第4講詞義猜測類題型概述題型破解1 語境分析猜詞義解題指導詞義猜測常用的五種方法：1.基本構(gòu)詞法：根據(jù)前后綴、合成及詞性轉(zhuǎn)換去猜測詞義；2.同義或定義解釋法：上下文中以某種方式對其進行解釋，如利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely等詞語進行解釋，或利用破折號、同位語(從句)、定語從句等進行解釋；3.前后對比法：上下文中往往對生詞提供一定的對比背景，且常以反義或?qū)φ盏姆绞匠霈F(xiàn)，以此可推測出生詞的含義；4.因果推斷法：結(jié)合上下文的因果關(guān)系進行猜測；5.語境理解法：要準確猜測出生詞的含義大多需要根據(jù)上下文語境去分析和推斷。典例(2019·全國卷·B篇) . But he's nervous. “I'm here to tell you today why you should . should .” Chris trips on the “l(fā)d”， a pronunciation difficulty for many nonnative English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “. Vote for . me .”Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. . 25What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?AImproper pauses. BBad manners.CSpelling mistakes. DSilly jokes.解析A根據(jù)第二段中的“you should . should .”以及“. Vote for . me .”這樣的語句特點可知，Chris的演講不流暢，也就是說有不適當?shù)耐ｎD。這是他表現(xiàn)不好的地方，與畫線詞后的句意“他完成得非常好”構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，與短語except for的語意相呼應(yīng)。故選A。2 就近原則猜指代解題指導猜測代替詞的指代內(nèi)容，要求考生判斷代詞(it, one, they, this, that, these, those, which等)或助動詞(do, does, did等)具體替代什么?？砂匆韵氯竭M行：返回原文，找到指代詞向上(有時向下)搜索，找最近的名詞、代詞、短語或句子將找到的詞、詞組或句子代入替代該指代詞，看意思和邏輯關(guān)系是否通順，從而確定最佳選項。典例 (2017·全國卷·C篇) . Despite the celebrations, though, in the US the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.It's Jason Moran's job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.29What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?AJazz becoming more accessible.BThe production of jazz growing faster.CJazz being less popular with the young.DThe jazz audience becoming larger.解析C根據(jù)上一段中的“the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations”可知，爵士樂不怎么受現(xiàn)在年輕人的喜愛，所以that指代上文提到的這種狀況，故選C項。3 意義吻合猜句意解題指導句意猜測要求考生通過閱讀文章，用合適的語句對其進行解釋性的描述。考生要注意以下兩點： 1.返回原文，找到該句，對原句進行語法和邏輯關(guān)系分析。對于需要猜測句意的情形，首先要理解句子的前后特定語境，然后根據(jù)語境對此句在文中的意思進行有依據(jù)的推理，最后再進行歸納總結(jié)，得出答案；2.一般來說，正確選項的意思和原句的意思完全相同，只不過是用其他的詞匯或句式來進行了轉(zhuǎn)換表達而已。典例(2019·全國卷·B篇)“You can use me as a last resort (選擇), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse (長曲棍球) club.I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug_at_the_heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on . At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I'll do it.” . 25What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean?AEncourage teamwork.BAppeal to feelings.CPromote good deeds.DProvide advice.解析B根據(jù)畫線短語前一句可知，這位家長可能需要一點點勸說。隨后作者對這位家長進行了舉例勸說：一位有四個孩子的單親母親在主持這次活動，一位孩子不在此隊的父親擔任長曲棍球隊的教練。這些例子都是為了動之以情，吸引這位家長來做志愿工作，故答案為B。過關(guān)檢測(限時：35分鐘)(2019·人民附中高三月考)Best friends may be priceless but the cost of keeping the relationship alive is 23,870.According to a study, a BFF (Best Friend Forever) does not come cheap with devoted pals blowing 4,679 on birthday presents alone over a lifetime. And while it costs nothing to be a shoulder to cry on, bighearted Britons go the extra mile and spend 168 on pickmeups (提神物品) to get their mate through a rocky patch (艱難時刻) like the breakup of a relationship.There's a further 242 spent on presents to show how much they mean from gifts bought on holiday to treats for no reason. And distance does not break up a close friendship as BFFs spend a whopping (巨大的) 18,000 on travel to see each other despite being miles apart because of university, jobs and marriage.The study by cashback site TopCashBack found on average BFFs who wed can expect 431 spent on them and a further 283 on gifts when they have children. And they can rely on their pals to help out when they move house as they will obtain 127 worth of housewarming presents and takeaways as well as putting in a shift with the packing and unpacking.The survey based on a friendship lasting 40 years found more than eight in ten adults with a BFF felt their friendships were worth every penny.TopCashBack spokesperson Natasha Smith said, “Those friendships which stand the test of time are often the most important in our lives. However, they come at a cost. From train tickets once a month to flights and a new dress for a wedding on the Italian coast, the price paid for having a best mate can soon add up. But when we asked people to compare their friendship with the monetary investment, only 14% thought their friendship was equal to their investment with the vast majority thinking it was worth more.”篇章導讀：本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。最好的朋友也許是無價的，但維持一段友誼卻是高價的。那么你知道維持一段友誼需要多少錢嗎？一項研究給出了答案。1What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean?AAmbitious. BGenerous.CTroublesome. DEnergetic.答案：B詞義猜測題。畫線部分后的“go the extra mile and spend 168 on pickmeups (提神物品) to get their mate through a rocky patch (艱難時刻) like the breakup of a relationship”就是對它的進一步說明。此處指雖然在朋友哭泣時成為朋友的依靠并不需要花費什么，但是英國人會為朋友付出更多，他們會花168英鎊來為朋友買令人振作的物品，助其度過諸如關(guān)系破裂等困難時期。由此推斷畫線部分的意思應(yīng)該是“慷慨的”，故選B。2To keep the relationship, where do BFFs spend most money?ABuying birthday presents. BCheering up a friend in low spirits.CPaying for holiday gifts and other treats.DGoing a particular distance to visit friends.答案：D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“blowing 4,679 on birthday presents”“spend 168 on pickmeups (提神物品)”以及第三段中的“242 spent on presents . from gifts bought on holiday to treats .”“spend a whopping (巨大的) 18,000 on travel to see each other”可知，為了維持一段友誼，花在旅途中的費用是最多的，所以選D。3What is Natasha's understanding of BFF friendship?AIt's costly and unaffordable.BIt's expensive but worthwhile.CIt's rewarding but hard to keep.DIt's changeable but worth possessing.答案：B推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Those friendships which stand the test of time are often the most important in our lives. However, they come at a cost.”可知，Natasha認為，經(jīng)受得起時間考驗的友誼通常是我們?nèi)松凶钪匾臇|西，但那是要付出成本的。也就是說與一生的摯友的友誼很貴但很值得。所以選B。4How is the passage developed?ABy listing figures.BBy giving examples.CBy analyzing causes.DBy making comparisons.答案：A推理判斷題。根據(jù)文中的“23,870”“4,679”“168”，“242”“18,000”等數(shù)據(jù)可知，本文作者是通過列數(shù)據(jù)的方法來行文的，故選A。(2019·百校聯(lián)盟聯(lián)考)Dealing with obesity is difficult. A lot of factors such as ethnicity, genetics, lifestyle, and personal habits should be considered in the management of obesity. Obesity, if not properly managed, can lead to a lot of health problems that may later evolve into lifethreatening diseases.The management of obesity mostly focuses on lifestyle changes. Reaching your healthy weight involves proper management of your diet and exercise. The obese person may seek the help of a dietitian or a personal trainer.There are a lot of diets that have gained popularity. However, it is best that you consult your dietitian on what is best for you. Furthermore, your dietitian would consider your food preferences. If you are a little low in the budget, take into consideration the current dietary recommendations that are based on the food pyramid. This is researchable on the Internet. You can use this as a guide on how much you are supposed to eat.Exercise has a lot of benefits. It burns those extra calories and prevents different health problems from occurring. Thus, exercise is vital if you wish to lose weight. People are often too lazy to engage in exercise. However, there are numerous alternatives to the usual exercise routine. If you want things to be plain, walking or biking is a good exercise. It is important that you stick to your exercise plan so that you would achieve your desired results. However, you must set realistic goals so as not to be disappointed.Behavioral changes are vital to conquering obesity. Those who engage in crash diets are mostly unsuccessful in weight management because they do not have any behavioral change.Sedentary lifestyle contributes to weight gain. Perhaps adding physical activity to your schedule would help in weight management. Physical activity could be as simple as dancing around the house or just plain strolling along the mall.篇章導讀：本文是一篇說明文，肥胖會導致很多健康問題，甚至會威脅生命安全，所以它是一個值得認真對待的問題。本文建議人們從幾個方面進行肥胖問題的自我管理，包括飲食、鍛煉、行為習慣的改變和生活方式的選擇等。5Why is obesity a severe problem?AIt may threaten your life.BIt can influence your work.CIt may make you look unattractive.DIt can prevent you from playing sports.答案：A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Obesity, if not properly managed, can lead to a lot of health problems that may later evolve into lifethreatening diseases.”可知，肥胖會導致健康問題，甚至會發(fā)展成為威脅生命安全的疾病。故選A。6What should you do if you don't have much money?ATurn to an expert.BRefer to eating advice.CMainly eat energygiving food.DSeldom have nutritious food.答案：B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“If you are a little low in the budget, take into consideration the current dietary recommendations that are based on the food pyramid. This is researchable on the Internet.”可知，如果你預(yù)算緊張(資金不夠)，可以考慮基于食物金字塔的飲食推薦，那些都可以在網(wǎng)上搜到。故選B。7Why should you set practical aims?AYou will never feel disappointed.BThey will make you go on.CYou will carry out simple things.DThey will make you feel relaxed.答案：B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“However, you must set realistic goals so as not to be disappointed.”可知，在鍛煉時，要設(shè)置合理的目標，那樣就不至于失望，也就是說會有繼續(xù)堅持的動力。B項“They will make you go on(他們將會使你繼續(xù)堅持)”符合語境，故選B。8What does the underlined word “Sedentary” in the last paragraph mean?AUnhealthy. BOvereating.CUnchangeable. DInactive.答案：D詞義猜測題。根據(jù)“Sedentary lifestyle contributes to weight gain.”可知，這種生活方式會讓人長胖。再結(jié)合后文中的“Perhaps adding physical activity to your schedule would help in weight management.”可知，增加身體運動會有助于管理體重。說明前面那種生活方式就是“缺少身體鍛煉的，不活躍的”。D項inactive表示“不活躍的，不積極的”。故選D。(2019·安徽皖江名校聯(lián)盟聯(lián)考)Tea is obviously a big deal in Britain, but have you ever wondered how it became a thing?Tomato sauce is not Italian; the tomato is native to South America and was not introduced to Europe until the 16th century. Tea isn't British, it wasn't even all that popular for Britons until the 17th century. But now it is as British as dull weather and red phone booths.Tea is of such great importance, that it was featured in the Evening Standard written by George Orwell back in 1946. The famous author describes the beverage (飲品) thusly “tea is one of the main stays of civilization in this country”. But when, exactly, did this practice become in fashion?The year was 1662, a mere 111 years before insurgents (茶黨) from the soontobe ruling champions of the Revolutionary War dumped a whole bunch of tea into Boston Harbor. Catherine of Braganza of Portuguese royalty married King Charles of England, and then went on to make teatime a thing. But the thirst for tea fell at one timethe costs to transport it from the Far East were far more than Britons could afford. However, when Catherine started to make tea consumption a daily practice, it passed on to the other nobles.Not long after the practice was initially adopted by the upper class, the East India company began to import more tea to meet the demand. With the prices lowered, everybody could afford to have a good taste, and suddenly tea was the drink of the everyman.After centuries of ritual (習慣), it has become entirely rooted in the British identity itself. Turkey may consume the most tea annually, but the British still hold the title of association.篇章導讀：本文是一篇說明文，講述了為什么英國人對茶的鐘愛日漸流行，成為一種標識性的生活方式。9What is the best title for the passage?AWhy the British Drink So Much TeaBWhy Tea Is So Popular Across the WorldCHow Tea Was Introduced into EuropeDWhich Kind of Tea Is the Most Favored答案：A標題判斷題。根據(jù)首段“Tea is obviously a big deal in Britain, but have you ever wondered how it became a thing？”可知，本文講述了為什么英國人會喝那么多茶。故選A。10The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to “_”Atomato Btomato sauceCtea Da thing答案：C指代判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“Tea isn't British, it wasn't even all that popular for Britons until the 17th century. But now it is as British as dull weather and red phone booths.”可知，茶并非原產(chǎn)于英國，甚至在17世紀之前在英國都不怎么流行，但是現(xiàn)在茶、陰沉的天氣和紅色電話亭都已成為英國獨有的標識。故選C。11According to Paragraph 4, Britons' interest in tea once dropped because _.Ait was not drinkableBthey were not used to itCit was not affordableDthey refused anything foreign答案：C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段倒數(shù)第二句“But the thirst for tea fell at one timethe costs to transport it from the Far East were far more than Britons could afford.”可知，英國人曾經(jīng)對茶的熱情度下降，這是因為運送成本太高超出了英國人的支付能力。故選C。12What can we know from the passage?AGeorge Orwell promoted tea sales across England.BKing Charles of England drank tea on a daily basis.CThe Turkish produce the most tea every year.DPeople may associate tea with Britons a lot.答案：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段末句“Turkey may consume the most tea annually, but the British still hold the title of association.”可知，盡管土耳其對茶的年消耗量最多，人們還是會把茶和英國聯(lián)系在一起。故選D。(2019·浙江新高考名校聯(lián)考信息卷四)I'll never forget that “very important meeting” with a guidance counselor (咨詢顧問) during my senior year of high school. I gladly and dutifully shared my dreams, and was looking forward to hearing his lifechanging advice on how best to achieve my academic and professional goals for the future. He told me that I was not college material and that “possibly_a_nice_secretarial_school”_would_be_more_my_league. His advice did change my life, though not in the way he expectedbecause I didn't follow it. I didn't even consider it. By trying to put limitation on my future, he made me even more determined to pursue (追求) a college degree and a career of my choice.At that moment in my eighteenth year, I took charge of my life. I decided what kind of college I wanted to attendone that was small, personal and would foster my enthusiasm and interests. I searched through many resources until I found the one for me: Endicott Junior College, then a womenonly college in Beverly, Massachusetts. When I visited Endicott, it felt like home, and my choice was made. It was the only college I visited, applied to, and was interviewed by.I was accepted into Endicott for the fall term and immediately knew it was the right school for me. After studying subjects ranging from English to early childhood education to psychology and art, I graduated with an associate degree in advertising. Then I went to one of the state universities. I decided to get my Bachelor's degreeand I did, while holding two parttime jobs. Now, when my little girls tell me they want to do this or that, I always tell them that I'll be right there for them, doing everything in my power to support them in making it happen. Because I know dreams really do come true.篇章導讀：本文是一篇記敘文，講述了作者堅定地堅持和追求自己的夢想，最終夢想成真的故事。13What does the underlined sentence indicate?AThe author could work in a secretarial school.BThe author might be more suitable to be a secretary.CThe author was good at communicating with others.DThe author was encouraged to receive higher education.答案：B句意理解題。根據(jù)畫線處所在句“He told me that I was not college material and that possibly a nice secretarial school would be more my league.”可知，咨詢顧問告訴作者她不是上大學的料，可能一所好的秘書學校更適合作者。也就是說咨詢顧問覺得作者可能更適合做秘書。故選B。14What can we learn about the author from the passage?AShe worked parttime after graduation.BShe got her Bachelor's degree at Endicott.CShe was satisfied with her choice of Endicott.DShe visited many colleges before picking Endicott.答案：C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句“When I visited Endicott, it felt like home, and my choice was made.”及第三段第一句“I was accepted into Endicott for the fall term and immediately knew it was the right school for me.”可知，作者選擇了Endicott，而且她覺得這所學校很適合自己。由此可知，作者對自己選擇了Endicott這所學校很滿意。其他選項均與原文細節(jié)有出入。故選C。 15.Which of the following can be best used to describe the author?AStubborn and ambitious.BBrilliant and supportive.CCreative and hardworking.DDetermined and strongminded.答案：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，尤其是第一段最后三句“His advice did change my life, though not in the way he expectedbecause I didn't follow it. I didn't even consider it. By trying to put limitation on my future, he made me even more determined to pursue (追求) a college degree and a career of my choice.”可知，作者沒有聽從咨詢顧問的建議，而是堅定地選擇堅持自己的夢想，選擇攻讀大學學位，選擇自己的職業(yè)；再結(jié)合下文內(nèi)容可知，作者一步步努力去實現(xiàn)自己的夢想，是一個有主見、意志堅定的人。16What is the theme of the passage?AThe best choice is the one that fits you.BSchool education is of great importance.CEveryone should hold on to their dreams.DHonest advice is always difficult to take.答案：C主旨大意題。根據(jù)作者沒有盲目地聽從咨詢顧問的建議，而是堅持自己的夢想，并最終實現(xiàn)了夢想的故事以及作者支持女兒們做想做的事情這一態(tài)度，同時結(jié)合文章最后一句可知，本文要傳達的主題應(yīng)是“每個人都應(yīng)該堅持自己的夢想”。故選C。強化特訓6詞義猜測類(限時：25分鐘) 1For many animals in the ocean, crabs (螃蟹) are food. How can they stay off the dinner menu?One type of crab, known as the decorator crab, has found a clever solution. It “decorates” itself. Decorator crabs use seaweed or sea sponges to protect themselves from natural enemies. More than 100 types of decorator crabs are found worldwide. One type, commonly called the longnose spider crab, takes decorating to a whole new level.“My original thought was that they might just try to look like a piece of seaweed to blend into (融入) the background，” says Dr Jay Stachowicz, from the University of California. But he soon noticed something odd.The ocean floor was covered in seaweed, but these crabs wouldn't use just any kind they found. “They were very, very picky，” says Dr Stachowicz. “They were picking things that were fairly uncommon.”Dr Stachowicz noticed that longnose spider crabs would pick up a piece of seaweed and attach it to their back. Sometimes they would just eat it. These crabs were choosing to decorate themselves with seaweed that has a pepperytasting chemical in it. Most fish find this chemical unappetizing.Picking the right decorating material is important to the longnose spider crabs' chances of survival. “If the crabs just decorated themselves to look like the background, they would be giving their natural enemies a little side salad with the main course，” says Dr Stachowicz. But by carefully choosing the peppery seaweed, these decorator crabs can make their natural enemies stay away from them.Once a longnose spider crab has put together a good suit of “seaweed armor (盔甲)” to protect itself, it is set for a while. “When a crab leaves its old shell naturally, it has to redecorate. It often uses seaweed from its old shell to decorate the new one. What a smart animal it is！” says Dr Stachowicz.篇章導讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一種屬于裝飾蟹的蜘蛛蟹，它們把偽裝自己的本領(lǐng)發(fā)展到了一個新的境界它們通過食用一種讓其捕食者沒有食欲的海草或用這些海草裝扮自己的蟹殼來躲避危險。1What does the underlined word “odd” in Paragraph 3 mean?ADangerous. BRidiculous.CUndisturbed. DUnexpected.答案：D詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在的第三段中的“My original thought was that they might just try to look like a piece of seaweed to blend into (融入) the background”及第四、五段內(nèi)容可知，Stachowicz博士一開始認為這種蜘蛛蟹會把自己裝扮得跟周圍的環(huán)境一樣來躲避捕食者，但后來他發(fā)現(xiàn)它們會挑選特定的海草來偽裝自己。它們?nèi)绱说靥籼?，這是他“意想不到的”。2What's the longnose spider crab's survival secret?ADon't move.BDon't be alone.CDon't look tasty.DDon't approach seaweed.答案：C推理判斷題。文章第五、六段講長鼻蜘蛛蟹的求生技巧。根據(jù)第五段中的“These crabs were choosing to decorate themselves with seaweed that has a pepperytasting chemical in it. Most fish find this chemical unappetizing.”及第六段中的“But by carefully choosing the peppery seaweed, these decorator crabs can make their natural enemies stay away from them.”可知，長鼻蜘蛛蟹會特意選擇一種有胡椒味的海草，這種味道讓它們的捕食者們望而卻步，所以長鼻蜘蛛蟹的生存技巧就是不要讓自己看起來那么美味。A、B兩項文中未提及，而D項描述與原文不符，長鼻蜘蛛蟹就是要靠海草偽裝自己。3What did Dr Stachowicz find out about longnose spider crabs?AThey fight with fish over food.BThey recycle their decorations.CThey are sensitive