人教版新課標(biāo)高一必修3 Unit 1 Festivals around the worldGrammarHolding his head high, he walked past the pole and the soldiers asif they didnt exist.as if 與as though 是一組同義詞，兩者意思相同，用法也相同，只是在口語中人們多半會用as if, 取其簡短。as if和as though 用法較為復(fù)雜，本文擬對其各種用法做一概述。1在通常情況下， as if 和as though 所引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動詞多用虛擬語氣，表示所敘述的情況與事實相反。具體用法如下：1)談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在情形的，用過去時（動詞be用were,也可用was）：Why is she looking at me as though she knew me? 他為什么那樣看我？像是認(rèn)識我似的。He behaves as if he owned the house. 他的樣子好像他擁有這個房子。He treats me as if /as though I were a stranger.He speaks as if he were an Englishman.Its not as though he was /were poor.2)談?wù)撨^去情形的動詞形式有以下幾種：a)過去式，表示過去的狀態(tài)，如：He looked at me as if I were mad. 他那樣看我，好像我是個瘋子。He stood there looking at the train and laughing, as if to miss atrain was the best joke in the world.他站在那里，望著火車哈哈大笑，好像誤了火車是天底下最開心的事兒似的。Mr. Coleman always talked as if he knew everything.但是，如果狀態(tài)動詞帶有持續(xù)時間狀語，則用過去完成時：They talked as if they had been friends for years. (高二冊，第95頁)(試比較：They had been friends for years.)Now it is as though she had known Millie for years. (現(xiàn)代英語用法詞典)情態(tài)動詞亦用過去時：She felt as though she could hardly endure such a life.她覺得簡直無法忍受這樣的生活。b)過去完成時，表示過去的動作先于主句動詞而發(fā)生或完成，如：It was as if he had lost his last friend.“I remember,” she tells her children now, “how wild his white hairlookedas if it had been electrified.”（高二冊，第91頁）必須注意的時，在指過去的動作時，即使主句是現(xiàn)在時，as if 從句中的動詞也要用過去完成時：You look as if youd seen a ghost. 你好像是見了鬼似的。He talks about Rome as though he had been there himself.他講起羅馬的情況來就好像他親自到過那里似的。c)過去進(jìn)行時，表示動作正在進(jìn)行：He heard a noise, as if someone was breathing.（高一冊，第211頁）He ran as if ghosts were chasing him.I felt as if the ground were slipping beneath my feet. 我感到大地仿佛在腳下滑動。d)過去將來時，表示將要發(fā)生的事態(tài)：It looked as if it was going to snow. （高一冊，第127頁）He opened his lips as if he would say something to you.2. 如果as if后面的從句所表示的情況時真實的或很可能時真實的，則動詞可以用陳述語氣，在feel, look, seemsmell, sound, taste之后尤其如此。試比較：F. T. Wood所著English ColloquialIdioms中的兩個例子：He walks as if he is drunk.He walks as if he were drunk.第一句表示“他已經(jīng)醉了”，第2句則表示“他沒有醉”。又如：It looks as if it is going to rain.It looks as if were going to rain.第一例意味著快要下雨了，第二例則意味著不會下雨。再看其她例子：Theres Hob, talking to the ticket-collector. It looks as if hehasnt got a platform ticket. 那不，霍布正在同檢票員說話，看樣子還沒弄到站臺票。You look as if youve been running. 你好像剛跑了一陣似的。You look as if you know each other.He looks as if hes tired.It looks/seems as if youre right.You have acted as if you like me.It smells as if it is fresh. 聞起來很新鮮。3. 隨著語言的發(fā)展，as if后面的從句即使反映的不是事實，也可以不用虛擬語氣而用陳述語氣，這主要出現(xiàn)在口語或不太正式的文體中。例如：With the development of these new tools, it is as if man hassuddenly become a millionaire of the mind.隨著這些新工具的發(fā)展，人好像突然間成為精神上的百萬富翁似的。Teen-agers may talk as if they know it all, but statistics tell adifferent story.The “historical present” is sometimes used in narrative when we wantto describe events vividly as if they are happening in our presence.4. 在非正式文體（尤其是美國英語）中，可以用like做連詞代替as if 和as though。例如：It looks like its going to rain today.She looks like shell win the race.I love that boy like he was my son.He looked like he needed someone to talk to, so we lent him an ear.He sat there smiling like it was his birthday.She started kissing me like we were on our honeymoon.她開始吻我，好像是在度蜜月似的。5. as if和as though從句中的省略當(dāng)as if和as though從句的主語與主句一致時，該主語和后面的動詞可以省略。于是便出現(xiàn)下面幾種結(jié)構(gòu)：1) as if +不定式He opened his lips as if (he were) to make some reply.The bee checked its forward speed, circled and then drifted slowlyover the mirrorlike surface of the pool as if to admire its ownreflection. 蜜蜂放慢飛行速度，轉(zhuǎn)了幾圈兒，然后在清澈如鏡的水潭上空慢慢地飄過，似乎要欣賞它自己的倒影。2) 不定式+形容詞或形容詞短語Carrie felt as if unable to endure such a life. 嘉莉覺得似乎無法再忍受這種生活了。He lay still for a long while, as if dead.3) as if +介詞短語He looked about as if (he was) in search of something.4) as if +現(xiàn)在分詞From time to time Jason turned round as though (he was) searchingfor someone.John paused as if expecting Mary to speak. 約翰停下來，似乎是等瑪麗開口。Nevertheless, the bee kept exercising the wings slowly up and down,as though assessing the damage.然而，那只蜜蜂仍然在不停地慢慢上下活動著它地翅膀，仿佛在估量著所受的損害。5) as if +名詞He acts as if (he was) a fool.6) as if +副詞He made that remark as if absently. 他好像是漫不經(jīng)心地說了那句話。6. 對as if-從句認(rèn)識上的一個誤區(qū)對于as if 的用法，一些人的認(rèn)識上存在著一個誤區(qū)，即把asif從句中動詞的形式與主句的時態(tài)相聯(lián)系。如1993年第10期英語自學(xué)中淺談由as if (asthough)和wish引出的虛擬語氣就明確指出：“在由as if (asthough)引出的表示虛擬語氣的方式狀語從句中，如果主句的謂語是一般時，那么其從句的謂語一般應(yīng)該用動詞的過去式(be用were)；反之，如果主句的謂語用一般過去時，那么從句謂語一般用“had+過去分詞”。這種認(rèn)為從句動詞形式受主句時態(tài)制約的觀點是不符合語言實際的。實際上，as if和 asthough后謂語動詞的形式與主句時態(tài)無關(guān)。本文前面列舉的一些例句足以證明這一點，現(xiàn)代英語慣用法詞典上也有如下例句：He looks as if he were ill.He looked as if he were ill.He looks as if he had been ill.He looked as if he had been ill.我們在前面也有過類似的例句。下面在提供一些主句用現(xiàn)在時而從句仍用過去完成時的例句：A: Weve been back at work now for three days. 我們回來上課到現(xiàn)在已三天了B: I feel as if I had been back for three months. 我感到似乎已回來三個月了。（比較：I have been back for three months.）6. as if和as though的功能1) 引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句They talked as if they had been friends for years.2) 引導(dǎo)表語從句He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. (高二冊，第92頁)3) 引導(dǎo)感嘆句，表示對某種建議、假定、想象等的反對：As if I cared! 好像我很在乎似的?。ㄏ喈?dāng)于：I dont care!）As if anyone would believe that story! 好像人人都會相信那種說法似的！He warned me against associating with people of doubtful character.As if I ever should! 他告誡我不要同可疑的人來往，好像我真會那樣做似的！考點聚焦 真題再現(xiàn)1. In European countries it is the custom to decorate churches and town halls with flowers and fruit, and people get together to have meals. (Reading)考點 get together 意為“ 參加社交聚會；開會討論某事；聚集（人）；收集（物品）”。 如：We must get together for a drink sometime. 我們得找個時間聚聚喝一杯。Could you get your things together? Were leaving in five minutes. 你能不能把自己的東西收拾好？五分鐘以后我們就要動身了。真題再現(xiàn) Were going to _ with some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us? (北京2004春)A. get in B. get over C. get along D. get together 點撥 選D。此題考查get短語的辨析。get in 意為“（ 火車或乘客）到達(dá)目的地；收集或收獲”；get over 意為“克服，戰(zhàn)勝；恢復(fù)常態(tài)（如病后、受驚后）”；get along = get on 意為“與相處；某事進(jìn)展”。 2. You should arrive at the airport two hours before he goes. (Learning about Language)考點 情態(tài)動詞should 作“應(yīng)該”講時， 表示“勸告或建議”；作“可能；理應(yīng)” 講時， 表示推測；與Why/ How 連用表示驚異， 意為“竟會”。如：You should keep your promise. 你應(yīng)該遵守你的諾言。Its already seven oclock. Jack should be here at any moment. 已經(jīng)7點鐘了， 杰克應(yīng)該來了。Why should you be so late today? 你今天怎么來得這么晚？真題再現(xiàn)1 I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I _ report it to the police? (2004全國卷III)A. should B. may C. will D. can 點撥選A。 “我?？匆娔亲辗孔永镉袩艄狻保?這是一件奇怪而令人生疑的事， 故問“你認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該把這件事報告給警察嗎？”真題再現(xiàn)2 When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.They _ be ready by 12:00. (NMET98)A. can B. should C. might D. need點撥選B。因顧客明天下午要用照片，所以商家理應(yīng)在12點以前將照片洗出。should在此處表示“按理應(yīng)當(dāng)；估計”。真題再現(xiàn)3 You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _ be so rude to a lady. (上海2001)A. might B. need C. should D. would 點撥 選C。should在此句中表示驚訝。Key3: 1. takes place 2. origin 3. in memory of 4. poet 5. drowned 6. in the shape of 7. lead 8.arrival 9.custom 10.dress up5