七、詞句猜測 詞義猜測題(2017·江蘇，B)Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule the roost.As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化)New-born chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies begging calls.In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的) strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？” Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”語篇解讀這是一篇科普類的說明文。文章講述了澳大利亞的一位生物學(xué)家通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，鳥兒在孵化時會進(jìn)行胎教，幼鳥會用胎教時學(xué)會的鳥叫聲來引起鳥媽媽的關(guān)注。鳥兒在胎教方面比人類更出色。58The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “ ”Abe the worst Bbe the bestCbe just as bad Dbe just as good答案B解析詞義猜測題。畫線部分前面的語境說，嬰兒在出生之前就能分辨很大的聲響與人的嗓音(tell the difference between loud sounds and voices)；畫線部分后面的語境說，有些鳥媽媽在鳥兒被孵化出來之前，就可能教它們啼叫(teach their young to sing)。通過對比畫線部分的前后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這里說的是與人類相比，鳥媽媽在胎教方面表現(xiàn)得最好(be the best)，因此選B。59What are Kleindorfers findings based on?ASimilarities between the calls of moms and chicks.BThe observation of fairy wrens across Australia.CThe data collected from Queenslands locals.DControlled experiments on wrens and other birds.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的研究過程和第四段的研究結(jié)果可知，他的發(fā)現(xiàn)基于A項(鳥媽媽與幼鳥叫聲的相似之處)。60Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which .Acan receive quality signalsBare in need of trainingCfit the environment betterDmake the loudest call答案C解析推理判斷題。文章最后兩段說，研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，叫聲與鳥媽媽的聲音很接近的幼鳥得到的食物最多(the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food)，這表明，有效的胎教能夠把孩子神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點發(fā)信號給母親(signal neurological strengths of children to parents)。從這些信息判斷，胎教能幫助鳥媽媽識別出更能適應(yīng)環(huán)境的幼鳥，因此選C項。一、題型解讀詞義猜測題基本上是閱讀理解中每年必考的題型。詞義猜測是一種閱讀技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短時間內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文快速猜測所指定的某一個生詞、詞組或者句子含義的能力，而這些生詞和詞組往往都超出考綱范圍，但在文章閱讀中起到一定的作用。由此看來，對于生詞的理解是否準(zhǔn)確，直接影響著閱讀理解題得分的高低，對能否取得好的高考成績有著舉足輕重的作用。詞義猜測題的命題方式有：1The word “.” refers to/probably means .2The underlined word “.” could best be replaced by .3What do you think the expression “.” stands for?4By saying “.” we mean .5“.” as used in the passage can best be defined as .6Which of the following words can take the place of the word “.”？7What does the underlined word/phrase “.” in Paragraph.mean?8The underlined word “.” is closest in meaning to .二、解題技巧巧用線索猜詞義1根據(jù)定義、釋義或同位語進(jìn)行猜測有些文章，特別是科技說明文，作者通常會對一些關(guān)鍵詞或?qū)I(yè)術(shù)語下定義，通過閱讀定義和解釋部分，考生便可理解該詞或短語的意思。有時，需要猜測的單詞或短語后面會緊跟一個同位語，作為對前面的詞或短語的解釋說明。有時，文章會用冒號、破折號、括號等對某個詞或短語加以解釋說明。例如：(2018·江蘇，B)When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldnt tell how much theyd had：those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.試題：The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .Anot aware of eating more than usualBnot willing to share food with othersCnot conscious of the food qualityDnot fond of the food provided分析：所猜測短語none the wiser后面出現(xiàn)了破折號來進(jìn)行解釋說明，我們可推知那些被給以大份飯菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他們沒覺得更飽，這說明在黑暗的就餐環(huán)境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此處的none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。2根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法進(jìn)行猜測英語中通過詞根加詞綴或兩個單詞合成的方式可以構(gòu)成新詞。因此，掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識，再結(jié)合上下文語境，也可以快速猜測詞義。例如：A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry.分析：根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識我們可知，un-為否定前綴，-ness為名詞后綴，easy(舒適)為詞根。因此，我們可知uneasiness為“不安；擔(dān)憂”之意。3根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測在閱讀理解文章的句子或段落中，若兩個事物或兩種現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，這時我們可以根據(jù)這種因果邏輯關(guān)系推斷詞或短語的含義。表示因果關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞有because，so，thus，therefore，as a result of，since，so that，so/such.that.等。例如：My son could not follow the teachers directions，he told me，and thus，Scola was disrupting the class.Didnt he know my son did not speak English yet?試題：What does the underlined word “disrupting” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?ABreaking. BFollowing.CAttending. DDisturbing.分析：畫線單詞所在的句子出現(xiàn)了因果關(guān)系標(biāo)志詞thus，由前面的原因“我兒子聽不懂老師的指示”可以推知，“因此，我兒子Scola干擾了課堂秩序”，故選D項。其余三項都不符合這一因果邏輯關(guān)系。4根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測在畫線單詞或短語前后有時會出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)，它往往暗示了該詞或該短語的含義，這時可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞或短語的含義。常見的表示相同或相近意義的詞和短語有and，or，like，as well，similarly，too，also，either等。例如：The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，F(xiàn)lorida.試題：What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?AArtworks. BProjects.CDonations. DDocuments.分析：畫線單詞contributions前出現(xiàn)了and，可利用同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。and前面提到了the fine selection of the major works (精選的重要作品)，后面說contributions來自其他機(jī)構(gòu)，由并列關(guān)系可以推斷出contributions應(yīng)該屬于works的范疇。故選A項。5根據(jù)反義，轉(zhuǎn)折和對比關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測有些需要猜測詞義的詞或短語前后會出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ鹊脑~語，運(yùn)用這些詞語也可以幫助猜測詞義。能體現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折、對比關(guān)系的詞匯很多，常見的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead (of)，on the other hand，rather than，on the contrary等。例如：In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.試題：What does the underlined word “sedate” probably mean?AWild and romantic.BSlow and peaceful.CHungry and thirsty.DActive and excited.分析：畫線詞語所在句子的句意為“雖然它們 ，但是在一天的這個時候騎馬觀賞仍然令人印象非常深刻”。由though可知前后兩句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，再結(jié)合前一句中提到的“at a more relaxed and unhurried pace”可知，應(yīng)選B項，sedate意為“慢悠悠的，安靜的”。6根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行猜測有些詞義猜測題找不到以上標(biāo)志線索，這時可以利用上下文提供的情景和線索進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析，進(jìn)而推測詞義，這也是近幾年來高考考查的熱點。例如：(2016·全國，C)There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.試題：What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?AA practical idea. BA vain hope.CA brilliant plan. DA selfish desire.分析：由上文中的“One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it.”可知，盡管Orleans Reinette是很好的品種，但是對各項條件的要求很高，因此大多數(shù)喜歡它的人種植它的希望會落空。故選擇B項。A(2018·黑龍江齊齊哈爾一模)83-year-old Antonio Vicente has spent the last four decades of his life fighting against the trend.As Brazilian landowners 9cut down rainforests to make room for 1profitable plantations(種植園) and cattle grounds，he struggled to bring the jungles of his childhood back to life.“When I was a child，the peasants cut down the trees to make grasslands and charcoal，and the water dried up and did not come back，” he told the reporters.“I thought：Water is valuable，no one makes water and the population will not stop growing.What is going to happen? We are going to run out of water.”With only some donkeys and a small team of hired workers，Antonio Vicente set about bringing back the forest to his land.What started out as a weekend hobby soon became a 2permanent way of life，and Antonio recalls often spending whole days and nights in his young jungle，surrounded by rats and foxes，and eating banana sandwiches for breakfast，lunch and dinner.Over the last 40 years，he has planted an estimated 50,000 trees on his 31-hectare land，which now make up a small but unique area of rainforest，and a haven for wildlife.As the forest grew，the water returned，and Antonio says that there are now over 20 water sources on his land that were no longer there when he bought it.Then the animals started making a home there.Today，the forest is alive with the sounds of birds and 3insects living there，and more species are settling in every year.“There are toucans(巨嘴鳥)，all kinds of birds，squirrels，lizards，and even the boars are returning，” 83-year-old Vicente says.“If you ask me who my family are，I would say all is right here，each one of these that I planted from a seed.”1What do we learn about the Brazilian peasants?AThey wasted much water on farming.BThey focused on short-term profits.CThey cared much about the environment.DThey relied heavily on rainforests for a living.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“As Brazilian landowners cut down rainforests to make room for profitable plantations.”及第二段中的“the water dried up and did not come back”可知，巴西的農(nóng)民關(guān)注的是短期的利益。故選B。2What used to be young Antonios biggest concern?AOverpopulation. BPolluted water.CLoss of grasslands. DWater shortage.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句可知，年輕的Antonio最關(guān)心的是水的短缺。故選D。3What does the underlined word “haven” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?ATrap. BDisaster.CShelter. DBalance.答案C解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段中的“insects living there，and more species are settling in every year”可知，昆蟲生活在這里，每年更多的物種在這里定居，由此可推斷出這里成了野生生物的“安居地，避難所”。故選C。4In the last paragraph，Antonio mainly expresses his .A4affection for his forestBthanks for his familyCdeep love for rare birdsDpride as a successful farmer答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句可推知，Antonio主要在表達(dá)他對森林的愛。故選A。B(2018·廣東茂名一模)Have you ever lost your car on a parking lot? It happens.You park and go shopping.When you get back，you have no idea where your car is.It can be discouraging.You dont need to install(安裝) an expensive GPS system to keep 10track of your car.Thats too expensive.You would need to pay a monthly 5subscription fee just to use it.But is there a way to track your 6vehicle without spending a fortune? Yes，now there is! A California-based start-up company is able to make this a reality.They have created a tiny device(裝置) that works with your smartphone，and it can be exactly what youre looking for! Its called TrackR Bravo.Its changing the way we keep track of the important things in our lives.7Install the free TrackR app on your smartphone，connect the app to your device and youre ready to go! Simply attach TrackR to whatever you want to keep an eye on.The entire process of setting it up only takes 5 minutes or less.You can attach it to your keys，wallet and anything else you dont want to lose.Then use the TrackR app to find where your missing items are in seconds.Forget expensive GPS systems or tracking services.Nobody wants to pay expensive monthly subscription fees.We understand how stressful these things can be，and this is the reason why the company created TrackR.This device is your VIP when you need to take care of important things.If you forget where you park your car，take out your smartphone and open the TrackR app.Tap on the “l(fā)ost item” sign on the screen and the app will tell you the exact location.This device is by no means expensive.TrackR only costs 29，a small price to pay for peace of mind.The device is small enough that you can attach it to your pets.Put it on their collar，and you will never lose track of them! Attach it to your key or wallet，and never waste a minute rummaging the whole house for it.Since youve been informed about this brilliant invention，now attach it to everything thats important to you.5Why does the author mention the lost car in the first paragraph?ATo explain how terrible the situation is.BTo stress the importance of being cautious.CTo lead to the topic concerning finding lost items.DTo provide one common example about theft.答案C解析推理判斷題。由第一段及下文中的內(nèi)容可知，提到丟失的汽車是為了引出尋找丟失物品的話題。故選C。6Whats the feature of the TrackR app?AThe process of setting up the app is complex.BThe cost of setting up the app is rather high.CThe app is available in any electronic equipment.DThe app helps locate the lost items in a short time.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句可知，這個應(yīng)用軟件可以幫助你在短時間內(nèi)找到丟失的物品。故選D。7The TrackR was created because .Alife is full of all kinds of pressureBtracking services cause 8financial burdenCpeople want to keep their important items safeDGPS systems can not provide specific location答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段前三句可知，跟蹤服務(wù)會帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。故選B。8Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “rummaging” in Paragraph 5?ASearching. BDestroying.CCleaning. DMoving.答案A解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第五段可知，該裝置足夠小，你可以將它固定到你的寵物上。把它放在它們的項圈上，你就不會與它們失去聯(lián)系！把它固定在你的鑰匙或錢包上，就不用浪費(fèi)時間搜尋整個房子尋找它。畫線詞的意思應(yīng)該是“搜尋”，故選A。.障礙詞匯突破(一)閱讀下列句子，并根據(jù)句意猜測畫線部分的意思1Drug manufacturing is the most profitable business in the US.賺錢的；贏利的2This choice is not a permanent situation，however，as many people have chosen to change the values of their lives.永久的3An insect is a small animal that has six legs and most of them have wings such as flies，butterflies.昆蟲4Say “I love you” often.Express your affection and appreciation to friends and family.感情；喜愛5Some of these stories are part of a monthly subscription package.訂閱6The red traffic light indicates that every person and vehicle must stop.車輛7It shows you where to download the server and how to install it.安裝8The government predicates that the market collapse was caused by Asian financial crisis.金融的(二)一詞多義9cut down削減，減少；縮短，降低；砍倒(1)You can cut down on the number of ads and still reach more people.削減(2)Avoid unhealthy food and cut down on sugar and salt.減少(3)If you cut down more trees than you grow，you will run out of trees.砍倒10track n軌道；足跡；小道；vt.追蹤(1)The first thing that I had to do to understand how I use my time was track almost everything.追蹤(2)This is the one who tries to force every guy she dates onto the marriage track.軌道(3)We set off once more，over a rough mountain track.小道(4)The only evidence of pandas was their tracks in the snow.足跡.長難句理解1Over the last 40 years，he has planted an estimated 50,000 trees on his 31-hectare land，which now make up a small but unique area of rainforest，and a haven for wildlife.句式分析本句是一個復(fù)合句，句子的主干部分是簡單句的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，主語是he，謂語是has planted，賓語是an estimated 50,000 trees；Over the last 40 years是時間狀語，on his 31-hectare land是地點狀語，which now make up a small.是定語從句，修飾trees。精美譯文在過去的40年里，他已在他31公頃的土地上種植了大約5萬棵樹，這構(gòu)成了一個小但獨(dú)特的熱帶雨林，它是野生生物的避難所。2We understand how stressful these things can be，and this is the reason why the company created TrackR.句式分析本句是一個并列句，由并列連詞and連接；and前面的句子是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語是賓語從句；and后面的句子是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表語是the reason；why the company created TrackR是定語從句。精美譯文我們理解這些事情會產(chǎn)生多么大的壓力，這就是這家公司創(chuàng)造TrackR的原因。11