45、ole, to sum up, to conclude.7表示強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系常用的表達(dá)方法有： anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, indeed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt8表示空間順序常用的表達(dá)方法有：beyond, above, under, nearby, outside, in here, across, close to, on(to, at

46、)the left(right), ahead of, in front of, above, from, adjacent to, against, around, at the bottom, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, close at hand, close to down, far, farther, in the center of, in the distance, in the middle of, nearby, near to, next to, on the opposite side, opposit

47、e to, on top of , over, under, up等。附錄：丁雪明教師獨(dú)家總結(jié)考研英語完形填空詞匯精粹1. abate/decline/decrease/lessen/diminish2. abandon/desert/forsake/betray3. abide/bear/stand/tolerate4. ability/petence/capacity5. abduct/capture/kidnap/seize6.abrasion/erosion/corrosion/destruction7.absence/presence/lack/want8.absurd/funny/

48、ridiculous/stupid9.college/university/school/institute10. acceptable/suitable/appropriate/fit11. access/admission/approach/entrance/gateway12. accident/incidence/event/occurrence/incident13. acmodation/boarding/lodging/provision14. acplish/achieve/provision15. accord/conform/confer/endow16. account/

49、check/statement17. accumulate/collect/gather/amass/assemble18. accuse/blame/charge19. ache/pain/hurt/grief20. acknowledge/admit/confess/avow21. acquaint/inform/notify/enlighten22. acquire/achieve/gain/attain23. acute/intense/strong/violent24. action/act/activity25. acute/keen/sharp/penetrating26. ad

50、apt/adjust/alter/suit/acmodate/reconcile27. additional/extra/supplementary/subsidiary28. adequate/enough/sufficient/ample29. adhere/attach/cling/fasten30. admiration/adoration/affection/appreciation31. adolescent/teenager/youth/youngster32. adore/beautify/decorate33. adventure/danger/venture/risk34.

51、 advocate/support/propose/uphold35. affair/business/matter/thing36. afford/sustain/provide/offer37. agitate/stir/provide/offer38. agony/distress/misery/grief39. aggression/attack/invasion/violation40. aim/goal/object/purpose41. alleviate/soothe/relieve/palliate42. alliance/association/connection43.

52、alone/lone/lonely/lonesome/desolate/isolated44. allowance/pay/wage/ine/salary45. almost/nearly/about/approximately46. alter/modify/adjust/adapt47. alternative/selection/choice48. although/though/while/however49. altitude/elevation/height50. amaze/astonish/bewilder/surprise51. ambiguous/obscure/vague

53、/doubtful52. amusement/entertainment/pastime/relaxation/enjoyment53. anger/indignation/rage/fury54. annoyance/nuisance/irritation/trouble55. announce/declare/inform/notify56. anticipate/expect/predict/look forward to57. appraisal/evaluation/assessment58. appreciable/considerable/marked/appreciative5

54、9. amend/correct/modify/revise60. applaud/cheer/greet/hail61. argue/debate/dispute/ discuss62. arouse/excite/encourage/inspire63. arise/appear/occur/happen/take place64. assault/attack/strike/offend/condemn65. assume/presume/propose66. assure/ensure/insure67. astonish/amaze/astound/surprise68. attac

55、k/assail/assault69. avoid/evade/shun/shrink70. available/handy/convenient71. avenge/revenge/retaliate/vindicate72. ban/forbid/prohibit73. award/goal/prize/reward74. awkward/clumsy/unskillful/embarrassed75. bare/empty/vacant/void76. begin/initiate/launch/stimulate77. beloved/precious/cherished/adored78. believe/consider/deem