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1、Unit 1　Great scientists Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford，England.His parents' house was in north London，but during the second world war Oxford was considered as a safer place to have babies.When he was eight，his family moved to St

2、 Albans，a town about 20 miles north of London.At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School，and then on to University College，Oxford，his father's old college.Stephen wanted to do Mathematics，although his father would have preferred medicine.There was no mathematics，so he did Physics instead.After thre

3、e years and not very much work he was awarded a First Class Honours Degree in Natural Science. Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in cosmology(宇宙學(xué))，there being no one working in that area in Oxford at the time.His supervisor(導(dǎo)師)was Denis Sciama，although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyl

4、e who was working in Cambridge.After gaining his Ph.D.he became first a Research Fellow，and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College.After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics，and since 1979 has

5、 held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics.The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas，who had been the Member of Parliament for the University.It was first held by Isaac Barrow，and then in 1663 by Isaac Newton. His many publications include The La

6、rge Scale Structure of Spacetime(《時空的大規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)》)with G．F.R Ellis，General Relativity：An Einstein Centenary Survey(《廣義相對論：愛因斯坦世紀眺望》)with W. Israel，and 300 Years of Gravity(《重力300年》)with W．Israel.Stephen Hawking has two popular books published；his best seller A Brief History of Time(《時間簡史》)． 【詞海拾貝】 1．be

7、considered as 被看作 2．a(chǎn)ward v．獎給，授予　n．獎品，獎項 3．do research in 做……方面的研究 4．later on 后來 5．hold the post of 任；擔(dān)任 6．best seller 暢銷書 【問題思考】 True(T) or False(F)： 1．Stephen majored in medicine when he was in college.(　　) 2．A Brief History of Time is his most popular book.(　　) 答案：1.F　2.T

8、 Ⅰ.重點單詞分類記 ★拼寫高頻單詞 1．________________vt.打?。粦?zhàn)勝；使受挫　n．失敗 2．________________vt.照顧；護理；出席；參加 3．________________n．挑戰(zhàn)　vt.向……挑戰(zhàn) 4．________________vt.吸收；吸引；使專心 5．________________vt.責(zé)備；譴責(zé)　n．過失；責(zé)備 6．________________adj.熟練的；經(jīng)驗或知識豐富的 　　　　　　　 n．專家；行家 7．________________vt.暴露；揭露；使曝光 8．______________

9、__n．治愈；痊愈　vt.治愈；治療 答案：1.defeat　2.attend　3.challenge　4.absorb 5．blame　6.expert　7.expose　8.cure ★聯(lián)想拓展單詞 1．________adj.科學(xué)的→________n．科學(xué)；技術(shù)→________n．科學(xué)家 2．________vt.&vi.結(jié)束；推斷出→________n．結(jié)論；結(jié)束 3．____________vt.分析→__________n．分析→__________ (pl.)n.分析 4．________adj.致命的→________adj.無生命的→________vi.

10、死亡→________n．死；死亡 5．________vt.宣布；通告→________n．宣告；通告 6．________vt.命令；指示；指導(dǎo)→________n．命令；指示；教導(dǎo)→________(pl.)n.指令；說明→________n．教員；指導(dǎo)者 7．________adj.有責(zé)任的；負責(zé)的→________n．責(zé)任，職責(zé)→(反義詞)________adj.不負責(zé)任的；不可靠的 8．________vt.建設(shè)；修建→________n．建設(shè)；建筑物 9．________vt.&vi.捐獻；貢獻；捐助→________n．貢獻；捐獻；投稿 10．________adj

11、.有創(chuàng)造力的；創(chuàng)造性的；獨創(chuàng)的→____________vt.創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)作 →________n．動物，生物 11．________adj.小心的；謹慎的→________n．小心，謹慎 12．________vt.污染；弄臟→________n．污染 答案：1.scientific　science　scientist　2.conclude　conclusion　3.analyze　analysis　analyses　4.deadly dead　die　death　 5.announce　announcement 6．instruct　instruction　instructions

12、　instructor 7．responsible　responsibility　irresponsible 8．construct　construction　9.contribute　contribution 10．creative　create　creature　11.cautious　caution　12.pollute　pollution ★識記閱讀單詞 1．positive adj. ________________ 2．victim n. ________________ 3．suspect vt. ________________ n. _______

13、_________ 4．severe adj. ________________ 5．reject vt. ________________ 6．investigate vt.&vi. ________________ 7．handle n. ________________ vt. ________________ 　答案：1.積極的　肯定的；確實的　2.受害者　3.懷疑　被懷疑者　嫌疑犯　4.嚴重的　劇烈的　嚴厲的　5.拒絕　不接受　拋棄　6.調(diào)查　7.柄　把手；處理　操縱 Ⅱ.重點短語快速記 1．________________提出 2．______

14、__________得出結(jié)論 3．________________顯露；暴露 4．________________將……和……聯(lián)系或連接起來 5．________________除……之外；此外 6．________________對……嚴格的 7．________________講得通；有意義 8．________________調(diào)查；研究 9．________________導(dǎo)致 10．________________有時 答案：1.put forward　2.draw a conclusion　3.expose...to　4.link...to...　5.apart f

15、rom　6.(be) strict with...　7.make sense　8.look into　9.lead to　10.at times Ⅲ.經(jīng)典句式應(yīng)用記 1．________________________(原因和治療方法都不)was understood.(neither...nor...既不……也不……) 2．So many thousands of terrified people died______________ (每次爆發(fā)時)．(every time 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句) 3．A woman ，who had moved away from Broad Stre

16、et，liked the water from the pump so much that she_________________(派人運到她的家中)every day.(have sth done 讓……被做) 4．________________________(為了防止這種情況發(fā)生)again，John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies________________________(進行檢測)．(動詞不定式作目的狀語/suggest“建議”＋賓語從句) 5．Only if you put the su

17、n there____________the movements of the other planets in the sky________________________(講得通)．(only if 位于句首的倒裝句) 答案：1.Neither its cause nor its cure　2.every time there was an outbreak　3.had it delivered to her house 4．To prevent this from happening　be examined 5．did　make sense 　 Ⅰ.Skimming for

18、the main information 1．What's the main idea of the passage? A．John Snow was a well-known doctor in London. B．Polluted water was the cause of cholera. C．The source of all drinking water should be examined. D．How John Snow collected，analyzed data and found the cause of cholera and solved it. 2．M

19、atch the main idea with each paragraph. (1)Para.1____　A．Two theories explaining how cholera killed people. (2)Para.2____ B．John Snow studied the outbreak in 1854 to test the two theories. (3)Para.3____ C．Introduction of John Snow and cholera. (4)Para.4____ D．The water was to blame. (5)Para.5

20、____ E．The map gave a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. (6)Para.6____ F．“King Cholera”was defeated. (7)Para.7____ G．John Snow announced with certainty that polluted water carried the disease. 答案：1.D　2.(1)C　(2)A　(3)B　(4)E　(5)D　(6)G　(7)F Ⅱ.Scanning for detailed information 1．What w

21、as the original source of the disease of “King Cholera”？ A．A cloud of dangerous gas. B．The spreading of virus among people. C．Water in a certain pump in London. D．A river polluted by the dirty water. 2．Why did No.21 Broad Street in London have no deaths? A．The people just drank the water from

22、the pump. B．They drank beer as well as water from the pump. C．They didn't absorb the dangerous air. D．They suffered no germs at all. 3．Which of the following theories did John Snow believe? A．Cholera multiplied in the air without reason. B．People spread the disease when speaking to each other.

23、 C．People absorbed the disease into their bodies with their meals. D．People were too dirty. 4．How many people died per day on average in streets where John Snow gathered information? A．Over 500.　　　 B．Over 100. C．Over 50. D．Over 25. 5．What does the word“this”in the sentence“He had not foresee

24、n this”in the 23rd line refer to? A．The outbreak of cholera. B．The cause of the disease. C．No deaths in some areas. D．The water pump in Broad Street. 答案：1.D　2.D　3.C　4.C　5.C Ⅲ.Intensive reading to finish the passage In the times of Queen Victoria，the so-called“King Cholera”hit Londoners，1.____

25、____often led to large numbers of 2.________ (die)．Thanks 3.________John Snow，a well-known doctor，this deadly disease finally got 4.________(control)．John Snow thought the most important was 5.________(find)its cause.So he began to gather information.He made a map，6.________which he marked the exact

26、 places 7.________the victims had lived.As a result，he found out that the 8.________(pollute)water was the cause of cholera and suggested that the source of all water supplies 9.________(examine)immediately.Finally “King Cholera” 10.________ (defeat)． 答案：1.which　2.deaths　3.to　4.controlled　5.to find

27、　6.on　7.where　8.polluted　9.(should) be examined　10.was defeated Ⅳ.Analyze the following difficult sentences in the text 1．But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. [句式分析]　when 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，exposed to cholera 分詞短語作后置定語修飾people。 [嘗試翻譯]　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

28、　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2．A woman，who had moved away from Broad Street，liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. [句式分析]　句中who引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞A woman?！皊o...that...(如此……以至于……)”引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語從句，從句中的過去分詞delivered為had的賓語補足語。 [嘗試翻

29、譯]　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 3．To prevent this from happening again，John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. [句式分析]　逗號前面的不定式短語作目的狀語。suggested后接賓語從句“the source of all the water supplies be examined”。 [嘗試翻譯]　　　　　　　　　　

30、　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 答案：1.但當他一想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通百姓時，就感到很受鼓舞。 2．有一位婦女是從寬街搬過來的，她特別喜歡那里的水， 每天都派人從水泵打水運到家里來。 3．為了防止這種情況再度發(fā)生，約翰·斯諾建議所有的水源都要經(jīng)過檢測。 如何寫好“建議”類書面表達 本單元的寫作項目屬于新課標應(yīng)用文類別中的“建議信”。這種題目要求我們就有關(guān)問題進行分析并針對這些問題提出自己的看法和建議。 一、基本結(jié)構(gòu) 1．開頭(beginning)——開門見山，向?qū)Ψ疥?/p>

31、述自己的觀點。 2．主體(body)——對所提出的問題進行分析并說明理由，接著提出自己的建議。 3．結(jié)尾(ending)——呼應(yīng)開頭，重申觀點。 二、注意事項 1．開門見山，直入主題。在書信正文的開頭找準話題的切入點，自然而然地引出自己想要談的主題。寫信時要充分了解情況，有的放矢，以提高書信的針對性。 2．給出希望對方采取或終止某種行為的理由。在陳述理由的過程中要換位思考，盡量為對方考慮。要用事實說話，以增強說服力。 3．語氣要委婉。讓對方考慮你的想法或者建議，以理服人是關(guān)鍵，不要把自己的想法強加于人。 4．給出合理建議，通過提建議讓對方明確行動的方向，從而達到寫信的最終目的。

32、 三、常用句式 1．建議信開頭常用句式。 (1)I'm glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to learn Chinese well. 我非常高興收到你的來信，信中你問我如何學(xué)好漢語。 (2)I am glad to know that you are going to enter college and it is my great pleasure to give you some suggestions of choosing your major. 我很高興得知你將進入大學(xué)并且很榮幸能就專業(yè)選擇方面

33、給你一些建議。 (3)Concerning your request，I would like to offer my advice on how to keep fit. 對于你的請求，我想就如何保持健康提出我的建議。 2．表達建議的常用句式。 (1)In the first place，I would recommend a balanced diet. 首先，我會推薦均衡飲食。 (2)In my opinion，you would be wise to accept his advice. 依我之見，采納他的建議是你的明智之舉。 (3)I find it necessar

34、y to take down notes while listening. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)有必要邊聽邊記筆記。 (4)Why not drink a little，exercise，stop smoking and eat more fruit and vegetables? 為何不少喝點酒，參加鍛煉，不抽煙，多吃水果和蔬菜呢？ (5)If we had followed his advice，we could have done the job better，with less money and fewer people. 要是聽取了他的意見，我們不僅可以節(jié)省物力、人力，而且還會把工作做

35、得更好。 3．建議信結(jié)尾常用句式。 (1)I do hope you will consider my suggestion. 真心希望你能考慮我的建議。 (2)I hope you will find these proposals/suggestions/ recommendations practical/useful/helpful. 我希望這些建議/意見/看法對你來說實用/有用/有幫助。 假如你是大學(xué)一年級新生李華。開學(xué)之初，你的老師Ms Li希望了解每個學(xué)生的英語學(xué)習(xí)情況，并征求教學(xué)建議。請按以下要點用英語給她寫一封信。 1．對英語學(xué)習(xí)的認識； 2．自己目前的英

36、語學(xué)習(xí)水平； 3．自己英語學(xué)習(xí)主要存在的問題； 4．對英語教學(xué)的兩點建議。 注意： 1．詞數(shù)100詞左右； 2．信的開頭和結(jié)尾已給出。 Dear Ms Li， I'm very happy to have you as our English teacher.___________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ ____________________________________

37、___________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Thank you! Yours， Li Hua 【范文點評】 范　　文 點評 Dear

38、Ms Li， I'm very happy to have you as our English teacher.My name is Li Hua，monitor of our class.①As we all know，with the development of China，English plays a more and more important role in our communication and cooperation.②So I think as a freshman I should work harder and harder to improve my Eng

39、lish. High as my English score in the college entrance examination is，③I still have difficulty using English.④For instance，while communicating with foreigners，⑤I can't follow them due to the difficult intonation and rhythm.On the other hand，I even can't get the true meanings of some familiar words

40、when reading and listening to authentic English. As we all know，quality input ensures quality output.⑥In order to master English better，here I would like to share my suggestion with you that you should help us improve our intonation and rhythm of English in your teaching.⑦In addition，I hope we can

41、get enough opportunities to communicate in English.I do believe with your help we can make more progress in the future. Thank you！ Yours， Li Hua ①monitor of our class作同位語，表示獨一無二的頭銜，前面省略冠詞，用得非常準確且一語道破李華的身份。 ②此句中plays a more and more important role in our communication and cooperation準確地道的運用，體現(xiàn)出作

42、者對于英語重要性的認識。 ③as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，作者主動恰當?shù)卦谖恼轮械倪\用，讓讀者眼前為之一亮。 ④第二段以讓步狀語從句開頭，主句中使用固定結(jié)構(gòu)have difficulty (in) doing，引起了閱卷老師的注意，為最終獲得高分奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 ⑤狀語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)的運用，提高文章的品位，較為自然地引出作者在英語交流中的困難。 ⑥作為收尾段落，作者引用課文中原句，使得讀者既熟悉又新鮮，渴望了解作者給老師提出的教學(xué)建議。 ⑦使用同位語從句來介紹作者的建議，使得讀者對文章豐富的句式印象深刻，為最終獲得滿分寫下了完美的一筆 假設(shè)你是約翰，你的朋友瑪麗因為缺乏運動而生病。請給她寫

43、一封建議信，勸說她康復(fù)以后多參加體育活動，每天鍛煉1小時，以增強體質(zhì)。 注意： 1．詞數(shù)100左右； 2．開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，但不計入總詞數(shù)。 Dear Mary， I am sorry to hear that you have been ill for days and hope you have got better now.________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ ______________________________

44、_________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Sincerely yours， John 答案： Dear Mary， I am

45、 sorry to hear that you have been ill for days and hope you have got better now.You have studied so hard that you have had no time for exercise.This is harmful to your health.You have been in poor health these years.I feel it would be more beneficial to your health if you could take more exercise in

46、 future. Exercise can improve your physical constitution and refresh the mind.Only when you have a strong body can you keep on studying. I am not advising you to devote all your time to exercise.I hope you can take at least one hour's exercise every day.I would be more than happy to see you have a

47、 stronger body. Sincerely yours， John A組　基礎(chǔ)過關(guān) Ⅰ.用所給單詞的正確形式填空 1．Many children fell ill because of having drunk the water ________(pollute)by the chemical factory. 2．In ________(conclude)，you must convince me of your ability before you are employed. 3．Take care not to keep your children _____

48、___(expose)to bad books，too many computer games or websites. 4．It is ________(challenge)for me to pick out one of my former classmates from a crowd of people. 5．When entering the room，we found the girl ________ (absorb) in reading a novel. 6．There was a ________(puzzle)look on her face，so I repea

49、ted the question. 7．Prices of daily goods ________(buy)through the Internet can be lower than those in a store. 8．—How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? —The key to ________(solve)the problem is to meet the demand ________(make)by the customers. 9．“Things _

50、_______(lose)never come again！”I couldn't help talking to myself. 10．“It's such a nice place，”Mother said as she sat at the table ________(reserve)for customers. 11．We think the film ________(set)in the Middle Ages in Europe is worth seeing a second time. 12．Nobody wants to make friends with the

51、boy ________ (suspect) of having stolen money. 13．The manager's demand was that the data ________(refer)to in his report ________(e-mail)to Mr Brown without delay. 14．The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ____________(seat)as the plane was making a landing. 15．The music of the fil

52、m ________(play)by him sounds so ________(excite)． 答案：1.polluted　2.conclusion　3.exposed 4．challenging　5.absorbed　6.puzzled　7.bought 8．solving　made　9.lost　10.reserved　11.set 12．suspected　13.referred　(should)be e-mailed 14．seated　15.played　exciting Ⅱ.選用短語的適當形式填空 cure sb of；blame for；expose to；a

53、ttend to；(be)absorbed in；make sense；apart from；contribute to；work on；base...on... 1．Don't keep your skin ________ the sunlight directly. 2．He was to blame for the accident.So he ________ it. 3．Deeply ________ her new novels，the young writer kept thinking and writing for a dozen hours in her study

54、. 4．This medicine ________________ his cough. 5．Don't worry.I'll ________________ the matter. 6．Does smoking ________ lung cancer? 7．Which books will you borrow，________ this one? 8．I really think his reason for doing it ________________． 9．The writer is ________________ his new book. 10．This

55、 movie ________________ a true story. 答案：1.exposed to　2.was blamed for　3.absorbed in 4．cured him of　5.attend to　6.contribute to 7．a(chǎn)part from　8.makes sense　9.working on 10．is based on Ⅲ.完成句子 1．________________ will be of great use to the people in the flooded areas. 你所捐獻的東西將對洪澇災(zāi)區(qū)的人們非常有用。 2．Wh

56、en you decide to start a family，you ____________ your loved one.You shouldn't turn your back on the person who loves you. 當你決定建立一個家庭時，你會對愛人做出承諾。你不應(yīng)該拋棄愛你的人。 3．__________________________________for the old，we also read newspapers for them and had chats with them. 除了打掃庭院和為老人鋪床，我們還給他們讀報紙并跟他們聊天。 4．__

57、__________________________reading books，he doesn't like being disturbed. 無論什么時候他全神貫注地看書都不喜歡被打擾。 5．She sped home _________ that her husband fell ill suddenly. 剛一聽說丈夫突然病倒，她便馬上奔回家去了。 答案：1.What you have contributed 2．make a commitment to 3．Apart from cleaning the yard and making up the beds 4．Whe

58、never/No matter when(he was)absorbed in 5．the moment she was told B組　能力提升 Ⅰ.閱讀理解 閱讀下面的短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D項中選出最佳選項。 (2019·全國卷Ⅲ)Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers. A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective l

59、etters with 0－25 drops of water or juice as a reward.The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward. Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone，who led the team，described the experiment：In their cages the monkeys were provided with

60、touch screens.On one part of the screen，a symbol would appear，and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown.For example，the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8.If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded wi

61、th seven drops of water or juice；if they went for the circle，they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example. After running hundreds of tests，the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time，indicating that they were performing a ca

62、lculation，not just memorizing the value of each combination. When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely，they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing，for example，a 13 over the s

63、um of 8 and 6.The underestimation was systematic：When adding two numbers，the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two，and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it. “This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains，”Dr.Livingstone say

64、s.“But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.” 【語篇解讀】　本文講述了哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院科學(xué)家Margaret Livingstone及其團隊通過反復(fù)實驗得出結(jié)論：猴子能算算術(shù)，且它們對大數(shù)值的關(guān)注勝過小數(shù)值。 1．What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them? A．They fed them.　　 B．They named them. C．T

65、hey trained them. D．They measured them. 解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段首句“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0－25 drops of water or juice as a reward”可知答案為C。 答案：C 2．How did the monkeys get their reward in t

66、he experiment? A．By drawing a circle. B．By touching a screen. C．By watching videos. D．By mixing two drinks. 解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice；if they went for the circle，they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example”可知答案為B。 答案：B 3．What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys? A．They could perform basic addition. B．They could understand simple words. C．They could memo