第三講概要寫作李仕才典例展示(2016·浙江高考樣題)閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the King of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry ，King of France，was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the King ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit(好處) of dirt was longlived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War .Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: Clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many firsttime parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫學(xué)家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter(后者) position is gaining some ground.【參考范文】People have mixed opinions about dirt on our skin.(要點1) For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要點2) However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要點3) Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要點4)思路導(dǎo)航一、審題體裁議論文人稱第三人稱時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時為主要點1.第一段“However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”是本篇文章的主題句，亮明了總的觀點。2.第二段主要談?wù)摰氖窃?6世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為“dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”。3.第三段用“Though”引出人們對dirt觀點的轉(zhuǎn)變“.since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.”4.最后一段“On the contrary”引出專家的觀點，免疫學(xué)家認(rèn)為dirt有助于增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)。二、要點分析1文章第一段就是本篇文章的主題句，亮明了總的觀點：“However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”換句話說：“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.”再結(jié)合下文談到的主題可知“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin.”范文中的要點1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精練。2第二段主要談到了在16世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為“dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”尤以英、法兩國的貴族為代表。結(jié)合第三段第一句“Though the belief in the merit(好處) of dirt was longlived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.”可知，直到18世紀(jì)之前，人們都認(rèn)為dirt是很“友好的”，有助于預(yù)防疾病。范文中的要點2“For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地總結(jié)了這些要點。3第三段用“Though”引出人們對dirt觀點的轉(zhuǎn)變“.since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再結(jié)合本段最后一部分“Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea.”可得出要點3“However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”4文章最后一段第一句指出，現(xiàn)在人們對于dirt的態(tài)度還是有所不同，“On the contrary”引出專家的觀點，一位免疫學(xué)家認(rèn)為dirt有助于增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)。這一觀點得到了一些支持。范文中的要點4“Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表達(dá)很恰切。三、要點連接在寫完了要點之后，下一步的工作就是要把這些要點用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞進(jìn)行連接，使上下句之間具有連貫性。本篇文章整篇結(jié)構(gòu)是總分結(jié)構(gòu)，要點2和要點3在觀點上截然相反，因此，兩者之間需要表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連接詞，范文用了“However”恰到好處。要點3和要點4在觀點上又存在不同，因此，范文用了連接詞“Yet”。技法提導(dǎo)一、必備能力概要寫作是基于閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的有機(jī)結(jié)合體，是閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的溝通橋梁。這一題型主要考查學(xué)生對文章主旨大意的概括和準(zhǔn)確獲取關(guān)鍵詞的能力，同時考查學(xué)生用簡潔的語言概括文章重要信息的能力以及對文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力。因此考生必須具備以下三種能力：1要具有準(zhǔn)確理解文章的能力要看清楚文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)法反映出原文中的所有要點和作者的觀點。2要具有意義篩選的能力學(xué)會區(qū)分事實和觀點、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系。3要具有用英文解釋英文的能力用自己簡單的語言解釋比較復(fù)雜的語言文字，切記不可抄襲原文。二、寫作步驟1閱讀全文首先要通讀全文，對文章的體裁和大意有所了解。閱讀時要快速地找到主題句，以便抓住中心，理解全文?？忌€需要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容列出一個簡單的提綱，以便在寫作過程中不會遺漏要點，總結(jié)全面。2寫出初稿在寫作過程中，考生要注意詞數(shù)要求，使用精煉的句子概括文章的要點，可以引用所給閱讀材料的重要詞語，但不可過多，否則便失去了概要的意義；考生還需謹(jǐn)記：概要必須全面、清晰地表達(dá)所給閱讀材料的信息，客觀、準(zhǔn)確地反映所給閱讀材料的真實意圖，不可隨意添加或增減內(nèi)容。3修正定稿初稿完成后，要將其與所給閱讀材料核對一遍，看原材料中的要點是否在概要中都得到了體現(xiàn)，語句間的銜接是否符合邏輯，同時還需要檢查句子是否有錯誤，時態(tài)和語態(tài)的使用是否正確，標(biāo)點、格式、大小寫是否有誤等。通過細(xì)致的修正與調(diào)整，力爭使文章在各個方面都萬無一失。三、應(yīng)試技巧1議論文議論文類型的文章通常包括論點、論據(jù)和結(jié)論三部分，其關(guān)鍵是找出主題句或結(jié)論句。因此寫議論文的概要主要是找出主題句、支撐句和結(jié)論句。若文中有一分為二的觀點的，兩種觀點都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的觀點。概要模板：論點論據(jù)(結(jié)論)。議論文可用以下開頭語：The passage/author argues that.本文/作者主張The passage/author highlights the importance of.本文/作者強(qiáng)調(diào)了的重要性。The passage/author discusses the impact of.本文/作者討論了的影響。The passage/author compares.with.本文/作者比較了與2說明文此類文章通常會有中心句(多在首段)，寫概要時要注意找出中心句，抓住關(guān)鍵詞，然后重組文章的信息，用自己的話表述出來。不同類型的說明文的幾種參考模板：(1)描寫某事物的性質(zhì)功用。即“對象性質(zhì)功用利好 ”：(In the passage) the writer introduces.(對象) to us.(性質(zhì)或功用)(對象帶來的利好) (2)針對某個問題提出解決方法或措施。即“問題解決方法”：The passage tells us.(問題)(方法1)(方法2)(方法3)(3)介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因和結(jié)果。即“現(xiàn)象原因結(jié)果”：The author/writer said/talks about.(現(xiàn)象)(原因/本質(zhì)1)(原因/本質(zhì)2)(結(jié)果)說明文可用以下開頭語：According to the passage，we can know.根據(jù)文章我們可知This passage/article is mainly about.這篇文章主要是關(guān)于In the passage，the writer/author mainly tells us.在這篇文章中作者主要告訴我們A new study found.一個新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)The purpose of the report is to show.這一報告的目的是表明3記敘文記敘文的概要，一般包括記敘文的六個要素：找出時間(when)，地點(where)，什么人(who)，做了什么事(what)，原因是什么(why)，結(jié)果怎么樣(how)，也就是考生應(yīng)先通讀閱讀短文，找出這六個要素，然后用自己的話將這六個要素串成幾句話即可。當(dāng)然，不一定每篇記敘文都包含這六個要素，但某人做了某事，結(jié)果如何是應(yīng)當(dāng)包括的。如果是夾敘夾議的文章，作者對故事的內(nèi)容發(fā)表了議論，或指出了故事給人們的啟示的，我們概括時要加上這一內(nèi)容。因此，概要中一般應(yīng)包括：(1)誰做了什么？(who did what)(2)結(jié)果怎么樣？(what was the result)(3)文章揭示了什么？(包括作者的看法、觀點、感悟，或?qū)懽髂康?。假如原文沒有提及，概括時可以不寫)記敘文可用以下開頭語：The passage/story is mainly about.本文/這個故事主要是關(guān)于The author tells us a story about.作者告訴我們一個關(guān)于的故事The passage is a story about.本文是一個關(guān)于的故事According to the passage，we know.根據(jù)短文，我們知道四、概要寫作四項原則1概要寫作時，一定要使用第三人稱。2概要寫作時，一定不可加入自己的觀點。3概要寫作時，一定不可對原文內(nèi)容加以評論。4概要寫作時，一定不要引入與原文內(nèi)容無關(guān)的信息。實戰(zhàn)演練閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Are you shy? If you are，you are not alone.In fact，close to 50 percent of people are shy.Almost 80 percent of people feel shy at some point in their lives.These days，shyness is becoming more and more common.Now，scientists are trying to understand shyness.They have some interesting ideas about why people are shy.Is it possible to be born shy? Many scientists say yes.They say 15 to 20 percent of babies behave shyly.These babies are a little quieter and more watchful than other babies.Interestingly，these shy babies usually have shy parents.As a result，scientists think that some shyness is genetic.Family size might cause people to be shy as well.Scientists at Harvard University studied shy children.They found that 66 percent of them had older brothers and sisters.As a result，they became shy.At the same time，children with no brothers and sisters may be shy as well.Growing up alone，they often play by themselves.They are not able to learn the same social skills as children from big families.You may also be shy because of where you were born.When scientists studied shyness in different countries，they found surprising differences.In Japan，most people said they were shy.But in Israel，only one of three people said so.What explains the difference? One scientist says the Japanese and Israelis have different opinions of failure.In Japan，when people do not succeed，they feel bad about themselves.They blame themselves for their failure.In Israel，the opposite is true.Israelis often blame failure on outside reasons，such as family，teachers，friends，or bad luck.In Israel，freedom of opinion and risk taking are strongly supported.This may be why Israelis worry less about failure and are less shy.For shy people，it can be difficult to make friends，speak in class，and even get a good job.But scientists say you can get over your shyness.They suggest trying new things and practicing conversation.And dont forgetif you are shy，you are not the only one.【寫作指導(dǎo)】本文是一篇說明文。這篇文章的主題段是第一段，主要告訴人們害羞是一種普遍的現(xiàn)象。因此，在概括時要把文章主題段的中心詞(shy，common，why)用自己的話概括出來。為了避免雷同，用自己的話概括時要注意同義詞的轉(zhuǎn)換，如原文中的why可用the reason轉(zhuǎn)述。其次，還應(yīng)注意不能遺漏要點，即害羞的原因，不同國家間的原因是不一樣的以及專家給出的克服害羞的建議等。最后，注意詞數(shù)在60詞左右，恰當(dāng)使用過渡詞與亮點句型，以使行文連貫?！緟⒖挤段摹縎hyness is common and some reasons may account for it according to scientists.(要點1) They think shyness may come from genetics，family size and birth place.(要點2) For instance，younger children or the only child are more likely to be shy.(要點3)Israelis are less shy than Japanese because of their different attitudes towards failure.(要點4) To help people suffering from shyness，scientists also give some useful suggestions.(要點5)閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Weve reached a strangesome would say unusualpoint.While fighting world hunger continues to be the matter of vital importance according to a recent report from the World Health Organization(WHO)，more people now die from being overweight than from being underweight.Its the good life thats more likely to kill us these days.Worse，nearly 18 million children under the age of five around the world are estimated to be overweight.Whats going on?We really dont have many excuses for our weight problems.The dangers of the problem have been drilled into us by publichealth campaigns since 2001 and the message is getting throughup to a point.In the 1970s，F(xiàn)inland，for example，had the highest rate of heart disease in the world and being overweight was its main cause.Not any more.A publichealth campaign has greatly reduced the number of heart disease deaths by 80 percent over the past three decades.Maybe that explains why the percentage of people in Finland taking diet pills doubled between 2001 and 2005，and doctors even offer surgery of removing fat inside and change the shape of the body.No wonder it ranks as the worlds most bodyconscious country.We know what we should be doing to lose weightbut actually doing it is another matter.By far the most popular excuse is not taking enough exercise.More than half of us admit we lack willpower.Others blame good food.They say: its just too inviting and it makes them overeat.Some also blame their parentstheir genes.But unfortunately，the parents are wronged because theyre normal in shape，or rather slim.Its a similar story around the world，although people are relatively unlikely to have tried to lose weight.Parents are eager to see their kids shape up.Do as I saynot as I do.【寫作指導(dǎo)】本文是一篇議論文。文章以論證的方式說明了優(yōu)質(zhì)生活導(dǎo)致的肥胖問題給人們的健康帶來的危害，呼吁人們積極行動遠(yuǎn)離肥胖，不要再找借口。寫作時應(yīng)注意把握文章要點：1.優(yōu)質(zhì)生活成了人們健康的殺手；2.始于2001年的公眾健康運動讓人們意識到肥胖的危害以及在減少肥胖方面所起的作用；3.人們采取消極行動去減肥；4.人們不要再找借口，應(yīng)該積極采取行動遠(yuǎn)離肥胖。寫作時還應(yīng)特別注意上下文的連貫和詞數(shù)的要求。【參考范文】Nowadays，good life becomes the killer of our health.(要點1) Since 2001，people have gradually realized the dangers of overweight by publichealth campaigns.(要點2) But they took some negative measures to lose weight.(要點3) Although there are some excuses like lacking of exercise，good food or genes，people should act positively to lose weight.(要點4) 8