Period Ⅳ　Writing |概要寫作——人與自然 本單元的寫作目標(biāo)是概要寫作，主題為人與自然。 1．進(jìn)行概要寫作時要注意以下四點(diǎn)： (1)一般使用第三人稱。 (2)不可加入自己的觀點(diǎn)。 (3)一定不可對原文內(nèi)容加以評論。 (4)一定不要引入與原文內(nèi)容無關(guān)的信息。 2．概要寫作步驟 在寫概要時，要按照“六步法”的程序進(jìn)行，具體操作方法如下： (1)Scan the passage—覽全文，定體裁 (2)Underline the main points—劃要點(diǎn) (3)Miss the details—省細(xì)節(jié) (4)Analyse the structure—析結(jié)構(gòu) (5)Restate the points—換表達(dá) (6)Organize the main points into a passage—連全文 1．常用開頭語 (1)議論文 The passage/author argues that ... 本文/作者主張…… The passage/author highlights the importance of ... 本文/作者強(qiáng)調(diào)了……的重要性。 The passage/author discusses the impact of ... 本文/作者討論了……的影響。 The passage/author compares ... with ... 本文/作者比較了……與…… (2)說明文 According to the passage, we can know ... 根據(jù)文章我們可知…… This passage/article is mainly about ... 這篇文章主要是關(guān)于…… In the passage, the writer/author mainly tells us ... 在這篇文章中作者主要告訴我們…… A new study found ... 一個新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)…… The purpose of the report is to show ... 這一報告的目的是表明…… (3)記敘文 The passage/story is mainly about ... 本文/這個故事主要是關(guān)于…… The author tells us a story about ... 作者告訴我們一個關(guān)于……的故事 The passage is a story about ... 本文是一個關(guān)于……的故事 2．要點(diǎn)連接詞 (1)順序 firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally首先，第二，第三，最后；to begin with, then, furthermore, finally首先，然后，其次，最后；to start with, next, in addition, finally首先，然后，其次，最后。 (2)并列 as well as也；not only ... but (also) ... 不僅……還……；including/included包括。 (3)對比 on the one hand ... on the other hand ... 一方面……另一方面……；for one thing ... for another ... 一方面……另一方面……；on the contrary與此相反；nevertheless然而；compared to與……相比；in contrast with與……形成對比；though/in spite of盡管。 (4)遞進(jìn) even甚至；besides除了……之外(還)；what's more還有；moreover而且；furthermore此外；in addition另外；worse still＝what's worse＝to make matters worse更糟糕的是。 (5)例證 as a matter of fact/in fact 事實上；for example/for instance例如。 (6)強(qiáng)調(diào) especially特別；indeed確實；at least至少；at most最多；not at all根本不；or rather更確切地說；particularly特別地。 (7)因果 thanks to多虧；as a result結(jié)果；because of/as a result of/on account of/due to因為；owing to多虧；for this reason由于這個原因。 (8)總結(jié) in short總之；generally speaking一般來說；briefly/in brief簡言之；to sum up＝to summarize＝in summary/to conclude總之。 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。 Bamboo is one of the world's most useful plants. For thousands of years bamboo has been used in many different ways—from food to medicine to clothing and, in small ways, as a building material. However, bamboo is not often used as a building material in the developed world. A professor at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania is trying to change that. The professor and his students are testing the strength of bamboo. They are testing its radial load, or how much pressure or weight it can take before breaking. Kent Harries is a professor at the University of Pittsburgh. Harries says that testing methods for bamboo need to be the same for all. They need to be standardized. Harries says bamboo is strong in nature. The strength of at least three species of bamboo is similar to steel. Besides its strength, Harries says that bamboo has other features that make it a great building material. He says it is resilient, meaning it keeps its shape and strength even under pressure. Bamboo also grows quickly. Bamboo that is suitable for construction needs much less resources than wood. The harvest cycle of bamboo is about 3 years. Softwoods such as cedar, pine and spruce have a harvest cycle of about 10 years. And hardwoods that come from flowering plants such as oak, maple and walnut need more than 30 years. Bamboo is widely used as food for panda bears. It is also used for flooring and window covers. However, for building, bamboo is not used much outside its native growing area. This is mostly because of its round shape. But there are other reasons too. People think that bamboo is a low­quality building material. [精彩范文] Though bamboo has been used widely, it is seldom applied in construction, which a professor and his students want to change by researching bamboo's strength.(要點(diǎn)1) Firstly, bamboo is strong and resilient.(要點(diǎn)2) Besides, it grows fast and is environmentally­friendly.(要點(diǎn)3) However, bamboo is used less in construction, mainly because it is round and is considered of low quality.(要點(diǎn)4) 總評　范文按照文章要點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的先后順序進(jìn)行了很好地整理和寫作，恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換使文章高級感更強(qiáng)。 [亮點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn)] (1)文中首句Though bamboo has been used widely, it is seldom applied in construction, which a professor and his students want to change by researching bamboo's strength.使用了though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句及which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，展現(xiàn)了作者高超的語言表達(dá)能力和總結(jié)能力。 (2)文中使用Firstly, Besides, However引出要點(diǎn)，使文章更有條理性。 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。 Meeting Bears in National Parks Bears and humans often meet in National Parks. Although campers and hikers are warned not to feed the bears, many people ignore these warnings and feed the beasts anyway. When bears are used to people's food, problems soon arise. Bears like to eat a wide variety of things, both meat and vegetable. Without human assistance, bears live nicely on roots, twigs, leaves of trees, insects and small animals. With people around, the bears' tastes quickly expand to include sandwiches, hot dogs, hamburgers, and anything else they can tempt humans into giving up. Bears often develop clever strategies for getting people to let go their food supplies. More often than not, an unsuspecting hiker has taken off his or her pack for a rest only to have a bear charge out of the woods, grab the pack and quickly disappear into the underbrush with it. Hanging the pack on a tree branch won't help. Bears have been known to climb up, jump off, and catch the pack on the way down. One mother bear stretched up with her baby on her shoulders to reach a pack stored on a pole. Many bears threaten people into giving up their supplies. Although a bear is unlikely to attack a person and would probably run away if screamed at, few people are willing to do so. Most people drop the pack and run the other way. This, of course, delights the bear. In some places, the Park Service has installed some metal barrels with lids to help campers keep their supplies safe from bears. Although the bears are unable to open these containers, the effort has been less than successful. Most campers, unable to tell the metal drums from rubbish cans, never use them for the intended purpose. 寫前導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了人類錯誤投喂熊的行為所帶來的問題。 [精彩范文] 課外拓展閱讀——中國優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化專題練 閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 In human history, many ancient and splendid civilizations were born and died. China is the only country with uninterrupted human civilization. Chinese civilization was born 1 the shores of the Yellow River. And the rich land 2 Chinese civilization began is Henan Province. The Yellow River goes across 3 (center) Henan. It is said that China's most ancient tribal (部落的) 4 (leader), the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor, were born here. Even today, Chinese people all over the world still 5 (proud) call themselves the descendants (后裔) of these two emperors. 6 (respect) by every generation, the Mother River holds 7 unshakable position in the heart of every Chinese. With intelligence, hard work and determination, Chinese people pursue co­existence and common prosperity on this land. The 5,464­km­long Yellow River breaks barriers and flows into the broad plain, 8 (form) the cradle (搖籃) of Chinese civilization. Till now, the Yellow River 9 (raise) 13 dynasties' capital Luoyang, 8 dynasties' capital Kaifeng and the biggest economic center in 10 (it) area—Zhengzhou. 1． 　2. 　3. 　4. 5． 　6. 　7. 　8. 9． 　10. 答案：1.on　2.where　3.central　4.leaders　5.proudly 6．Respected　7.an　8.forming　9.has raised　10.its The Yellow River basin is not only the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilization, but also the most prosperous region in the early history of China. 黃河流域不僅是中國古代文明的誕生地，也是中國早期歷史上最繁榮的地區(qū)。 - 6 -