課時(shí)達(dá)標(biāo)(三十二) Unit 2 Robots建議時(shí)間/35分鐘 (見學(xué)用課時(shí)P75) 閱讀理解A課標(biāo)話題人與社會(huì)·科技發(fā)展與信息技術(shù)創(chuàng)新體裁說明文詞數(shù) 263難度 Traditionally, robots have been hard, made of metal and other rigid material. But a team of scientists at Harvard University in the US has managed to build an entirely soft robotone that draws inspiration from an octopus(章魚)Described in science journal Nature, the “Octobot” could pave the way for more effective autonomous robots that could be used in search，rescue and exploration. “The Octobot is a minimal system which may serve as a foundation for a new generation of completely soft, autonomous robots，” the study's authors wrote.Robots built for precise, repetitive movements in a controlled environment don't do so well on rough terrains(地形) or in unpredictable conditions. And they aren't especially safe around humans, because they're made out of hard and heavy parts that could be potentially dangerous to their users.So researchers have been working on building soft robots for decades. They've taken inspiration from nature, looking to animals from jellyfish to cockroaches, which are often made up of more flexible matter.But creating a completely soft robot remains a challenge. Even if engineers build a silicone(硅酮) body, it's still a grand challenge to construct flexible versions of essential parts, such as a source of power.“Although soft robotics is still in its early stage, it holds great promise for several applications, such as search­and­rescue operations and exploration，” Barbara Mazzolai and Virgilio Mattoli of the Italian Institute of Technology's Center for Micro­BioRobotics, wrote in a comment. “Soft robots might also open up new approaches to improving wellness and quality of life.”語篇導(dǎo)讀科學(xué)家受到章魚的啟發(fā)，制造了軟體機(jī)器人，本文介紹了這種機(jī)器人的研發(fā)過程、用處及局限等。1What's the special feature of “Octobot”？AIt's soft. BIt's made of metal.CIt's very small. DIt looks like an octopus.解析 A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，“Octobot”是一種可以用作軟體機(jī)器人基礎(chǔ)部件的微型系統(tǒng)，據(jù)此可知，“Octobot”的特點(diǎn)是柔軟，故選A項(xiàng)。2What's the disadvantage of traditional robots?AThey're hard to control. BThey're too heavy to move.CThey can't predict conditions. DThey can't behave well all the time.解析 D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段可知，傳統(tǒng)機(jī)器人無法在崎嶇的地形上很好地運(yùn)行，它們還可能對(duì)人造成傷害；據(jù)此可推知，傳統(tǒng)機(jī)器人并非總是運(yùn)行良好，故選D項(xiàng)。3One of the biggest challenges is to build Octobot's _.Asilicone body Bcomplex componentsCprecise movements Dflexible power source解析 D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第二句可知，制造柔韌性強(qiáng)的關(guān)鍵部件仍然面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)，如提供動(dòng)力的部件，故選D項(xiàng)。4What's the possible application of “Octobot”？AMedical research. BLife rescue.CMachine operation. DHouse cleaning.解析 B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句可知，盡管軟體機(jī)器人開發(fā)還處于早期階段，但它極可能應(yīng)用于諸如搜索救援和探險(xiǎn)等活動(dòng)，故選B項(xiàng)。B課標(biāo)話題人與社會(huì)·科技發(fā)展與信息技術(shù)創(chuàng)新體裁說明文詞數(shù) 331難度 You'll probably never go to Mars or sing on the stage with the Rolling Stones. But if virtual reality(VR) ever lives up to its promise, you might be able to do all these thingsand many morewithout even leaving your home. Unlike real reality, virtual reality means simulating(模仿) bits of our world. Apart from games and entertainment, it's long been used for training airline pilots and surgeons and for helping scientists to figure out complex problems such as the structure of protein molecules(分子). Then how does it work?Close your eyes and think of virtual reality and you probably picture something like this: a man wearing a wrap­around headset(耳機(jī)) and data gloves, wired into a powerful workstation or supercomputer. What distinguishes VR from an ordinary computer experience is the nature of the input and output. Where an ordinary computer uses things like a keyboard, mouse, or speech recognition for input, VR uses sensors that detect how your body is moving. And where a PC displays output on a screen, VR uses two screens (one for each eye), surround­sound speakers, and maybe some forms of touch and body feedback as well.VR has been routinely used by scientists, doctors, dentists, engineers, architects, archaeologists, and the military for about the last 30 years. Difficult and dangerous jobs are hard to train for. How can you safely practice taking a trip to space, making a parachute jump, or carrying out brain surgery? All these things are obvious candidates for virtual reality applications.Like any technology, virtual reality has both good and bad points. Critics always raise the risk that people may be addicted to alternative realities to the point of ignoring their real­world livesbut that criticism has been leveled at everything from radio and TV to computer games and the Internet. Like many technologies, VR takes little or nothing away from the real world: you don't have to use it if you don't want to.語篇導(dǎo)讀本文主要介紹了虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)(VR)的相關(guān)信息以及人們對(duì)這一技術(shù)的看法。5What equipment do we probably need for virtual reality?AA keyboard, a headset and a supercomputer.BA headset, data gloves and a supercomputer.CA headset, data gloves and a speech recognition.DA keyboard, a mouse and a speech recognition.解析 B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句可知，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)需要耳機(jī)、數(shù)據(jù)手套，以及強(qiáng)大的工作站或超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)，故選B項(xiàng)。6What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?AThe advantages of virtual reality.BThe influences of virtual reality.CThe importance of virtual reality.DThe applications of virtual reality.解析 D主旨大意題。第三段第一句講到當(dāng)前應(yīng)用VR的領(lǐng)域，后面講到VR在將來可能應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域，由此可知，第三段主要講VR的應(yīng)用，故選D項(xiàng)。7What is the writer's attitude towards VR?ACautious. BAppreciative. CDoubtful. DUninterested.解析 B觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章最后一句可知，作者對(duì)于批評(píng)者的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了反擊，由此推斷出，作者對(duì)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)的態(tài)度傾向于認(rèn)同，故選B項(xiàng)。8According to the passage, virtual reality means _.Aexperiencing things that don't really existBcreating something that doesn't existCimagining beautiful things in our mindDcloning something that has died out解析 A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段可知，我們不需要離開家就可以去火星，因?yàn)樘摂M現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)可以模仿現(xiàn)實(shí)世界讓你去體驗(yàn)，故選A項(xiàng)。 七選五課標(biāo)話題人與自我·認(rèn)識(shí)自我體裁說明文詞數(shù) 196難度 (2019·正定中學(xué)?？?Mourning the loss of your full head of hair? We have some good news for you! _1_ According to a new research, people tend to consider bald(禿頭的) men as more dominant, stronger and taller than those with hair.In a study, participants rated photos of men with hair and men with shaved heads according to levels of dominance and agreeability. _2_ Besides, when participants saw pictures of the same men with hair and with their hair digitally removed, the latter were considered as more dominant, taller and stronger than they truly were.What gives? _3_ It is just like people with deeper voices are seen as more competent and trustworthy. In US. society, shaved heads are often found on men in traditionally male professions, so dominance may appear through stereotypical(模式化觀念的) associations with these figures.The researcher's advice: If age has caused you to start losing your hair, you might consider shaving your head completely. _4_Instead of spending millions each year trying to cure their hair loss, the theory of this research to men experiencing male pattern baldness is to shave their heads. _5_ If so, these natural hair loss treatments are definitely worth a try.AA full head of hair is not as good as you thought.BBeing bare up there could actually be a huge plus.CThen you can spend more money on other valuables.DDoing so could actually increase your reliability with others.EStill, we don't blame you if you're holding out hope of a full head of hair.FTurns out, the bald men were considered more dominant than the hairy ones.GThese results suggest our culture usually considers baldness a sign of maturity and leadership!語篇導(dǎo)讀本文主要介紹了一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：人們傾向于認(rèn)為禿頭的男性更強(qiáng)壯、高大、有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力。1解析 B順承關(guān)系。B項(xiàng)中的Being bare up和上文中的the loss of your full head of hair相呼應(yīng)，a huge plus也與空后內(nèi)容一致，故選B項(xiàng)。2解析 F順承關(guān)系。根據(jù)語境可知，空處應(yīng)是對(duì)研究結(jié)果的說明，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)(結(jié)果是，禿頭的人被認(rèn)為比頭發(fā)濃密的人更有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力)與上下文銜接緊密，故選F項(xiàng)。3解析 G詮釋關(guān)系。根據(jù)下文可知，空處會(huì)提到產(chǎn)生這種認(rèn)知的原因，G項(xiàng)(這些結(jié)果表明我們的文化通常認(rèn)為禿頭是成熟和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的標(biāo)志)符合語境，故選G項(xiàng)。4解析 D條件關(guān)系。分析語境及選項(xiàng)可知，D項(xiàng)中的Doing so指的就是上句中的shaving your head，故選D項(xiàng)。5解析 E轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。根據(jù)語境可知，空處前后存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，E項(xiàng)中的if you're holding out hope of a full head of hair與下文中的If so相呼應(yīng)，故選E項(xiàng)。 語法填空課標(biāo)話題人與自然·自然科學(xué)研究成果體裁議論文詞數(shù) 219難度 Over the last 200 years, many people claim to have seen a hairy, human­like creature known as the Yeti in the foothills of the Himalayas.Some reports mention the creature's 1._(frighten) behaviour when it felt threatened. Others describe it as a shy, gentle creature 2._ disappeared immediately. However, no one has ever been able to confirm any of these sightings, so questions about the creature's 3._(exist) continue. In addition, the motives of some people who claim to have seen the creature may be questionable since a lot of money can 4._(make) from selling a good story to a newspaper or magazine. So is the Yeti real or not?If the Yeti does genuinely exist, we are faced with an interesting dilemma: should we try 5._(find) it or leave it in peace? This is a moral question. Despite the good intentions of researchers who investigate the Yeti's existence, 6._(discover) the creature could cause a conflict between it 7._ humans. This conflict might even be fatal to the Yeti. 8._(unfortunate), when a new animal is discovered, it is quite likely that some people will try to make a profit from it 9._ a harmful way. Governments should adopt laws to protect wild 10._(creature) like the Yeti and prevent people from disturbing them for personal gain.語篇導(dǎo)讀本文討論了雪人Yeti存在的可能性以及人們尋找雪人可能引發(fā)的問題。1frightening解析 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意：一些報(bào)道提及了這個(gè)生物遭受威脅時(shí)的一些可怕的行為?？仗幾鞫ㄕZ修飾名詞，表示“令人害怕的”，故填形容詞frightening。2that/which解析 考查引導(dǎo)詞。空處指代creature，在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，故填that或which。3existence解析 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。空前有名詞所有格，后有謂語動(dòng)詞，故應(yīng)填名詞。4be made解析 考查語態(tài)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處為從句的謂語；從句主語a lot of money與make之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，前有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can，故填be made。5to find解析 考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：我們應(yīng)該努力找到它還是留給它一份安寧？try to do sth努力做某事。6discovering解析 考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處應(yīng)填非謂語動(dòng)詞，與the creature一起作主語，此處表示一般性的動(dòng)作，故用動(dòng)名詞。7and解析 考查并列連詞。句意：發(fā)現(xiàn)這種生物可能會(huì)引起它和人類之間的矛盾。betweenand在和之間，為固定搭配。8Unfortunately解析 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。此處作狀語修飾后面的句子，故應(yīng)用副詞形式。9in解析 考查介詞。in a(n)way以一種方式，為固定搭配。10creatures解析 考查名詞的數(shù)。creature為可數(shù)名詞，前面僅有修飾詞wild，故應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。7