Unit 2 The United Kingdom李仕才一、閱讀理解ASeveral companies in Europe, the US and Asia have decided to change one of the processes of making chocolate and no longer roast the cacao beans. They insist that growers in Africa and South America leave them outdoors to dry naturally instead. The resulting product is called “raw” chocolate. Producers claim that avoiding exposure to oven temperatures allows the preservation of nutrients such as iron, zinc, copper and vitamin CIt's also claimed that uncooked cacao contains higher levels of antioxidants(抗氧化物) than roasted cacao used in most chocolate. “Over the last 10 years, consumers have become more involved in their food and drink，” says Kris McGowan, who runs the Raw Chocolate Company. “They care a lot more about its healthy qualities and chocolate is no exception.” But Martin Schweizer, professor of biochemistry at Heriot­Watt University, urges caution on describing raw chocolate as a super food until more research is carried out. “We have to look at this in more depth. The research is at a fairly early stage.”There are concerns that not heating them to about 150 could mean an increase in bacteria. However, producers insist that, as no animal products are involved, there is no greater risk than when dealing with vegetables such as carrots or lettuces. Jennifer Earle, a writer on chocolate, is unconvinced by it on taste grounds. “It's the quality of the cacao that makes a difference, not whether the chocolate is raw or not，” she says. “And if you're talking about health, I'd rather eat some top­quality ordinary chocolate and have a plate of vegetables afterwards.”【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。許多生產(chǎn)商在制作巧克力時不再對可可豆進行加熱烘干，并宣稱這樣做可以保護可可豆中的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，但是一些研究人員對此有不同的看法?！鹃L難句分析】However, producers insist that, as no animal products are involved, there is no greater risk than when dealing with vegetables such as carrots or lettuces.(第五段第二句)分析：本句是一個主從復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，作insist的賓語；在賓語從句中含有as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。譯文：然而，生產(chǎn)者堅持認為，因為沒有涉及動物制品，所以不加熱到150 時的風(fēng)險與處理胡蘿卜和生菜這類蔬菜時存在的風(fēng)險一樣小。1Chocolate bean growers in Africa _.Adry the beans outdoors naturallyBroast the beans at a low temperatureCcook the beans in pots instead of in ovensDstore the beans with uncooked vegetables答案與解析：A考查細節(jié)理解?！娟P(guān)鍵句】They insist that growers in Africa and South America leave them outdoors to dry naturally instead.(第一段第二句)譯文：他們堅稱非洲和南美的種植者是將可可豆放在戶外自然晾干?！窘忸}思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，非洲的可可豆種植者是將可可豆放在戶外自然晾干。故選A。2Producers of raw chocolate claim that _.Ait can fight bacteriaBit is very eco­friendlyCit preserves more nutrients Dit contains less antioxidants答案與解析：C考查細節(jié)理解。【關(guān)鍵句】Producers claim that avoiding exposure to oven temperatures allows the preservation of nutrients such as iron, zinc, copper and vitamin C(第二段第一句)譯文：生產(chǎn)商稱不在烤爐上烘焙可可豆可以讓可可豆保持其原有的營養(yǎng)，例如鐵、鋅、銅和維生素C?！窘忸}思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，生巧克力的生產(chǎn)商聲稱不烘焙可可豆所生產(chǎn)出的生巧克力可以保留更多營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。故選C。3Jennifer Earle, the writer on chocolate, thinks that _.Aroasted cacao is cleanerBraw chocolate is healthierCraw chocolate tastes better Dcacao quality matters more答案與解析：D考查細節(jié)理解。【關(guān)鍵句】“It's the quality of the cacao that makes a difference, not whether the chocolate is raw or not，” she says.(最后一段第二句)譯文：她說：“重要的是可可豆的質(zhì)量，而不是巧克力是生的還是不生的?！薄窘忸}思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，Jennifer Earle認為可可豆的質(zhì)量更重要。故選D。4We can infer from the text that _.Anot much research has been done on raw chocolateBraw chocolate has become the most popular varietyCchildren face the risks from bacteria when eating raw chocolateDall consumers have turned to raw chocolate for health concerns答案與解析：A考查推理判斷?！娟P(guān)鍵句】“We have to look at this in more depth. The research is at a fairly early stage.”(第四段第二、三句)譯文：“我們還需要對此做更深入的研究。這個研究還處于一個相當(dāng)初級的階段?！薄窘忸}思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵句可知，對生巧克力的研究還處于初級階段，由此可推斷，針對生巧克力的研究還沒有做。故選A。BIt has always been thought that alcohol causes people to put on weight because it contains a lot of sugar, but new research suggests a glass a day cold form part of a diet. Looking at past studies they found that, while heavy drinkers do put on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight.A spokesman for the research team at Navarro University in Spain says, Light to moderate alcohol intake, especially of wine, may be more likely to protect against, rather than promote, weight gain. The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol research reviewed the findings and agreed with most of the conclusions, particularly that data do not clearly indicate if moderate drinking increases weight.Boston Universitys Dr. Harvey Finkel found that the biologic mechanisms(生物學(xué)機制) relating alcohol to changes in body weight are not properly understood. His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes(糖尿病), which relate to increasing obesity. Some studies suggest that even very obese people may be at lower risk of diabetes if they are moderate drinkers.The group says alcohol provides calories that are quickly absorbed into the body and are not stored in fat, and that this process could explain the differences in its effects from those of other foods. They agree that future research should be directed towards assessing the roles of different types of alcoholic drinks, taking into consideration drinking patterns and including the past tendency of participants to gain weight.For now there is little evidence that consuming small to moderate amounts of alcohol on a regular basis increases ones risk of becoming obese. Whats more, a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol, a compound present in grapes and red wine destroys fat cells.1.The passage is mainly for those_.A. who produce wineB. who have a drinking habitC. who go on a dietD. who are eager to lose weight2.The underlined phrase in moderation in the first paragraph means _.A. excitedlyB. carefullyC. frequentlyD. properly3.What can we learn from the passage?A. Current data clearly show that moderate drinking increases weight.B. Resveratrol is proved to increase the risk of becoming fat.C. The research found moderate drinking has a strong protective effect.D. The specific roles of different types of alcoholic drinks are very clear.4.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?A. How to do some easy experiments.B. How to reduce the calories contained in wine.C. How to prove the finding mentioned above.D. How to make wine in a healthy way.【文章大意】文章講述了飲酒和健康的關(guān)系，告訴我們適量葡萄酒還會減肥。1.B【解析】推理判斷題。文章講述了飲酒和健康的關(guān)系，比如和肥胖、疾病等的關(guān)系。所以說是寫給有喝酒習(xí)慣的人的，故選B。2.D【解析】猜測詞義題。與上句形成對比，此處指適量飲酒的人事實上能減肥，moderation適度與D項同義，故選D。4.C【解析】推理判斷題。文章最后講到葡萄酒和紅酒混合會破壞肥胖細胞，所以下文會證明這一觀點，故選C。二、七選五(2018·鄭州第一次質(zhì)量預(yù)測)Do People Need Small Talk to Be Happy? Psychologists (心理學(xué)家) have long said that connecting with others is an important part of happiness, but just how much conversation we require is under examination. In one study, researchers found that small talk made up only 10% of their conversation related to happiness. _1_ Scientists believe that small talk could promote bonding Late last year, Princeton researchers reported that small talk keeps closeness with loved ones, and isn't merely the stuff of awkward exchanges with strangers.Still, chatting with strangers could brighten your morning. In a series of experiments, psychologists gave Chicago passengers different directions about whether to talk with fellow passengerssomething they typically avoided. _2_ None of the chatters reported being rejected.Small talk can also help us feel connected with our surroundings. People who smiled at, made eye contact with, and briefly spoke with their Starbucks baristas(服務(wù)員) reported a greater sense of belonging than those who rushed through the transaction(交易). _3_ One report found that when volunteers broke the silence to chat with gallery goers, the visitors felt happier and more connected with the exhibit than those who were not approached. _4_ In one study, people who were rated “l(fā)ess curious” by researchers had trouble getting a conversation rolling on their own, and had greater luck building closeness with others when they were supplied with questions that encouraged personal disclosure(透露). But people who were considered “curious” needed no help when transforming conversations about ordinary things into personal exchanges. _5_.AThe same is true of gallery goers.BBut don't play down small talk just yet.CThey found that small talk is related to happiness.DThose told to chat with others reported a more pleasant journey.EMaking small talk is an important skill for all the social situations.FA “curious mindset”， the author concluded, can lead to “positive social interactions” .GOf course, some people are better than others at turning small talk into something bigger.【文章大意】'本文主要講述了聊天會讓人開心。1答案與解析：B根據(jù)上文的“In one study，researchers found that small talk made up only 10% of their conversation related to happiness”和下文的“Scientists believe that small talk could promote bonding”可知，此處表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以選B項“但是，不要貶低聊天的重要性”。2答案與解析：D根據(jù)下文的“None of the chatters reported being rejected”可推知，應(yīng)選D項。那些被要求去和陌生人聊天的乘客說旅途更加愉快。3答案與解析：A根據(jù)下文的“chat with gallery goers”可知，應(yīng)選A項。參觀美術(shù)館的人也有同樣的感受。4答案與解析：G根據(jù)本段中對兩類人的介紹可推知，有些人更擅長把聊天話題擴大，所以選G項。5答案與解析：F根據(jù)上文的“But people who were considered curious' needed no help when transforming conversations about ordinary things into personal exchanges”可推知，具有好奇心的人會與他人進行積極的社交互動，所以選F項。三、短文改錯Friendship is very important to everyone, especially to me.Now, I would like to describe one of my best friends whose name are Petou.The first reason why I consider him as my best friend is because he has a very warm personality.He always smile politely at me, make me absolutely delighted when I meet him.Whats more, honest is his good manner he never lies me.In addition, he is the caring and compassionate friend.Hes willing to help me whenever I have in trouble.The second reason is that Petou is really excellently.He excels at every subject, which makes me admire him very much.To summarize, Petou has a very good personality.Besides, he has a great ability to help other friends and him.I really like him.答案：第二句：areis第三句：becausethat第四句：smilesmiles; makemaking第五句：honesthonesty; lies后加to第六句：thea第七句：去掉in第八句：excellentlyexcellent第十一句：himme四、語法填空(2018·江西名校聯(lián)盟檢測)Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. Kung fu，_1_ (especial), has had a great effect_2_ the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about some other_3_ (aspect) of this culture. Other Asian nations have long known about the_4_ (great) of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are_5_ mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted Confucianism, something that continues today even as it_6_ (challenge) by pop culture. This strength comes from the ideas_7_ (give) in the Four Books of Confucianism, which built upon the ideas of an even_8_ (much) ancient period codified (編纂) in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns_9_ is uniquely Chinese, for example, feng shui. So far China has taken steps_10_ (further) this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了中國文化對世界的影響。1答案與解析：especially考查副詞。尤其是中國功夫，對于那些通過功夫初次了解中國的成千上萬的人來講，有著非常大的影響。especially“尤其是”，用于強調(diào)突出的人或者事情。2答案與解析：on考查介詞。have aeffect on sb“對某人有影響”為固定搭配，故填on。3答案與解析：aspects考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。他們可能會來到中國，學(xué)習(xí)了解中國文化的一些其他方面。根據(jù)空前的“some other”及aspect作“方面，層面”講時是可數(shù)名詞可知，此處應(yīng)用aspect的復(fù)數(shù)形式aspects。4答案與解析：greatness考查名詞。其他亞洲國家很早以前就知道古代中國文化的博大。根據(jù)空前的“the”及空后的“of”可知，此處應(yīng)填名詞greatness。5答案與解析：a考查冠詞。這些國家自身的文化是本土文化和中國特色(文化)的混合。mix在此作名詞，意為“混合，結(jié)合”，是可數(shù)名詞，且此處表示泛指，故用a。6答案與解析：is challenged考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)本文的基本時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時可知，此處亦用一般現(xiàn)在時；it在此指代上文中的“Confucianism”，和challenge之間為被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。故填is challenged。7答案與解析：given考查過去分詞。這種力量來自“四書”中所提供的觀念。the ideas與give之間為邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過去分詞作后置定語。8答案與解析：more考查比較級?！八臅笔且勒铡拔褰?jīng)”的編纂中所體現(xiàn)的更為早期的思想而著成的。根據(jù)句意及空前的“even”可知，此處應(yīng)用比較級形式，故填more。9答案與解析：what考查名詞性從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處在此引導(dǎo)賓語從句，作learns的賓語，空處在句中作主語，且此處表示“所的事物”，故用what。10答案與解析：to further考查不定式。目前，中國已經(jīng)采取措施進一步推廣中國文化。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處在句中作目的狀語，故應(yīng)用不定式形式。further在此用作動詞，意為“促進，增進”。 8