專(zhuān)題06 定語(yǔ)從句易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1 關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的混用1. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, Is there a hospital around _ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand？A. thatB. whichC. whereD. what【錯(cuò)因分析】容易誤選 B，認(rèn)為 around是介詞，選 which用以代替前面的名詞 hospital，在此用作介詞 around的賓語(yǔ)。【參考答案】 C2. She says that shell never forget the time _ shes spent working as a secretary in our company.A. whichB. whenC. howD. where【錯(cuò)因分析】容易誤選 B，機(jī)械地認(rèn)為時(shí)間名詞后必須用關(guān)系副詞when，地點(diǎn)名詞后用關(guān)系副詞 where?！驹囶}解析】在時(shí)間名詞和地點(diǎn)名詞后是否用關(guān)系副詞要看它在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)什么句子成分。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，若用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系代詞；若用作狀語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系副詞。該題中的動(dòng)詞 spent缺賓語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 which或 that?！緟⒖即鸢浮緼1.定語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，起定詞作用， 修飾名詞或代詞2.定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞的三種功用:( 1)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句(2)替代先行詞(3)在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。3.解題要領(lǐng):根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中所缺成分來(lái)確定是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞，決不要因先行詞是時(shí)間名詞就用when，是地點(diǎn)名詞就用where。1.【2018·江蘇】Self-driving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.A. that B. whereC. which D. when【答案】B2. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work.A. where B. whichC. whenD. who【解析】 句意：公司老板正盡力創(chuàng)造一種輕松的氣氛，在這種氣氛中，其員工喜歡他們的工作。句中先行詞為atmosphere，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用關(guān)系副詞where。根據(jù)句意可知選A。【答案】 A【名師點(diǎn)睛】定語(yǔ)從句是高考重點(diǎn)考查知識(shí)之一，分析定語(yǔ)從句需要牢牢抓住兩點(diǎn)：第一、找準(zhǔn)先行詞。第二、看先行詞在從句中所作的成分。抓住這兩點(diǎn)，再根據(jù)句意，從而能夠判斷出正確的關(guān)系詞。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2 關(guān)系代詞who、whom、whose的誤用The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ lives were affected.A. whose B. that C. who D. whom【錯(cuò)因分析】此題易誤選C。關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題是沒(méi)有弄清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，不知道先行詞是哪一個(gè)，或者是不知道關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作何成分?！驹囶}解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞指人且在句中作定語(yǔ)修飾其后的名詞lives， 所以用whose。句意為：這本書(shū)以那些生活受到地震影響的人們的眼光講述了這次地震的許多故事?！緟⒖即鸢浮緼對(duì)于定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞的考查，首先要確定從句是什么類(lèi)型的從句，然后再分析關(guān)系詞在從句中的成分，最后選擇正確的詞。要求考生具有一定的句子分析能力，和理解能力。如果缺少主賓表，要用that或which，缺少狀語(yǔ)用關(guān)系副詞when，where，why，缺少定語(yǔ)用whose。1.【2018·天津】Kae, _sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.A. whom B. thatC. whose D. her【答案】C2. A company _profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. A. which B. whose C. who D. why 【解析】這是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，a company 是先行詞，profit和 a company是所屬關(guān)系，所以要用關(guān)系代詞whose。句意：在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)利潤(rùn)減少的公司可能會(huì)尋求國(guó)外發(fā)展的機(jī)會(huì)。故答案選B。【答案】 B易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3 關(guān)系代詞that和which的誤用（2017·新課標(biāo)卷II·短文改錯(cuò)）In their spare time, they are interesting（改為interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.【錯(cuò)因分析】 此題錯(cuò)誤的原因在于不清楚that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句?！驹囶}解析】非限制性定語(yǔ)從句需要用which引導(dǎo)，故將that改為which。【參考答案】 that改為which只用which，不能用that的情況（1） 在介詞提前到關(guān)系代詞之前形成介詞關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)修飾表事物的先行詞時(shí)， 關(guān)系代詞必須用which.如：The house in which we live is very large. 我們住的房子非常大。這就是老師正在談及的那本參考書(shū)。注意： 如果介詞不放在修飾事物的限定性定語(yǔ)從句的句首， which就可換為that， 如： This is the question which/that weve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which weve had so much discussion. 這就是我們已經(jīng)多次討論過(guò)的問(wèn)題。（2） 先行詞為those表事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)， 關(guān)系代詞通常只用which而不用that。如：Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 學(xué)生應(yīng)牢記那些規(guī)范自己的行為準(zhǔn)則。A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 書(shū)店應(yīng)該經(jīng)營(yíng)新出版的各種暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)。（3）當(dāng)先行詞指物，關(guān)系詞在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞只能用which，而不用that。1.【2018·北京】She and her family bicycle to work, _ helps them keep fit.A. which B. who C. as D. that【答案】A2.（2017·新課標(biāo)卷I·語(yǔ)法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.【解析】句意：很可能攝入過(guò)多的脂肪和鹽，那對(duì)健康沒(méi)有好處。分析可知which is not good for the health為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是前面的整句話?！敬鸢浮?which易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)4 介詞后接關(guān)系代詞的誤用 (2017·江蘇卷·單項(xiàng)填空) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【錯(cuò)因分析】此題易誤選A，原因是沒(méi)有搞清楚，先行詞是哪個(gè)，關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作什么成分。【參考答案】 C 使用介詞關(guān)系代詞要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：(一)選用介詞的依據(jù)：(1) 根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配習(xí)慣(即固定短語(yǔ))。(2) 根據(jù)先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣(約定俗成，不一定是短語(yǔ))。(3) 根據(jù)句子的意思來(lái)選擇。(4) 表示所有關(guān)系或整體中的一部分時(shí)，通常用介詞of。(二)在定語(yǔ)從句中，含介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不可拆開(kāi)使用(短語(yǔ)拆開(kāi)后含義發(fā)生變化)，如look after, look for等。(三)of which / whom有時(shí)可以用whose名詞結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)改寫(xiě)。(四)當(dāng)先行詞為way并且定語(yǔ)從句中缺少狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用in which或that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句(in which或that可省略)；如果定語(yǔ)從句中不缺少狀語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)(that 或which 可省略)。(五)in that不可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。二、介詞關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的轉(zhuǎn)化(1)當(dāng)先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)，此時(shí)也可選用表示地點(diǎn)的介詞which來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞where。(2) 當(dāng)先行詞表示時(shí)間，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)，此時(shí)也可選用表示時(shí)間的介詞which來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞when。(3) 當(dāng)先行詞為reason，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少表示原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)，此時(shí)也可以用for which來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞why。（2016 江蘇卷·單項(xiàng)填空）Many young people, most _were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.A. of whichB. of themC. of whomD. of those【答案】 C易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)5 定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別News came from the school office _ Wang Lin had been admitted to Peking University.A. which           B. that         C. what             D. where【錯(cuò)因分析】此題易誤選D。錯(cuò)誤的原因在于把_ Wang Lin had been admitted to Peking University當(dāng)成了定語(yǔ)從句，空處為關(guān)系副詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)?！驹囶}解析】本題屬于分割式同位語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)came較短，同位語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)，名詞和同位語(yǔ)從句被from the school office 分開(kāi)，that 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University解釋news的內(nèi)容，在句中起引導(dǎo)作用，沒(méi)有具體的意思。故選B?！緟⒖即鸢浮?B定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：1. 被修飾的詞不同：同位語(yǔ)從句的前面一般是數(shù)量有限的、表示抽象意義的名詞；而定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是無(wú)數(shù)的指人或物名詞。2. 從句的作用不同：同位語(yǔ)從句表示同位名詞的具體內(nèi)容，而定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞的限制、描繪或說(shuō)明。3. 引導(dǎo)詞不同：what, how, whether等不能用引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但可用于引導(dǎo)同位從句。4. 引導(dǎo)詞的作用不同：引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的that是連詞，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分；而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that為關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。5. 判定定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的方法：由于同位語(yǔ)從句是用以說(shuō)明被修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，所它可以轉(zhuǎn)換同位名詞的表語(yǔ)；而定語(yǔ)從句則不能作這種轉(zhuǎn)換。 The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief you are better than anyone else on the sports field.A. how    B. thatC. whichD. whether【答案】B易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)6 定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別（2016·天津卷·單項(xiàng)填空）You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel_ the coach picks up tourists.A. whoB. whichC. whereD. that【錯(cuò)因分析】此題易誤選C。錯(cuò)誤的原因在于沒(méi)有弄清楚這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，而把它當(dāng)作了定語(yǔ)從句?！驹囶}解析】考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句。句意：你在一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的地方等待。大客車(chē)是在旅店接送游客的。使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句，結(jié)構(gòu)是：It is/was+強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that+其余部分，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人，也可以用who，這句話強(qiáng)調(diào)的是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)at the hotel。故選D?！緟⒖即鸢浮?D定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)名詞或代詞的修飾和限制，關(guān)系詞可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而強(qiáng)調(diào)句型是對(duì)某部分加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣的連接詞只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 沒(méi)有任何意義；一般比較明顯，而有時(shí)就難以區(qū)別，還需要根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷。它究竟是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型還是定語(yǔ)從句，就要從語(yǔ)境上來(lái)考查。如果它是用來(lái)回答What is this / that? 這樣的問(wèn)題，意思是：它是一本他想要的書(shū)。句子顯然是定語(yǔ)從句。如果是用來(lái)回答What does he want? 這樣的問(wèn)題，那么意思是：他想要的是一本書(shū)。顯然，句子是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。1.【2018·天津】It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house _we saw Lily in the passenger seat.A. which B. thatC. when D. where【答案】B2. Where did the professor made the speech yesterday?It was in the hall _ the students often have a meeting _ the professor made the speech yesterday.A. that；whichB. where；thatC. that；whenD. where；when【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句的用法。在第一空處是定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是the hall，關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，所以此處應(yīng)用where；第二空處是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，所以此處應(yīng)用that?！敬鸢浮緽易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)7 關(guān)系代詞as和which的區(qū)別He has made as much progress _ is enough for him to be admitted to Fudan University.A.asB.thatC.whatD.which【錯(cuò)因分析】 此題對(duì)于B、D兩項(xiàng)都可能誤選，錯(cuò)誤原因在于沒(méi)有弄清楚先行詞被as修飾，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞要用as引導(dǎo)?！緟⒖即鸢浮?A 關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的不同點(diǎn)1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能位于主句之后。2. 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，which后的be動(dòng)詞不可??；而as后的be動(dòng)詞可以省略。3. which在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)可用各類(lèi)動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)；而as作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)常用系動(dòng)詞，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行為動(dòng)詞。4. as常用正如含義，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有as we know（眾所周知）；as often happens（正如常發(fā)生的那樣）；as is often the case（情況常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我們看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。這些結(jié)構(gòu)常放句首，偶爾也可以放句中或句末。5. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，which可指代主句中的某一個(gè)單詞，as不可以。6. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞（介賓代物）中關(guān)系代詞只能用which。7. 從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否定形式時(shí)，常用which。 The number of smokers，_is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.A.itB.whichC.whatD.as【答案】D一、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞基本用法根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的不同用法，可分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞主要有who, whom, which, that, whose等，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等；關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where, why等，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。具體用法如下：1.關(guān)系代詞的用法當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，若它在從句中作主語(yǔ)，則用who；若它在從句作賓語(yǔ)，則用whom或who；若它在從句中作定語(yǔ)，則用whose。如：The man who told me this refused to tell me his name. 告訴我這事的人不肯告訴我他的名字。The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about it. 你拿了那個(gè)女人的傘，她非常生氣。當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，若在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，則用which；若它在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)用，則用of which或whose。如：I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在報(bào)上看到一樣可能使你感興趣的東西。Hes written a book the name of which (whose name) Ive forgotten. 他寫(xiě)了一本書(shū)，書(shū)名我給忘了。2.關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where, why等，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，分別表示時(shí)間、在點(diǎn)和原因。when主要放在time, day, years, season, age, occasion等時(shí)間的名詞后；where主要放在place, city, town, village, house等地點(diǎn)名詞后；why則通常只放在reason后。如()：Wednesday is the day when the shops are not open in the afternoon. 星期三下午商店不開(kāi)門(mén)。Give me one reason why we should help you. 給我舉出一個(gè)我們應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助你的理由。要特別注意，activity, case, point, even, situation, job, organization, position等抽象名詞后接where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法(這是近幾年高考的一個(gè)新熱點(diǎn))。如：I dont want a job where Im chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐辦公桌前的工作。Today, well discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天，我們將討論一些英語(yǔ)初學(xué)者對(duì)英語(yǔ)使用不當(dāng)?shù)膯?wèn)題。The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely. 治療將會(huì)持續(xù)到病人可以正常且安全地行走。If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it. 你如果拿重要的東西去冒險(xiǎn)，那你就是將它置于一種可能會(huì)失去它的危險(xiǎn)境地。二、使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的情況：1. 關(guān)系代詞指代整個(gè)主句時(shí)，使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。You did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你為我做了許多，對(duì)此我很感激。The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 眾所周知，釣魚(yú)島屬于中國(guó)。A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一個(gè)中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫,這令我十分恐懼。2. 當(dāng)先行詞指的是世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物或人名地名等專(zhuān)有名詞時(shí)，使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。China, which is my motherland, is developing fast. 中國(guó)是我的祖國(guó)，正在快速發(fā)展。Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年結(jié)婚了，他是明星。Last Sunday they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他們上周日到達(dá)南京，有個(gè)會(huì)議要在那里舉行。3. 當(dāng)先行詞指的是某人只有一個(gè)親屬（son，daughter等）時(shí)，使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。He has a daughter, who is studying in London. 他有個(gè)女兒，現(xiàn)在正在倫敦學(xué)習(xí)。（只有一個(gè)女兒）This is my teacher, who has something to tell you. 這是我的老師，他有一些事情要告訴你。三、限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別1. 形式不同 限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句和從句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，口語(yǔ)中使用時(shí)也不停頓；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間通常有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，口語(yǔ)中使用時(shí)有停頓。 2. 功能不同 限制性定語(yǔ)從句用于對(duì)先行詞的意義進(jìn)行修飾、限制和識(shí)別，如果去掉，就會(huì)造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句用于對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。People who take physical exercise live longer. 進(jìn)行體育鍛煉的人活得長(zhǎng)些。(若把從句去掉句子就失去意義) His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓，下星期回來(lái)。(若把從句去掉，句子意義仍然完整) 3. 翻譯不同 在翻譯定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，一般把限制性定語(yǔ)從句翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞之前，而把非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句分開(kāi)。He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽車(chē)被竊的那個(gè)人。 Ive invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀請(qǐng)了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。 4. 含義不同 比較下面的兩個(gè)句子： I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一個(gè)醫(yī)生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一個(gè)) I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一個(gè)姐姐，她是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。(只有一個(gè)姐姐) 5. 先行詞不同 限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞只能是名詞或代詞，而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞則可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是短語(yǔ)或句子；另外，當(dāng)先行詞為專(zhuān)有名詞或其他具有獨(dú)一無(wú)二性的普通名詞時(shí)，通常要用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，而不用限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得開(kāi)車(chē)很快，這是很危險(xiǎn)的。(which指drive too fast) He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。(which指整個(gè)主句)Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我們的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行詞為專(zhuān)有名詞，要用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾) Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父親很有錢(qián)，希望她出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)。(先行詞為表獨(dú)一無(wú)二意義的普通名詞，要用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾) 6. 關(guān)系詞不同 關(guān)系詞that和why可用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，通常不用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；另外，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系詞有時(shí)可以省略，而在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系詞一律不能省略。四、介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：介詞關(guān)系代詞的用法當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們通常用介詞關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如果指人，用介詞whom；如果指物，用介詞which。 介詞關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選用1.一般來(lái)說(shuō)，確定關(guān)系代詞前的介詞，可以從以下三方面入手：先行詞的意義；從句中的動(dòng)詞或形容詞與先行詞的固定搭配；句子的意思。Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記孩童時(shí)代我在鄉(xiāng)村度過(guò)的時(shí)光。2.表示整體和部分關(guān)系，介詞常用of。在some，any，few，none，all，both，neither，most，each等代詞或數(shù)詞的前、后可以用of which/whom。John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are family members.約翰邀請(qǐng)了大約40人參加他的婚禮，他們當(dāng)中絕大部分是家庭成員。3.有時(shí)介詞where可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)要和介詞which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句從意思上加以區(qū)別。His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.他的頭很快從窗口探了出來(lái)，從那里除了樹(shù)木他什么也看不到。(from where相當(dāng)于from out of the window，而不是from the window)在定語(yǔ)從句中，含介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不可拆開(kāi)使用(短語(yǔ)拆開(kāi)后含義發(fā)生變化)，如look after, look for等。of which / whom有時(shí)可以用whose名詞結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)改寫(xiě)。當(dāng)先行詞為way并且定語(yǔ)從句中缺少狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用in which或that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句(in which或that可省略)；如果定語(yǔ)從句中不缺少狀語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)(that 或which 可省略)。 五、關(guān)系代詞只用that而不用 which的情況1.先行詞是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代詞或先行詞被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等詞修飾。All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有來(lái)自農(nóng)村的人工作都更努力得多。2.先行詞被序數(shù)詞、 形容詞最高級(jí)、 the only， the very， the last等修飾時(shí)， 關(guān)系代詞通常只用that， 不用which.如：The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我讀的第一本英文小說(shuō)是城市。This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 這是我見(jiàn)過(guò)的最激動(dòng)人心的足球比賽之一。This is the only thing that we can do now. 這是我們現(xiàn)在惟一能做的事情。3.先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)， 關(guān)系代詞只用that， 不用which.如：The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我們所有人都?xì)J佩你告訴我的那位科學(xué)家和他所取得的成就。The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. 外國(guó)游客高度贊揚(yáng)了他們?cè)谏倌陮m所看到的少先隊(duì)員以及他們的表演。4.關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)并帶有類(lèi)比含義時(shí)， 通常只用that， 不用which.如：He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是過(guò)去的那位明星了。Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我們的學(xué)校不再是以前的那所學(xué)校了。5.句中其他位置已出現(xiàn)which， 為避免重復(fù)， 不用which而用that引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句。如： Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超過(guò)我們的是哪輛車(chē)？1. (2018·新課標(biāo)卷I·語(yǔ)法填空)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.【答案】that/which【解析】that或which 考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。此處a study是先行詞，其在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，故填that或which。2. (2018·新課標(biāo)卷II·語(yǔ)法填空)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started a soil-testing program _69_ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.【答案】that/which 3.（2018·新課標(biāo)II卷·短文改錯(cuò)）They also had a small pond which they raised fish.【答案】which前加in 或which改為where 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。他們還有一個(gè)小池塘，里面養(yǎng)著魚(yú)。此處a small pond是先行詞，其在后面的定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用in which或where。4. （2017·新課標(biāo)卷III·語(yǔ)法填空）But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.【答案】 who5.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I·語(yǔ)法填空）But my connection with pandas goes back 64（to） my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter 66（permitted） (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 【答案】when【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。后面是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，從句中缺少狀語(yǔ)，又因先行詞是時(shí)間，故填when。6. (2017·新課標(biāo)卷III·短文改錯(cuò))Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.【答案】 theythat/which 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。they不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)橹复鷗hings，所以把they改為that或者which。7.(2017·北京卷·單項(xiàng)填空）The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.A. that B. as C. where D. when 【答案】A【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞是 the little problems, 在從句中作 meet的賓語(yǔ)，故選關(guān)系代詞that。句意：我們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪杏龅降哪切┬?wèn)題有可能會(huì)成為偉大發(fā)明的靈感。8.Among the many dangers_ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.A. which B. what C. where D. when 【答案】A【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，_sailors have to face 是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the many dangers，且從句缺少賓語(yǔ)，要用關(guān)系代詞。 因此A選項(xiàng)正確。句意為 在水手不得不面對(duì)的許多危險(xiǎn)中，可能最大的是霧霾。9.（2016·天津卷·單項(xiàng)填空）We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, the weather may be better.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when【答案】D【解析】句意：我們將把公園的野餐推遲到下個(gè)星期，那時(shí)天氣可能會(huì)更好。這是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是next week，定語(yǔ)從句缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，所以用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)。故選D。10.Experiments with domestic dogs, one animal was given a treat and another denied, have shown that they possess a sense of fairness as they shared their treats.A. whatB. whereC. thatD. which【答案】B11.(2017·天津卷·單項(xiàng)填空)My eldest son, _ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.A. that B. whose C. his D. who【答案】B【解析】 考查定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處缺少非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，且與其后名詞有所屬關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用whose引導(dǎo)。句意：我大兒子目前在紐約，他的工作讓他全世界到處跑。12.You must learn to read people, _ will be necessary if you work in a team.A. whoB. that C. whichD. what【答案】C 【解析】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞的用法。句意：你必須學(xué)會(huì)如何看懂別人，如果你在一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)中工作的話，這一點(diǎn)會(huì)很有必要。這里空處指代整個(gè)前面句子的意思在從句中作主語(yǔ)，且有逗號(hào)與前句隔開(kāi)，因此要用which，故選C。13. Dad, lets go white-water rafting!Ok. But equip yourself first. It is not such an easy job _ it looks.A.asB.whichC.thatD.what【答案】A 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：爸爸，我們?nèi)グ桌似靼?。好的，但是首先要裝備好。這不像看起來(lái)的那么容易。使用定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是such an easy job，定語(yǔ)從句缺少表語(yǔ)，用as引導(dǎo)。故選A。14. _ is known to us all, failure usually results from laziness while diligence can result in success.A.WhatB.WhichC.AsD.When【答案】C 15. Pointing to the house on _ roof grew lots of bushes, the old man told me that was _ I would stay.A. its；whatB. whose；whatC. whose；whereD. its；where【答案】C 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。句意：老人指著那個(gè)屋頂上長(zhǎng)著許多灌木的房子對(duì)我說(shuō)，那就是我將要待的地方。house是先行詞，與roof是所屬關(guān)系，故用whose引導(dǎo)；that was _ I would stay是told的賓語(yǔ)從句，該從句中that是主語(yǔ)，_ I would stay是表語(yǔ)從句，從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，所以用where引導(dǎo)。16. _seems to be no possibility_Bob can win first prize in the match.A.There; thatB.It; thatC.There; whetherD.It; whether【答案】A 【解析】考查there be結(jié)構(gòu)和it作形式主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。第一空為there be句式，故用There；第二空的that引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句，用來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明possibility的具體內(nèi)容。17. _he told Toms parents was the news _Tom had been admitted to a key university, _, of course, made them feel very excited.A.What; which; whichB.That; that; whichC.What; that; whichD.That; that; what【答案】C 18. （2017·浙江卷·語(yǔ)法填空）Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 64 it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生長(zhǎng)) through it.【答案】where 【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，所填詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，先行詞為the garden，表示地點(diǎn)，故填關(guān)系副詞where。19. （2018·浙江卷·語(yǔ)法填空）Many westerners 57 come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.【答案】who/that 【解析】考查關(guān)系代詞。句中包含定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是westerners指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系代詞who/that引導(dǎo)，故填who/that。20. （2017·新課標(biāo)卷III·語(yǔ)法填空）I'm not sure _61_ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩）that suddenly appears out of nowhere. I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic.【答案】which/who 【解析】考查賓語(yǔ)從句。句意：我不確定哪一個(gè)/誰(shuí)更害怕，我，還是突然出現(xiàn)的雌性大猩猩。此處為賓語(yǔ)從句，空格處表示選擇，所以用which/who。_